侵蚀退化红壤生态恢复效益研究
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摘要
我国亚热带山地丘陵红壤区土壤侵蚀严重,虽然进行了大量的水土保持生态恢复与重建工作,但对生态恢复和重建工作产生的生态效益,以及采取哪种恢复措施可以取得力省效宏的效果,长期以来没有得到相应重视。本文以未治理的侵蚀地作为对照,以在侵蚀地上营造马尾松并封禁管理(措施Ⅰ)以及通过工程措施后种植杉木—马尾松混交林(措施Ⅱ)为研究对象,通过野外观测和实验室分析,研究了不同恢复措施对土壤结构、土壤化学性质、群落生物量、植物养分、生物多样性的影响。探讨不同恢复措施生态效益差异,为合理恢复措施的选择提供依据,对指导水土流失治理实践具有重要的现实意义。
     本文主要得出以下结论:
     (1)不同恢复措施的土壤物理结构、土壤化学性质均获得明显的改善。采用措施Ⅱ后,其表层土壤(0~20cm)<0.002mm粘粒含量是对照的2.01倍;措施Ⅱ、措施Ⅰ的土壤有机质含量分别是对照的2.70倍、1.44倍。措施Ⅱ、措施Ⅰ的全N、全P、全K均高于对照,且措施Ⅱ>措施Ⅰ>对照,因此措施Ⅱ和措施Ⅰ的土壤肥力均较对照有所提高。
     (2)措施Ⅱ林分生物量达到107.61t·hm~(-2)。约是措施Ⅰ(47.88 t·hm~(-2))的2.25倍,约是对照(11.75 t·hm~(-2))的9.16倍;措施Ⅱ乔木层生物量达到83.86t·hm~(-2),措施Ⅰ乔木层生物量达到15.53 t·hm~(-2),对照乔木层生物量只有7.79t·hm~(-2),措施Ⅱ、措施Ⅰ分别是对照的10.77倍和1.99倍。措施Ⅱ、措施Ⅰ、对照灌木层生物量分别为6.90t·hm~(-2)、8.00t·hm~(-2)、0.69t·hm~(-2);措施Ⅱ、措施Ⅰ、对照草本层生物量分别为1.60t·hm~(-2)、12.52t·hm~(-2)、1.68 t·hm~(-2);措施Ⅱ、措施Ⅰ、对照枯枝落叶层生物量分别为15.25t·hm~(-2)、11.83 t·hm~(-2)、1.59t·hm~(-2),措施Ⅱ、措施Ⅰ枯枝落叶层生物量分别是对照的9.59倍和7.44倍。
     (3)对照、措施Ⅰ、措施Ⅱ群落乔木层地上各器官的N、P、K含量大小顺序基本上为叶>皮>枝>干,而Ca、Mg则以皮或叶最高,树干最低;措施Ⅰ、措施Ⅱ乔木层养分积累分别是69.97 kg·hm~(-2)和275.21 kg·hm~2,远高于对照乔木层养分积累总量40.71kg·hm~(-2);对照、措施Ⅰ、措施Ⅱ群落乔木层养分元素贮量,其大小顺序基本为K>Mg>Ca>P(措施Ⅱ除外,其N的积累量大于K的积累量);对照、措施Ⅰ群落养分积累量大小顺序基本为K>N>Mg>Ca>P,措施Ⅱ生态系统养分积累量大小顺序则为N>K>Mg>Ca>P;措施Ⅱ群落总养分积累量达356.70kg·hm~(-2),分别是对照和措施Ⅰ的5.8倍和1.2倍。
     (4)措施Ⅱ植物种类有29科46属56种,措施Ⅰ植物种类有23科33属36种,对照植物种类只有8科11属13种。种子植物属15个分布类型中有10个类型有分布,其中,对照有6个类型有分布,措施Ⅰ和措施Ⅱ都有10个分布类型,热带成分累计达62.96%。三个群落林下植物的叶级均以小叶型为主,对照占53.85%,措施Ⅰ占61.11%,措施Ⅱ占60.71%;其次为中型叶,分别占38.46%、33.33%、30.36%。从物种丰富度(S)
The red soil aera of upland in subtropical China is severely eroded.Although we have done much work on ecological restoration and regeneration, little done on appraising restoration and regeneration. By far,many measurement have been taken to restore the degenerated ecosystem,but we still don't know which measurement could be the best.In this study, we take severely soil eroded land(as a control ecosystem), ban forest (as the control I ecosystem after planting Pinus massoniana and baned) and a mixed forest of Cunninghamia Lanceolata plantation and Pinus massoniana (as the control II ecosystem after planting a mixed forest of Cunninghamia Lanceolata plantation and Pinus massoniana and taking engineering restoration measurement)for study. soil physical and chemical properties, biomass, nutrient content,soil fertility and biological diversity were studied in three sites. This information is important for further understanding the mechanism in soil restoring process .
    The results showed that:
    1. The soil physical structure and the soil chemical properties in two restoring measure ment are obviously improved. After taking the control II measurement, <0.002mm clay content in up soil profile(0~20cm) is 2.01 times as much as that of the control ecosystem. Soil organic matter in the control II is 2.70 times as much as that of the controlecosystem.and which is 1.44 times as much as that of the controlecosystem. Total N, total P, total K are higher in the control II and the control I ecosystems than the control ecosystem, and the sequence is that: control II > control I >the control. We come to a conclusion that both the two restoration measure could promote soil fertility.
    2. Biomass of the control II ecosystem is 107.61 t-hm~(-2), which is 2.25 times as much as that of the control I ecosystem(47.88 t·hm~(-2)), and which is 9.16 times as much as that of the the control ecosystem. Tree layer biomass of the control II ecosystem is up to 83.86t·hm~(-2) and that is 15.53t·hm~(-2) in the control I ecosystem , which are 10.77times and 1.99 times as much as that of the control ecosystem,respectively; shrub layer biomass in the control II ecosystem , control I ecosystem and the control ecosystem are 6.90t·hm~(-2), 8.00t·hm~(-2), 0.69t·hm~(-2), respectively;Herb layer biomass in the control II ecosystem , control I ecosystem and the control ecosystem are 1.60t·hm~(-2), 12.52 t·hm~(-2), 1.68 t·hm~(-2), respectively; and shrub layer biomass in the control II ecosystem , control I ecosystem and the control ecosystem are 6.90t·hm~(-2), 8.00t·hm~(-2), 0.69t·hm~(-2),
    respectively; litter layer biomass in the control II ecosystem , control I ecosystem and the control ecosystem are 15.25t·hm~(-2), 11.83 t·hm~(-2), 1.59t·hm~(-2) , respectively, and the
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