侵蚀退化赤红壤不同生态恢复措施土壤肥力的变化
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摘要
赤红壤是福建东南沿海分布最广的地带性土壤,面积达61.544公顷,占
全省面积的5.09%,由赤红壤成土性质决定其具有强烈的淋溶作用,加上分布
区雨量丰富,降雨量相对集中、人口密集等特点,导致赤红壤水土流失相当严
重,生态系统极度退化。在闽南侵蚀劣地上通过人工措施(稻草覆盖与客土等措
施)而建成的生态果园是一种典型的果园生态系统,而种植湿地松生态恢复措施
则是一种典型的人工林生态系统。
本文以恢复生态学理论为指导,选择福建省诏安草仔坝小流域内不同荔枝
果园治理模式(生态恢复措施Ⅰ:荔枝果园无客土稻草覆盖处理;生态恢复措
施Ⅱ:荔枝果园客土(多)处理;生态恢复措施Ⅲ:荔枝果园客土(少)处理)
和人工湿地松用材林(生态恢复措施Ⅳ:)为研究对象,以天然混交次生林(对
照Ⅱ)和光板地(对照Ⅰ)为对照,对不同生态恢复措施下赤红壤的各项土壤
肥力指标(土壤物理性质、土壤养分含量以及不同形态土壤碳含量等)进行对
比研究,探讨坡地侵蚀赤红壤坡地果园治理与坡地用材林治理的生态恢复效果,
试图为坡地侵蚀赤红壤的生态恢复提供指导。
研究结果表明:
(1)不同措施坡地赤红壤的土壤物理性质都得到不同程度的改善,但持水
性能最高的措施Ⅰ比对照Ⅰ仅高5.6%,相差并不多,表明赤红壤的持水性能在
短时间内是很难恢复的。
(2)稻草覆盖措施下的生态果园土壤微生物数量、土壤有机碳、土壤有效
养分(速效N、P、K)都普遍得到提高。而客土措施与湿地松用材林虽然不同
程度的改变了土壤生态环境,但效果并非稻草覆盖措施下的生态果园那么明显。
(4)在土壤营养元素方面,全N,全P,全K的表层土含量顺序为:对照
Ⅱ>措施Ⅰ>措施Ⅱ>措施Ⅲ>措施Ⅳ>对照Ⅰ。除对照Ⅰ外的各种措施土壤
水解氮含量均在大于40 mg·kg~-1。,水解氮含量充足。根据所测的速效钾含量来
看除对照、措施Ⅲ外,其余措施都测试出含量丰富的速效钾。而不同措施下的
果园、湿地松、对照Ⅱ和对照Ⅰ土壤全磷变化范围在0.07-0.544 g·kg~-1之间,速
效磷在0.072-18.40mg·kg~-1。范围内,差异极为显著。
(5)把赤红壤0-10cm土层的全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效
钾、有机质等养分指标作为综合评价土壤肥力的指标,利用灰色关联法对土壤
The distribution of Latosolic red soil area is the widest in southeast coast in Fujian. It is up to (61.544 ) hectares, and accounts for 5.09% of the whole provincial area. Also, there is serious soil and water loss and degradation of ecosystems due to common high rainfall nature of the climate and fragile soils on steep slopes. Through artificial measure - Ecological orchard that with straw covering and soil dressing in the orchard is a kind of typical orchard ecosystem in the south of Fujian Province, and the ecology restoration measure of planting Pinus Elliottii is a kind of typical artificial forest ecosystem.In this study, soil physical properties, nutrient content and different soili organic C fractions were measured in orchard, Pinus Elliottii plantation, native mixed secondary forest and the bare land (control). This information is also important for further understanding of change in soil process and predicting consequences of soil fertility when ecology restoration measure has been done. The results showed that:(1) When different measure had been done in orchards, soil physicalproperties were improved. Water holding capacity was the highest intreatment I, but was only 5.6% higher than that in control I. This indicatedthat the restoration of water holding capacity of Latosolic red soil was slow.(2) In the straw covering orchard, amount of soil microorganism, contents of
soil organic C and nutrient (including available N, P and K) all increased. This effect was also found in orchard where dressing soil measure had been done, and Pinus Elliottii plantation. While the soil fertility responses in the latter were not obvious.(3) The sequence of contents of soil total N, P and K was control II > treatment I > treatment II > treatment III ~> treatment IV> control I. Soil hydrolysable N content in different treatments was more than 40 mg-kg"1 except for control I. Also, various treatments had relatively higher available K content except for control and treatment III. The ranges of soil total P and available P contents in different ecosystems was 0.07-0.544 g-kg"1 and 0.072-18.40m g-kg'1 respectively. Significant difference in contents of total and available P among different treatments was found.5) Total N, total P, total K, hydrolysable N, available P, available K and soil organic matter at top 10cm soils serves as important indicators for soil fertility. The order of soil fertility in different treatments using grey relation analysis based on indicator mentioned above was treatment I (0.825)> treatment V ( 0.803)> treatment II (0.734)> treatment IV (0.529)> treatment III (0.495)> contrast I (0.333). The corresponding order for soil fertility using indicators of soil organic C, light fraction organic C, microbial biomass C and dissolved organic C at topsoil was treatment V (0.996 )> treatment I (0.797)> treatment III (0.522)> treatment IV (0.52) > treatment II (0.519)> control (0.333).
In conclusion ,soil fertility has been greatly improved through different controlled measurement, and this effect was most obvious in measure of straw covering. Thus appropriate measurement should been made in orchard to prevent soil degradation.
