昆虫酚氧化酶免疫学功能及其对杀虫剂等外来干扰因子的响应
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摘要
酚氧化酶(phenoloxidase, EC.1.14.18.1, PO),又称酪氨酸酶,在昆虫的正常发育过程中具有重要的生理作用。它主要参与表皮的硬化、黑化过程;参与对外来侵染物的免疫防御反应;参与伤口愈合反应。研究酚氧化酶的特性及其在昆虫生长发育过程中的活性变化和生理功能对开发以酚氧化酶为靶标的新型害虫控制剂具有重要的理论意义。本文在前人的研究基础之上,以黄粉虫和小菜蛾为材料,研究了酚氧化酶在昆虫生长发育过程中的活性变化、生理学意义及免疫学功能。
1.为了本研究的简便易行,首先比较了传统的紫外分光光度计比色法与酶标仪微量法在测定酚氧化酶活性和蛋白质含量方面的异同。研究发现,两者都能准确地测定酚氧化酶的活性和蛋白质含量,但是相比而言,酶标仪微量法更简捷、方便、灵活,对试剂的消耗更少,重复性更稳定。
2.研究了黄粉虫蜕皮后血淋巴和体壁中的酚氧化酶活性变化。刚完成蜕皮过程的幼虫血淋巴中PO活性较高,但随着蜕皮后时间的延长,其活性呈现下降趋势,在3~4小时内达到最低点,而后PO活性逐渐上升,7小时的酶活性上升至最高,并接近于正常幼虫;在刚蜕完皮后的1小时内,体壁PO活性基本没有变化,但随后即开始下降,3小时左右降到最低点,然后开始回升,6~7小时左右恢复到正常水平,并趋于稳定;通过双倒数曲线做图法求得黄粉虫血淋巴PO的Km=1.176mmol/L,体壁PO的Km=0.881mmol/L,表明血淋巴和体壁中的酚氧化酶可能是不同的同工酶,体壁PO催化能力要高于血淋巴PO。
3.研究了抑制剂槲皮素对黄粉虫血淋巴酚氧化酶的生理效应。结果表明,在离体条件下,槲皮素对黄粉虫血淋巴PO的IC50为0.625 mmol/L;在活体情况下,当槲皮素-DMSO溶液或槲皮素水悬浮液(5μL)注入虫体后,在浓度低于1 mmol/L时对黄粉虫血淋巴PO具有激活作用,当浓度高于2 mmol/L时则对PO具有明显的抑制作用;单独注射5μL DMSO溶液对PO活性亦有一定的激活作用,但是注射水对酚氧化酶活性没有影响。试虫被注射不同浓度的槲皮素后,PO活性在2～4 h内迅速下降,然后缓慢上升,处理后8 h左右达到最高点,其后低浓度处理PO活性保持不变,而高浓度处理则逐渐下降,表明低浓度槲皮素可以在一定程度上引起试虫的免疫反应。在PO测活体系中加入0.5%的牛血清蛋白(BSA)后对PO活性无影响,并能使槲皮素在测活体系中保持稳定。
4.以大肠杆菌Escherichia coli DH5α菌株为免疫刺激因子,研究了黄粉虫在受到细菌侵染后所产生的免疫反应及酚氧化酶活性变化。结果表明,大肠杆菌水悬浮液与黄粉虫血淋巴一起冰浴后,其血淋巴酚氧化酶活性明显上升,大约为对照的2.4倍;将血淋巴进行离心除去血细胞后与E. coli一起冰浴,则不能使酚氧化酶活性升高;但是将离心后的血淋巴与胰蛋白酶一起冰浴,随着胰蛋白酶浓度的升高,酚氧化酶活性也逐渐升高,说明血浆中有酚氧化酶酶原(PPO)存在;综合以上实验结果,认为黄粉虫体内对入侵病原菌E. coli起识别作用的识别因子存在于血细胞或其它大分子的表面,这些细胞或大分子在离心过程中被除去,因而血浆与E. coli冰浴后不能启动PPO级联反应,即不能使酚氧化酶活性升高。将病原菌E. coli采用注射法注入黄粉虫体内1小时后,黄粉虫体内很快出现黑色的结节(nodules),表明很快就发生了免疫防御反应,10小时后结节数量达到最高峰,严重时大量的结节可联结成片;在结节形成的同时,黄粉虫血淋巴酚氧化酶的活性亦发生变化,在E. coli注入的初期,酚氧化酶活性大幅下降,12小时左右达到最低点,然后随着时间的延长,酚氧化酶活性逐渐恢复,20小时左右恢复到正常水平,说明酚氧化酶参与了结节的形成。
5.研究了经丁烯氟虫腈抗性筛选后抗性小菜蛾与敏感小菜蛾酚氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明:无论是抗性品系还是敏感品系,其酚氧化酶都有相近的Km值,分别是1.108mmol/L和1.114mmol/L,但最大反应速度有明显的差别,抗性品系PO的最大反应速度为153.84μmol/L·min-1·mg-1蛋白,敏感品系PO的最大反应速度为67.114μmol/L·min-1·mg-1蛋白,抗性品系是敏感品系的2.29倍;抗性品系和敏感品系酚氧化酶的最适pH均为6.5,并且均在pH 7.0处最为稳定;抗性品系酚氧化酶在pH=5.5的环境下较敏感品系酚氧化酶稳定,两者在pH=4.4的环境下均不稳定,且蛋白质产生变性而产生沉淀;两者具有相似的温度稳定性,即在25~40℃范围内相对较为稳定,温度高于40℃时活性明显下降。以上数据说明,抗性品系与敏感品系相比较具有较高的酚氧化酶活性,酚氧化酶可能对昆虫抗性的产生具有重要的贡献。
6.以5种不同类型与4种不同作用机制的杀虫剂为胁迫因子,研究了其在亚致死剂量下对黄粉虫血淋巴酚氧化酶活性的影响:氨基甲酸酯类的灭多威与沙蚕毒素类的杀虫单对酚氧化酶的活性影响相似,即在较高的剂量浓度下可提高酚氧化酶活性,而低剂量浓度下对酚氧化酶活性无明显影响;有机磷类的毒死蜱在亚致死剂量下可降低酚氧化酶的活性;拟除虫菊酯类的高效氯氰菊酯在亚致死剂量下对酚氧化酶活性无影响;昆虫生长调节剂类的除虫脲在亚致死剂量下可使黄粉虫血淋巴酚氧化酶活性升高。以上结果表明不同作用机制或不同分子结构的化学药剂对黄粉虫酚氧化酶的活性影响不同。
Phenoloxidase (EC.1.14.18.1, PO), also known as tyrosinase, is a key enzyme of insects, which can take part in many physiological process, such as cuticle hardening, stabilizing and staining. Moreover, PO plays an important role in innate immune system, also in wound healing of insect. To approach the characteristics and the physiological function of PO in the growth of insect is helpful to the development of the newly“insect controller”, which act on phenoloxidase, a novel mode of action. Follows the previous work in the same lab, both the characteristics, physiological and immune functions of phenoloxidase of Tenebrio molitor and Plutella xylostella have been studied in present thesis.
