石门揭煤过程煤与瓦斯突出的注液冻结防治理论及技术研究
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摘要
煤与瓦斯突出是指在压力作用下,煤矿井下采掘过程中破碎的煤和瓦斯由煤体内突然向采掘空间大量喷出的一种动力现象。它是煤矿生产中所面临的一种主要的瓦斯灾害。
石门揭煤过程煤与瓦斯突出危险程度高、强度大。随着煤矿往深部开采,我国现有石门揭煤防突措施较难通过超前抽排放瓦斯达到减少煤层瓦斯含量和降低煤层瓦斯压力而有效防突。本论文针对我国现有防突技术的优缺点,根据石门揭煤过程煤与瓦斯突出机理、煤层注水工艺过程和人工土冻结技术应用实践,提出了石门揭煤注液冻结防突方法,在理论分析、实验研究和数值模拟的基础上,对该方法的理论基础和技术的可行性进行了深入研究,其主要研究内容和成果如下：
(1)石门揭煤过程煤与瓦斯突出的动力能量主要由弹性应变能和瓦斯膨胀能组成。瓦斯突出的主要能源来自于瓦斯的膨胀能。根据煤与瓦斯突出能量平衡式,石门揭煤过程瓦斯突出发生与否主要取决于瓦斯突出动力源与突出消耗能在动态酝酿过程中能否保持平衡。瓦斯突出能量量变或者突变到某临界能量值,其大于瓦斯流突破裂隙角联通道所需的消耗能量,瓦斯突出就能瞬时或者延时发生；
(2)石门揭煤工作面待揭的突出煤层注水冻结后,将从增加突出煤层瓦斯吸附量V、降低突出煤层瓦斯压力P、降低突出煤层瓦斯放散初速度△p、提高突出煤层力学性能、降低卸压区瓦斯突出危险性等方面有效防突；
(3)用改造后的WY-98A吸附常数测定仪,首次获取了低温条件下(T≤0℃)煤的CH4吸附常数a、b值。通过数据拟合,当温度T≤0℃时,煤对CH4等温吸附曲线仍属于第Ⅰ类吸附等温线,可以用Langmuir方程来表征煤对CH4的低温吸附模型。由实验结果可知：不同温度时,同一煤样在相同压力下,吸附量与温度呈近似线性负相关关系,随温度降低,煤吸附甲烷能力提高；
(4)通过注水冻结成型煤样的单轴抗压强度实验,发现其受压后变形分为四个阶段：压密阶段、弹性阶段、塑性屈服阶段和破坏阶段。随着冻结温度的降低,成型煤样的单轴抗压强度和弹性模量都明显增大；泊松比的变化不明显,但整体成减小趋势。冻结温度低于-20℃时,成型煤样的单轴抗压强度和弹性模量增加不明显；
(5)通过水泥槽模型煤体冻结实验表明：冻结区形成以冻结管中心为圆心、半径为R沿径向随时间扩展的冻煤圆柱。随着冻结管不断的供冷,冻煤圆柱直径不断增加,冻煤圆柱内的温度逐步下降,槽中煤、瓦斯和水三相体最终变成坚硬冻结体,极大地提高了其抗压强度和弹性模量等力学性能。同一冻结时间,距离冻结管越近,煤体获得冷量越多,煤体温度越低；
(6)应用东北大学气固耦合岩石破裂过程RFPA2D分析软件,建立了石门揭煤瓦斯突出过程气固耦合作用的数学模型,根据冻结区突出煤层物理力学性能参数,数值模拟了注液冻结后龙家山煤矿-400水平2号石门揭露不同温度的6冻结煤层过程。数值模拟表明：注液冻结后煤层温度下降到-15℃以下时,该石门揭煤工作面将不会发生煤与瓦斯突出；
(7)应用ANSYS有限元程序,根据龙家山煤矿-400水平2号石门揭煤工作面施工参数,建立了冻结区温度场数值模拟计算模型,分析了不同时期冻结区温度扩展云图,得出不同冻结时间冻结区有效范围、平均温度、交圈时间及扩展速度。数值模拟表明：距离中心越近,冻结区煤层温度下降越快。把-15℃作为石门揭煤注液冻结防突工程煤层控制温度,该石门揭煤工作面大概需要35-40天冻结时间才能满足防突要求；
(8)石门揭煤工作面待揭的突出煤层注水冻结后,将减少煤与瓦斯突出的瓦斯动力源,增加煤层抵抗瓦斯突出的阻力,从而有效防治石门揭煤过程煤与瓦斯突出。因此,结合本研究课题注液冻结法的特点和我国煤矿未来的开采深度,该方法可广泛应用于低透气性和深部开采的石门揭煤瓦斯突出工作面,这对减少我国煤矿瓦斯灾害事故具有重要的作用。
The coal and gas outburst is a kind of dynamical phenomenon, which the fragmentized coal in excavate process and the gas sprayed the work space out of the coal seam suddenly under the pressure.It is a main gas disaster faced with in coal mining in our country.
