带状线法透波材料高温介电性能测试技术研究
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摘要
电磁波透波材料广泛应用于各种电子设备中,材料的电磁特性对整个电子系统的性能有着至关重要的影响。当透波材料应用在天线罩,天线窗以及大功率器件中时,由于工作环境的影响,使用温度会发生变化,材料的电磁参数也会发生改变。特别是火箭、导弹等高速飞行器上的天线罩(窗),空气的气动加热会使其温度达到上千摄氏度,高温将导致材料电磁性能的恶化,会严重影响飞行器的通讯、探测、瞄准等电子设备的工作性能。
为了使飞行器中的电子设备在大气层高速飞行时产生的高温环境中能正常工作,就要保证制作天线罩的透波材料在高温环境中具有优良的电磁性能并掌握其随温度变化的规律。因此就必须要建立一套能够在高温环境下检测材料电磁参数性能指标的测试系统,用以评价材料在不同温度,不同频率下电磁参数性能的好坏,本文以此为研究课题,在广泛调研国内外相关领域发展动态的基础上,结合本课题的具体情况,选用了带状线谐振腔进行指定频段的高温宽频复介电性能测试技术研究。
本文首先根据高温测试的实际情况,通过腔体多点测试温度进行线性插值,得到腔体纵向上的温度梯度分布。提出了在腔体纵向根据温度分布采用分段计算的方法,建立了变温测试非等横截面腔体的物理模型,推导出了带状线谐振腔材料复介电性能变温测试理论,为利用带状线谐振腔进行材料的变温测试提供了理论基础。
研制了高温宽带测试腔体和高温、隔热、冷却微波传输线和密封转换接头。通过对测试腔体的优化设计和腔体材料以及表面处理工艺的研究选择,使其高温微波性能更加优异,测试结果更加准确可靠。
为保证高温测试的顺利进行,设计加工了真空保护系统,选用了超音频感应加热设备对测试腔体和样品进行升温,减小了对隔热防护的要求,使系统更加易于维护和操作。
在高温校准和测试过程中,通过对腔体不同位置的温度进行实时采集,用线性插值的方法进行计算,通过变温校准得到了各个温度下腔体的热膨胀系数和微波表面电导率,对腔体的模型进行了实时修正,研究了变温过程中的校准方法,降低了由于温度改变导致的腔体热不稳定性对测试结果的影响,提高了高温测试结果的准确性和稳定性。
最后集成了整个测试系统,编写了测试软件,制作了一批高温材料样品,进行了大量的测试,并对测试数据进行分析对比。对该套系统的测试误差进行了理论分析,确定了各个误差源和权重,进行了误差综合,编写了误差分析软件,推导出了测试系统的测试误差。
本文所建立的系统可以对透波材料进行宽频带(0.5~8GHz),大温度范围(室温~1500℃)的复介电性能测试,其测试结果具有较好的准确性和稳定性。攻克了透波材料高温宽频测试的难题,填补了国内相关测试领域的空白,同时也为透波材料的理论研究和生产制造提供重要的参考数据。
Wave-transparent materials are widely applied in electronic device. The complex permittivity of materatials plays an important role on performance of the device. When the wave-transparent materials are used in radomes, antenna windows, and high-power devices, due to the impact of the environment, the electromagnetic parameters of materials will change as a function of temperature. Particularly while aerospace are flying at a very high speed in atmosphere, high temperature and high speed air flow will occur. It is an important factor of instability or performance deterioration in those electronic systems.
In order to work properly in these situations, we must know the different microwave dielectric properties of the transparent materials at different temperatures. Therefore, it is very necessary to build a test system to measure the dielectric properties of materials as a function of temperature and frequencies. Based on the development of dielectric property test methods at home and abroad, combined with the specific requirements of this research, stripline cavity was chosen in the study of high temperature broadband dielectric property test techniques.
An improved resonance method at high temperature for determining complex dielectric properties of low-loss materials was developed. The calculation process was given by a physical model of the stripline resonator cavity at high temperature. The paper brought forward the method of segmentation calculation according to the temperature changes over the cavity, which matched the actual situation and offer theoretical foundation for high temperature measurements.
High temperature coaxial line, cooling coaxial line and adapter were designed and fabricated. In this work, we have performed sensitivity analysis in an effort to find the optimum stripline aperture dimensions to obtain both the high quality factor and easy to distinguish working modes. The physical size of the cavity was obtained after optimization and simulation.
Vacuum furnace was designed to avoid oxidation for high temperature measurements, supersonic induction heating method was used in the microwave high temperature complex permittivity measurements, making the test system easier to maintain and operate.
During the calibration and testing process, temperatures were real-time measured by the thermocouples buried in the ground boards of the cavity, we use the new method of segmentation calculation to analyze the resonant frequency and quality factor considering the temperature differences along the stripline resonator cavity, conductivity and thermal expansion constant of the cavity metal as function of temperature are calculated. The heat instability of the caity was reduced, and the measurement accuracy and stability at high temperature were improved.
The whole test system was built and the measurement software was compiled. The microwave parameters at high temperatures and stability of the resonant system were tested. We have verified the proposed method from measurements of some typical samples with the available reference data in the literature. The measurement errors were analyzed based on the measurement theory. Error sources were analyzed and uncertainties were obtained with the program.