The results showed that:
1. Phenoloxidase activity and protein content was assayed using microtitration and colorimetry experiments and the difference of the two methods was compared. Results indicated that there was no remarkable difference in the activity values using the two methods. However, microtitration was found to be the more rapid and convenient method as compared to traditionally used colorimetry, and costed less reagents.
2. Study the PO activity from hemolymph and cuticle of T. molitor after it molted at different times (from 1 to 7 hours). Results showed that the hemolymph PO activity was slowly decreased during larvae molted for 0 to 3 hours, then the PO activity increased during 4 to 7 hours, after molted for 7 hours, the activity was near to the normal larvae; the cuticle PO activity has no remarkable difference during molted for 1 hour, while with the passage of time, the activity was also decreased till molted for 3 hours, then increased agagin. 6 hours later, the activity was near to the normal larvae. The Km value of PO extracted from hemolymph and cuticle were determined by Lineweaver-Burk plot, the former is 1.176mmol/L, and the latter is 0.881mmol/L, indicating that PO from cuticle has more high catalyze ability than PO from hemolymph.
3. The Physiological effect of quercetin on phenoloxidase from Tenebrio molitor (in vitro or in vivo) was determined, and the results showed that the inhibition concentration showing 50% of the maximum inhibition (IC50) was to be 0.625 mmol/L. PO activity of hemolymph (in vivo) was increased when the quercetin-DMSO solution or quercetin-water suspension (5μL) with concentration of 0.1~1.0 mmol/L was injected into the larvae of T. molitor, but the compound would decrease the PO activity while the concentration of quercetin was going higher that is beyond the concentration of 2 mmol/L. Meanwhile, PO activity also was increased when DMSO was injected into the tested insect (5μL) (in vivo). During 2～4 hours after injection of quercetin into the body of the insect PO activity have been decreased rapidly but the PO activity went slowly up until at about 8 h after the compound injected. The PO activity reached its highest point after treatment 8h and then dropped down again except the low concentration treatment. The results above indicated that quercetin with low concentration can cause immune response to the tested insect. The present paper showed also that it have significant effectiveness while 0.5% BSA was added to the assay system in order to prevent quercetin sedimentating and the protein has no effects on PO activity as well.