The coal and gas outburst is the most dangerous and intensest when uncovering coal seam in cross-cut. With the mining depth increase, the existing proof-outburst measures in our country is relatively difficult to reduce coal seam gas content, release gas in advance and lower its pressure to prevent the coal and gas outburst effectively. In the paper, according to the advantages and disadvantages of the existing outburst-proof technology, based on the mechanism of the coal and gas outburst when uncovered coal seam in cross-cut, the techniques process of injecting liquid into coal seam and the application of the artificial freezing technology, a new outburst-proof method by injecting liquid and freezing is put forward when uncovered coal seam in cross-cut.Based on the theory analyses, experiment research and numerical simulation, the feasibility of its theory and technology basis is researched deeply. The mostly contents and conclusions is as follows:
(1)The main power energy resulting in the coal and gas outburst is elastic strain energy and gas expansion energy when uncovered in cross-cut. The gas expansion energy is the main power of gas outburst among them. According to the energy equation of coal and gas outburst, the gas outburst mainly depends on the balance of the power energy and consume energy in the course of dynamic formation. When the gas outburst power energy quantitative change or mutate to a critical value, and this critical value beyond the needed consume energy while the gas-flow pass through the fracture angle joint channel, the gas outburst can occurrence instantly or later;
(2) The new method will be proved effective on preventing the gas outburst according to the coal seam gas adsorption quantity "V" increase, the gas pressure "P" reduce and the disperse muzzle velocity "ΔP" lower, the coal mechanical properties improvement, the risk coefficient of gas outburst in discharge pressure zone decline and the elasticity energy difference reduce between the protected rock and coal seam after the coal seam to be uncoverd of work face in cross-cut is injected liquid into and frozen;
(3)With the reformed WY-98A adsorption constant determinator, the CH4 adsorption constants "a,b" of coal seam have been obtained at a low temperature (T≤0℃) for the first time. Through data fitting, when the temperature T is below 0 celsius degree, the sorption isotherm of CH4 in the coal still belongs to "I" adsorption type. It can be used to characterize the CH4 adsorption model of coal at a low temperature for with the Langmuir equation. With the different temperatures and the same pressure of the same coal sample, the adsorption capacity and temperature was linear negative correlation approximatively between them. With the decrease of adsorption temperature, coal methane adsorption capacity increased;
(4) By the uniaxial compressive strength experiment with the moulded samples, after injected liqiud into and frozen, their deformation is divided into four stages:compaction stage, flexible segment stage, plastic yield stage and destruction stage.With the freezing temperature falling, the uniaxial compressive strength of the test ones increases obviously; changing of Poisson's ratio is not obviously, but the whole trend is augment. The uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus value of the mould will be maximum at-20℃;
(5) Through the cement trough model coal freezing experimentation, it shew that the freezing section, whose radius is R, is revolved around the freezing tube centre.the formed freezing coal column is patulous with the freezingtime. With the cold offered incessantly from the freezing tube, the radius "R" is rising incessantly, the temperature in tube is declining, the coal, gas, and water in the trough is frozen into the firm freezing structure finally, so the uniaxial compression strengths and elastic modulus of coal models and the other mechanical property will be increased. In the same freezing time, the more near to the freezing tube, the more cold will be gain by coal and the temperature is lower;
(6)With the Rock Failure Process Analysis software-RFDA2D from Northeast University, establishing gas and solid coupling mathematics model of the outburst process when uncovering coal seam at cross-cut, setting the physics mechanical property parameters of coal seam corresponding to its freezing temperature and water content, simulating the process of uncovering the 6# freezing coal seam at 2# cross-cut of-400 level in Long Jia Shan mine under the different freezing temperature. The simulation showed that the gas outburst will not happen when the coal tempreture is frozen under-15℃；
(7) With the ANSYS finite element, according to the construct parameters in the work face of uncovering coal seam at 2# cross-cut of-400 level in Long Jia Shan mine, establishing the numerical simulation calculate model of the temperature field in freezing section, analyzing its expand nephogram in different period, deciding the effective range, average temperature, closure time of ice zone and expand velocity. The simulation showed that the more near to the freezing center, the more fast the temperature of the 6# coal seam will decline.After 35-40 days, the 6# coal in freezing zone is strong enough to prevent coal and gas outburst;
(8)After the coal seam injected into and frozen of the working face in uncovering at cross-cut, the gas power supply of the coal and gas outburst will reduce, the resistance to the gas outburst will rise, accordingly, it will help to effectively prevent the coal and gas outburst when uncovering coal seam at cross-cut.So, combining the advantages of injecting liquid and freezing in this research with the future exploitation depth of coal mines in our country, the method can be applied widely to the working face with low permeability and deep mining. It is important to reduce the gas disaster accidents of coal mines in our country.