全省面积的5.09%,由赤红壤成土性质决定其具有强烈的淋溶作用,加上分布
区雨量丰富,降雨量相对集中、人口密集等特点,导致赤红壤水土流失相当严
重,生态系统极度退化。在闽南侵蚀劣地上通过人工措施(稻草覆盖与客土等措
施)而建成的生态果园是一种典型的果园生态系统,而种植湿地松生态恢复措施
则是一种典型的人工林生态系统。
本文以恢复生态学理论为指导,选择福建省诏安草仔坝小流域内不同荔枝
果园治理模式(生态恢复措施Ⅰ:荔枝果园无客土稻草覆盖处理;生态恢复措
施Ⅱ:荔枝果园客土(多)处理;生态恢复措施Ⅲ:荔枝果园客土(少)处理)
和人工湿地松用材林(生态恢复措施Ⅳ:)为研究对象,以天然混交次生林(对
照Ⅱ)和光板地(对照Ⅰ)为对照,对不同生态恢复措施下赤红壤的各项土壤
肥力指标(土壤物理性质、土壤养分含量以及不同形态土壤碳含量等)进行对
比研究,探讨坡地侵蚀赤红壤坡地果园治理与坡地用材林治理的生态恢复效果,
试图为坡地侵蚀赤红壤的生态恢复提供指导。
研究结果表明:
(1)不同措施坡地赤红壤的土壤物理性质都得到不同程度的改善,但持水
性能最高的措施Ⅰ比对照Ⅰ仅高5.6%,相差并不多,表明赤红壤的持水性能在
短时间内是很难恢复的。
(2)稻草覆盖措施下的生态果园土壤微生物数量、土壤有机碳、土壤有效
养分(速效N、P、K)都普遍得到提高。而客土措施与湿地松用材林虽然不同
程度的改变了土壤生态环境,但效果并非稻草覆盖措施下的生态果园那么明显。
(4)在土壤营养元素方面,全N,全P,全K的表层土含量顺序为:对照
Ⅱ>措施Ⅰ>措施Ⅱ>措施Ⅲ>措施Ⅳ>对照Ⅰ。除对照Ⅰ外的各种措施土壤
水解氮含量均在大于40 mg·kg~-1。,水解氮含量充足。根据所测的速效钾含量来
看除对照、措施Ⅲ外,其余措施都测试出含量丰富的速效钾。而不同措施下的
果园、湿地松、对照Ⅱ和对照Ⅰ土壤全磷变化范围在0.07-0.544 g·kg~-1之间,速
效磷在0.072-18.40mg·kg~-1。范围内,差异极为显著。
(5)把赤红壤0-10cm土层的全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效
钾、有机质等养分指标作为综合评价土壤肥力的指标,利用灰色关联法对土壤
The distribution of Latosolic red soil area is the widest in southeast coast in Fujian. It is up to (61.544 ) hectares, and accounts for 5.09% of the whole provincial area. Also, there is serious soil and water loss and degradation of ecosystems due to common high rainfall nature of the climate and fragile soils on steep slopes. Through artificial measure - Ecological orchard that with straw covering and soil dressing in the orchard is a kind of typical orchard ecosystem in the south of Fujian Province, and the ecology restoration measure of planting Pinus Elliottii is a kind of typical artificial forest ecosystem.In this study, soil physical properties, nutrient content and different soili organic C fractions were measured in orchard, Pinus Elliottii plantation, native mixed secondary forest and the bare land (control). This information is also important for further understanding of change in soil process and predicting consequences of soil fertility when ecology restoration measure has been done. The results showed that:(1) When different measure had been done in orchards, soil physicalproperties were improved. Water holding capacity was the highest intreatment I, but was only 5.6% higher than that in control I. This indicatedthat the restoration of water holding capacity of Latosolic red soil was slow.(2) In the straw covering orchard, amount of soil microorganism, contents of
soil organic C and nutrient (including available N, P and K) all increased. This effect was also found in orchard where dressing soil measure had been done, and Pinus Elliottii plantation. While the soil fertility responses in the latter were not obvious.(3) The sequence of contents of soil total N, P and K was control II > treatment I > treatment II > treatment III ~> treatment IV> control I. Soil hydrolysable N content in different treatments was more than 40 mg-kg"1 except for control I. Also, various treatments had relatively higher available K content except for control and treatment III. The ranges of soil total P and available P contents in different ecosystems was 0.07-0.544 g-kg"1 and 0.072-18.40m g-kg'1 respectively. Significant difference in contents of total and available P among different treatments was found.5) Total N, total P, total K, hydrolysable N, available P, available K and soil organic matter at top 10cm soils serves as important indicators for soil fertility. The order of soil fertility in different treatments using grey relation analysis based on indicator mentioned above was treatment I (0.825)> treatment V ( 0.803)> treatment II (0.734)> treatment IV (0.529)> treatment III (0.495)> contrast I (0.333). The corresponding order for soil fertility using indicators of soil organic C, light fraction organic C, microbial biomass C and dissolved organic C at topsoil was treatment V (0.996 )> treatment I (0.797)> treatment III (0.522)> treatment IV (0.52) > treatment II (0.519)> control (0.333).
In conclusion ,soil fertility has been greatly improved through different controlled measurement, and this effect was most obvious in measure of straw covering. Thus appropriate measurement should been made in orchard to prevent soil degradation.
引文
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