4. Investigated the phenoloxidase and the immune response of T. molitor after immune challenged by Escherichia coli (DH5αstrain). The results showed that when E. coli incubated with hemolymph at 0℃for 30 minutes, the PO activity increased 1.4 folds; after the hemolymph was centrifuged to remove the hemocytes, the supernatant was used as plasma to incubated with E. coli at 0℃for 30 minutes, the PO activity of plasma was as same as control; after the plasma incubated with trypsin solutions, the PO activity was also increased. The data above indicated that the recognition factor of T. molitor to E. coli may distributed on the hemocytes or other big molecules (such as fat body), not in the plasma.
After the E. coli was injected to the body of T. molitor for 1hour, some black nodules were formatted, indicating that the immune system of larvae responded to invaders soon after the infection, and the numbers of nodule increased. About 10 hours later, the nodule formation has completed, sometimes many nodules adhered together to form patch structure. At the same time with the nodules formation, the PO activity decreased rapidly, 12 hours later reached the lowest point, and then slowly increased. The results indicated that the phenoloxdiase participated in the formation of nodules.
5. Using microtitration, the relationship between PO activity and the resistance of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) to the novel insecticide butane-fipronil was determined in vitro. The results indicated that PO activity was obviously enhanced by the application of butane-fipronil. Phenoloxidase activity of the resistant strain (POr) was 2.29-fold higher than the susceptible one (POs); but the Km and optimum pH values, 1.11 mmol/L and 6.5, respectively, were similar for both samples. Both POr and POs have maximum stability at pH values less than 7.0, although POs was less stable at lower pH values than POr. In addition, the thermal stabilities of the two samples were very similar. The data suggested that PO may play an important role in the increasing resistance of pests to pesticides.
6. Effect of five different insecticides to phenoloxidase activity was studied with sub-lethal dosage. The results showed that methomyl and monosultap, which belongs to carbamates and nerestoxin insecticide respectively, have the same effect on PO activity. Both of them can increase the PO activity of hemolymph from T. molitor with higher concentration, while there was no effect with lower concentrations compared with control. Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphorous insecticide, can decrease the PO activity with sub-lethal dosage. Beta-cypermethrin, a member of pyrethroid family, had no effect on the PO activity with sub-lethal dosage. Diflubenzuron, belongs to the benzoylurea family, can also increased the PO activity with sub-lethal dosage.