石门揭煤过程煤与瓦斯突出危险程度高、强度大。随着煤矿往深部开采,我国现有石门揭煤防突措施较难通过超前抽排放瓦斯达到减少煤层瓦斯含量和降低煤层瓦斯压力而有效防突。本论文针对我国现有防突技术的优缺点,根据石门揭煤过程煤与瓦斯突出机理、煤层注水工艺过程和人工土冻结技术应用实践,提出了石门揭煤注液冻结防突方法,在理论分析、实验研究和数值模拟的基础上,对该方法的理论基础和技术的可行性进行了深入研究,其主要研究内容和成果如下：
(1)石门揭煤过程煤与瓦斯突出的动力能量主要由弹性应变能和瓦斯膨胀能组成。瓦斯突出的主要能源来自于瓦斯的膨胀能。根据煤与瓦斯突出能量平衡式,石门揭煤过程瓦斯突出发生与否主要取决于瓦斯突出动力源与突出消耗能在动态酝酿过程中能否保持平衡。瓦斯突出能量量变或者突变到某临界能量值,其大于瓦斯流突破裂隙角联通道所需的消耗能量,瓦斯突出就能瞬时或者延时发生；
(2)石门揭煤工作面待揭的突出煤层注水冻结后,将从增加突出煤层瓦斯吸附量V、降低突出煤层瓦斯压力P、降低突出煤层瓦斯放散初速度△p、提高突出煤层力学性能、降低卸压区瓦斯突出危险性等方面有效防突；
(3)用改造后的WY-98A吸附常数测定仪,首次获取了低温条件下(T≤0℃)煤的CH4吸附常数a、b值。通过数据拟合,当温度T≤0℃时,煤对CH4等温吸附曲线仍属于第Ⅰ类吸附等温线,可以用Langmuir方程来表征煤对CH4的低温吸附模型。由实验结果可知：不同温度时,同一煤样在相同压力下,吸附量与温度呈近似线性负相关关系,随温度降低,煤吸附甲烷能力提高；
(4)通过注水冻结成型煤样的单轴抗压强度实验,发现其受压后变形分为四个阶段：压密阶段、弹性阶段、塑性屈服阶段和破坏阶段。随着冻结温度的降低,成型煤样的单轴抗压强度和弹性模量都明显增大；泊松比的变化不明显,但整体成减小趋势。冻结温度低于-20℃时,成型煤样的单轴抗压强度和弹性模量增加不明显；
(5)通过水泥槽模型煤体冻结实验表明：冻结区形成以冻结管中心为圆心、半径为R沿径向随时间扩展的冻煤圆柱。随着冻结管不断的供冷,冻煤圆柱直径不断增加,冻煤圆柱内的温度逐步下降,槽中煤、瓦斯和水三相体最终变成坚硬冻结体,极大地提高了其抗压强度和弹性模量等力学性能。同一冻结时间,距离冻结管越近,煤体获得冷量越多,煤体温度越低；
(6)应用东北大学气固耦合岩石破裂过程RFPA2D分析软件,建立了石门揭煤瓦斯突出过程气固耦合作用的数学模型,根据冻结区突出煤层物理力学性能参数,数值模拟了注液冻结后龙家山煤矿-400水平2号石门揭露不同温度的6冻结煤层过程。数值模拟表明：注液冻结后煤层温度下降到-15℃以下时,该石门揭煤工作面将不会发生煤与瓦斯突出；
(7)应用ANSYS有限元程序,根据龙家山煤矿-400水平2号石门揭煤工作面施工参数,建立了冻结区温度场数值模拟计算模型,分析了不同时期冻结区温度扩展云图,得出不同冻结时间冻结区有效范围、平均温度、交圈时间及扩展速度。数值模拟表明：距离中心越近,冻结区煤层温度下降越快。把-15℃作为石门揭煤注液冻结防突工程煤层控制温度,该石门揭煤工作面大概需要35-40天冻结时间才能满足防突要求；
(8)石门揭煤工作面待揭的突出煤层注水冻结后,将减少煤与瓦斯突出的瓦斯动力源,增加煤层抵抗瓦斯突出的阻力,从而有效防治石门揭煤过程煤与瓦斯突出。因此,结合本研究课题注液冻结法的特点和我国煤矿未来的开采深度,该方法可广泛应用于低透气性和深部开采的石门揭煤瓦斯突出工作面,这对减少我国煤矿瓦斯灾害事故具有重要的作用。
The coal and gas outburst is a kind of dynamical phenomenon, which the fragmentized coal in excavate process and the gas sprayed the work space out of the coal seam suddenly under the pressure.It is a main gas disaster faced with in coal mining in our country.
The coal and gas outburst is the most dangerous and intensest when uncovering coal seam in cross-cut. With the mining depth increase, the existing proof-outburst measures in our country is relatively difficult to reduce coal seam gas content, release gas in advance and lower its pressure to prevent the coal and gas outburst effectively. In the paper, according to the advantages and disadvantages of the existing outburst-proof technology, based on the mechanism of the coal and gas outburst when uncovered coal seam in cross-cut, the techniques process of injecting liquid into coal seam and the application of the artificial freezing technology, a new outburst-proof method by injecting liquid and freezing is put forward when uncovered coal seam in cross-cut.Based on the theory analyses, experiment research and numerical simulation, the feasibility of its theory and technology basis is researched deeply. The mostly contents and conclusions is as follows:
(1)The main power energy resulting in the coal and gas outburst is elastic strain energy and gas expansion energy when uncovered in cross-cut. The gas expansion energy is the main power of gas outburst among them. According to the energy equation of coal and gas outburst, the gas outburst mainly depends on the balance of the power energy and consume energy in the course of dynamic formation. When the gas outburst power energy quantitative change or mutate to a critical value, and this critical value beyond the needed consume energy while the gas-flow pass through the fracture angle joint channel, the gas outburst can occurrence instantly or later;
(2) The new method will be proved effective on preventing the gas outburst according to the coal seam gas adsorption quantity "V" increase, the gas pressure "P" reduce and the disperse muzzle velocity "ΔP" lower, the coal mechanical properties improvement, the risk coefficient of gas outburst in discharge pressure zone decline and the elasticity energy difference reduce between the protected rock and coal seam after the coal seam to be uncoverd of work face in cross-cut is injected liquid into and frozen;
(3)With the reformed WY-98A adsorption constant determinator, the CH4 adsorption constants "a,b" of coal seam have been obtained at a low temperature (T≤0℃) for the first time. Through data fitting, when the temperature T is below 0 celsius degree, the sorption isotherm of CH4 in the coal still belongs to "I" adsorption type. It can be used to characterize the CH4 adsorption model of coal at a low temperature for with the Langmuir equation. With the different temperatures and the same pressure of the same coal sample, the adsorption capacity and temperature was linear negative correlation approximatively between them. With the decrease of adsorption temperature, coal methane adsorption capacity increased;
(4) By the uniaxial compressive strength experiment with the moulded samples, after injected liqiud into and frozen, their deformation is divided into four stages:compaction stage, flexible segment stage, plastic yield stage and destruction stage.With the freezing temperature falling, the uniaxial compressive strength of the test ones increases obviously; changing of Poisson's ratio is not obviously, but the whole trend is augment. The uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus value of the mould will be maximum at-20℃;
(5) Through the cement trough model coal freezing experimentation, it shew that the freezing section, whose radius is R, is revolved around the freezing tube centre.the formed freezing coal column is patulous with the freezingtime. With the cold offered incessantly from the freezing tube, the radius "R" is rising incessantly, the temperature in tube is declining, the coal, gas, and water in the trough is frozen into the firm freezing structure finally, so the uniaxial compression strengths and elastic modulus of coal models and the other mechanical property will be increased. In the same freezing time, the more near to the freezing tube, the more cold will be gain by coal and the temperature is lower;
(6)With the Rock Failure Process Analysis software-RFDA2D from Northeast University, establishing gas and solid coupling mathematics model of the outburst process when uncovering coal seam at cross-cut, setting the physics mechanical property parameters of coal seam corresponding to its freezing temperature and water content, simulating the process of uncovering the 6# freezing coal seam at 2# cross-cut of-400 level in Long Jia Shan mine under the different freezing temperature. The simulation showed that the gas outburst will not happen when the coal tempreture is frozen under-15℃；
(7) With the ANSYS finite element, according to the construct parameters in the work face of uncovering coal seam at 2# cross-cut of-400 level in Long Jia Shan mine, establishing the numerical simulation calculate model of the temperature field in freezing section, analyzing its expand nephogram in different period, deciding the effective range, average temperature, closure time of ice zone and expand velocity. The simulation showed that the more near to the freezing center, the more fast the temperature of the 6# coal seam will decline.After 35-40 days, the 6# coal in freezing zone is strong enough to prevent coal and gas outburst;
(8)After the coal seam injected into and frozen of the working face in uncovering at cross-cut, the gas power supply of the coal and gas outburst will reduce, the resistance to the gas outburst will rise, accordingly, it will help to effectively prevent the coal and gas outburst when uncovering coal seam at cross-cut.So, combining the advantages of injecting liquid and freezing in this research with the future exploitation depth of coal mines in our country, the method can be applied widely to the working face with low permeability and deep mining. It is important to reduce the gas disaster accidents of coal mines in our country.
引文
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