1.为了本研究的简便易行,首先比较了传统的紫外分光光度计比色法与酶标仪微量法在测定酚氧化酶活性和蛋白质含量方面的异同。研究发现,两者都能准确地测定酚氧化酶的活性和蛋白质含量,但是相比而言,酶标仪微量法更简捷、方便、灵活,对试剂的消耗更少,重复性更稳定。
2.研究了黄粉虫蜕皮后血淋巴和体壁中的酚氧化酶活性变化。刚完成蜕皮过程的幼虫血淋巴中PO活性较高,但随着蜕皮后时间的延长,其活性呈现下降趋势,在3~4小时内达到最低点,而后PO活性逐渐上升,7小时的酶活性上升至最高,并接近于正常幼虫;在刚蜕完皮后的1小时内,体壁PO活性基本没有变化,但随后即开始下降,3小时左右降到最低点,然后开始回升,6~7小时左右恢复到正常水平,并趋于稳定;通过双倒数曲线做图法求得黄粉虫血淋巴PO的Km=1.176mmol/L,体壁PO的Km=0.881mmol/L,表明血淋巴和体壁中的酚氧化酶可能是不同的同工酶,体壁PO催化能力要高于血淋巴PO。
3.研究了抑制剂槲皮素对黄粉虫血淋巴酚氧化酶的生理效应。结果表明,在离体条件下,槲皮素对黄粉虫血淋巴PO的IC50为0.625 mmol/L;在活体情况下,当槲皮素-DMSO溶液或槲皮素水悬浮液(5μL)注入虫体后,在浓度低于1 mmol/L时对黄粉虫血淋巴PO具有激活作用,当浓度高于2 mmol/L时则对PO具有明显的抑制作用;单独注射5μL DMSO溶液对PO活性亦有一定的激活作用,但是注射水对酚氧化酶活性没有影响。试虫被注射不同浓度的槲皮素后,PO活性在2～4 h内迅速下降,然后缓慢上升,处理后8 h左右达到最高点,其后低浓度处理PO活性保持不变,而高浓度处理则逐渐下降,表明低浓度槲皮素可以在一定程度上引起试虫的免疫反应。在PO测活体系中加入0.5%的牛血清蛋白(BSA)后对PO活性无影响,并能使槲皮素在测活体系中保持稳定。
4.以大肠杆菌Escherichia coli DH5α菌株为免疫刺激因子,研究了黄粉虫在受到细菌侵染后所产生的免疫反应及酚氧化酶活性变化。结果表明,大肠杆菌水悬浮液与黄粉虫血淋巴一起冰浴后,其血淋巴酚氧化酶活性明显上升,大约为对照的2.4倍;将血淋巴进行离心除去血细胞后与E. coli一起冰浴,则不能使酚氧化酶活性升高;但是将离心后的血淋巴与胰蛋白酶一起冰浴,随着胰蛋白酶浓度的升高,酚氧化酶活性也逐渐升高,说明血浆中有酚氧化酶酶原(PPO)存在;综合以上实验结果,认为黄粉虫体内对入侵病原菌E. coli起识别作用的识别因子存在于血细胞或其它大分子的表面,这些细胞或大分子在离心过程中被除去,因而血浆与E. coli冰浴后不能启动PPO级联反应,即不能使酚氧化酶活性升高。将病原菌E. coli采用注射法注入黄粉虫体内1小时后,黄粉虫体内很快出现黑色的结节(nodules),表明很快就发生了免疫防御反应,10小时后结节数量达到最高峰,严重时大量的结节可联结成片;在结节形成的同时,黄粉虫血淋巴酚氧化酶的活性亦发生变化,在E. coli注入的初期,酚氧化酶活性大幅下降,12小时左右达到最低点,然后随着时间的延长,酚氧化酶活性逐渐恢复,20小时左右恢复到正常水平,说明酚氧化酶参与了结节的形成。
5.研究了经丁烯氟虫腈抗性筛选后抗性小菜蛾与敏感小菜蛾酚氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明:无论是抗性品系还是敏感品系,其酚氧化酶都有相近的Km值,分别是1.108mmol/L和1.114mmol/L,但最大反应速度有明显的差别,抗性品系PO的最大反应速度为153.84μmol/L·min-1·mg-1蛋白,敏感品系PO的最大反应速度为67.114μmol/L·min-1·mg-1蛋白,抗性品系是敏感品系的2.29倍;抗性品系和敏感品系酚氧化酶的最适pH均为6.5,并且均在pH 7.0处最为稳定;抗性品系酚氧化酶在pH=5.5的环境下较敏感品系酚氧化酶稳定,两者在pH=4.4的环境下均不稳定,且蛋白质产生变性而产生沉淀;两者具有相似的温度稳定性,即在25~40℃范围内相对较为稳定,温度高于40℃时活性明显下降。以上数据说明,抗性品系与敏感品系相比较具有较高的酚氧化酶活性,酚氧化酶可能对昆虫抗性的产生具有重要的贡献。
6.以5种不同类型与4种不同作用机制的杀虫剂为胁迫因子,研究了其在亚致死剂量下对黄粉虫血淋巴酚氧化酶活性的影响:氨基甲酸酯类的灭多威与沙蚕毒素类的杀虫单对酚氧化酶的活性影响相似,即在较高的剂量浓度下可提高酚氧化酶活性,而低剂量浓度下对酚氧化酶活性无明显影响;有机磷类的毒死蜱在亚致死剂量下可降低酚氧化酶的活性;拟除虫菊酯类的高效氯氰菊酯在亚致死剂量下对酚氧化酶活性无影响;昆虫生长调节剂类的除虫脲在亚致死剂量下可使黄粉虫血淋巴酚氧化酶活性升高。以上结果表明不同作用机制或不同分子结构的化学药剂对黄粉虫酚氧化酶的活性影响不同。
Phenoloxidase (EC.1.14.18.1, PO), also known as tyrosinase, is a key enzyme of insects, which can take part in many physiological process, such as cuticle hardening, stabilizing and staining. Moreover, PO plays an important role in innate immune system, also in wound healing of insect. To approach the characteristics and the physiological function of PO in the growth of insect is helpful to the development of the newly“insect controller”, which act on phenoloxidase, a novel mode of action. Follows the previous work in the same lab, both the characteristics, physiological and immune functions of phenoloxidase of Tenebrio molitor and Plutella xylostella have been studied in present thesis.
The results showed that:
1. Phenoloxidase activity and protein content was assayed using microtitration and colorimetry experiments and the difference of the two methods was compared. Results indicated that there was no remarkable difference in the activity values using the two methods. However, microtitration was found to be the more rapid and convenient method as compared to traditionally used colorimetry, and costed less reagents.
2. Study the PO activity from hemolymph and cuticle of T. molitor after it molted at different times (from 1 to 7 hours). Results showed that the hemolymph PO activity was slowly decreased during larvae molted for 0 to 3 hours, then the PO activity increased during 4 to 7 hours, after molted for 7 hours, the activity was near to the normal larvae; the cuticle PO activity has no remarkable difference during molted for 1 hour, while with the passage of time, the activity was also decreased till molted for 3 hours, then increased agagin. 6 hours later, the activity was near to the normal larvae. The Km value of PO extracted from hemolymph and cuticle were determined by Lineweaver-Burk plot, the former is 1.176mmol/L, and the latter is 0.881mmol/L, indicating that PO from cuticle has more high catalyze ability than PO from hemolymph.
3. The Physiological effect of quercetin on phenoloxidase from Tenebrio molitor (in vitro or in vivo) was determined, and the results showed that the inhibition concentration showing 50% of the maximum inhibition (IC50) was to be 0.625 mmol/L. PO activity of hemolymph (in vivo) was increased when the quercetin-DMSO solution or quercetin-water suspension (5μL) with concentration of 0.1~1.0 mmol/L was injected into the larvae of T. molitor, but the compound would decrease the PO activity while the concentration of quercetin was going higher that is beyond the concentration of 2 mmol/L. Meanwhile, PO activity also was increased when DMSO was injected into the tested insect (5μL) (in vivo). During 2～4 hours after injection of quercetin into the body of the insect PO activity have been decreased rapidly but the PO activity went slowly up until at about 8 h after the compound injected. The PO activity reached its highest point after treatment 8h and then dropped down again except the low concentration treatment. The results above indicated that quercetin with low concentration can cause immune response to the tested insect. The present paper showed also that it have significant effectiveness while 0.5% BSA was added to the assay system in order to prevent quercetin sedimentating and the protein has no effects on PO activity as well.
4. Investigated the phenoloxidase and the immune response of T. molitor after immune challenged by Escherichia coli (DH5αstrain). The results showed that when E. coli incubated with hemolymph at 0℃for 30 minutes, the PO activity increased 1.4 folds; after the hemolymph was centrifuged to remove the hemocytes, the supernatant was used as plasma to incubated with E. coli at 0℃for 30 minutes, the PO activity of plasma was as same as control; after the plasma incubated with trypsin solutions, the PO activity was also increased. The data above indicated that the recognition factor of T. molitor to E. coli may distributed on the hemocytes or other big molecules (such as fat body), not in the plasma.
After the E. coli was injected to the body of T. molitor for 1hour, some black nodules were formatted, indicating that the immune system of larvae responded to invaders soon after the infection, and the numbers of nodule increased. About 10 hours later, the nodule formation has completed, sometimes many nodules adhered together to form patch structure. At the same time with the nodules formation, the PO activity decreased rapidly, 12 hours later reached the lowest point, and then slowly increased. The results indicated that the phenoloxdiase participated in the formation of nodules.
5. Using microtitration, the relationship between PO activity and the resistance of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) to the novel insecticide butane-fipronil was determined in vitro. The results indicated that PO activity was obviously enhanced by the application of butane-fipronil. Phenoloxidase activity of the resistant strain (POr) was 2.29-fold higher than the susceptible one (POs); but the Km and optimum pH values, 1.11 mmol/L and 6.5, respectively, were similar for both samples. Both POr and POs have maximum stability at pH values less than 7.0, although POs was less stable at lower pH values than POr. In addition, the thermal stabilities of the two samples were very similar. The data suggested that PO may play an important role in the increasing resistance of pests to pesticides.
6. Effect of five different insecticides to phenoloxidase activity was studied with sub-lethal dosage. The results showed that methomyl and monosultap, which belongs to carbamates and nerestoxin insecticide respectively, have the same effect on PO activity. Both of them can increase the PO activity of hemolymph from T. molitor with higher concentration, while there was no effect with lower concentrations compared with control. Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphorous insecticide, can decrease the PO activity with sub-lethal dosage. Beta-cypermethrin, a member of pyrethroid family, had no effect on the PO activity with sub-lethal dosage. Diflubenzuron, belongs to the benzoylurea family, can also increased the PO activity with sub-lethal dosage.
引文
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