Finally a system has been developed for measuring the complex permittivity of low loss materials at frequencies from 500MHz to 8GHz and over a temperature range up to 1500℃using stripline resonator cavity method. We solved the difficult technical problem of high temperature broadband measurement of microwave transparent material and filled the gap of this field in domestic. Such a test system has a significant guiding effect to the theoretical research and manufacture of wave-transparent materials.
为了使飞行器中的电子设备在大气层高速飞行时产生的高温环境中能正常工作,就要保证制作天线罩的透波材料在高温环境中具有优良的电磁性能并掌握其随温度变化的规律。因此就必须要建立一套能够在高温环境下检测材料电磁参数性能指标的测试系统,用以评价材料在不同温度,不同频率下电磁参数性能的好坏,本文以此为研究课题,在广泛调研国内外相关领域发展动态的基础上,结合本课题的具体情况,选用了带状线谐振腔进行指定频段的高温宽频复介电性能测试技术研究。
本文首先根据高温测试的实际情况,通过腔体多点测试温度进行线性插值,得到腔体纵向上的温度梯度分布。提出了在腔体纵向根据温度分布采用分段计算的方法,建立了变温测试非等横截面腔体的物理模型,推导出了带状线谐振腔材料复介电性能变温测试理论,为利用带状线谐振腔进行材料的变温测试提供了理论基础。
研制了高温宽带测试腔体和高温、隔热、冷却微波传输线和密封转换接头。通过对测试腔体的优化设计和腔体材料以及表面处理工艺的研究选择,使其高温微波性能更加优异,测试结果更加准确可靠。
为保证高温测试的顺利进行,设计加工了真空保护系统,选用了超音频感应加热设备对测试腔体和样品进行升温,减小了对隔热防护的要求,使系统更加易于维护和操作。
在高温校准和测试过程中,通过对腔体不同位置的温度进行实时采集,用线性插值的方法进行计算,通过变温校准得到了各个温度下腔体的热膨胀系数和微波表面电导率,对腔体的模型进行了实时修正,研究了变温过程中的校准方法,降低了由于温度改变导致的腔体热不稳定性对测试结果的影响,提高了高温测试结果的准确性和稳定性。
最后集成了整个测试系统,编写了测试软件,制作了一批高温材料样品,进行了大量的测试,并对测试数据进行分析对比。对该套系统的测试误差进行了理论分析,确定了各个误差源和权重,进行了误差综合,编写了误差分析软件,推导出了测试系统的测试误差。
本文所建立的系统可以对透波材料进行宽频带(0.5~8GHz),大温度范围(室温~1500℃)的复介电性能测试,其测试结果具有较好的准确性和稳定性。攻克了透波材料高温宽频测试的难题,填补了国内相关测试领域的空白,同时也为透波材料的理论研究和生产制造提供重要的参考数据。
Wave-transparent materials are widely applied in electronic device. The complex permittivity of materatials plays an important role on performance of the device. When the wave-transparent materials are used in radomes, antenna windows, and high-power devices, due to the impact of the environment, the electromagnetic parameters of materials will change as a function of temperature. Particularly while aerospace are flying at a very high speed in atmosphere, high temperature and high speed air flow will occur. It is an important factor of instability or performance deterioration in those electronic systems.
In order to work properly in these situations, we must know the different microwave dielectric properties of the transparent materials at different temperatures. Therefore, it is very necessary to build a test system to measure the dielectric properties of materials as a function of temperature and frequencies. Based on the development of dielectric property test methods at home and abroad, combined with the specific requirements of this research, stripline cavity was chosen in the study of high temperature broadband dielectric property test techniques.
An improved resonance method at high temperature for determining complex dielectric properties of low-loss materials was developed. The calculation process was given by a physical model of the stripline resonator cavity at high temperature. The paper brought forward the method of segmentation calculation according to the temperature changes over the cavity, which matched the actual situation and offer theoretical foundation for high temperature measurements.
High temperature coaxial line, cooling coaxial line and adapter were designed and fabricated. In this work, we have performed sensitivity analysis in an effort to find the optimum stripline aperture dimensions to obtain both the high quality factor and easy to distinguish working modes. The physical size of the cavity was obtained after optimization and simulation.
Vacuum furnace was designed to avoid oxidation for high temperature measurements, supersonic induction heating method was used in the microwave high temperature complex permittivity measurements, making the test system easier to maintain and operate.
During the calibration and testing process, temperatures were real-time measured by the thermocouples buried in the ground boards of the cavity, we use the new method of segmentation calculation to analyze the resonant frequency and quality factor considering the temperature differences along the stripline resonator cavity, conductivity and thermal expansion constant of the cavity metal as function of temperature are calculated. The heat instability of the caity was reduced, and the measurement accuracy and stability at high temperature were improved.
The whole test system was built and the measurement software was compiled. The microwave parameters at high temperatures and stability of the resonant system were tested. We have verified the proposed method from measurements of some typical samples with the available reference data in the literature. The measurement errors were analyzed based on the measurement theory. Error sources were analyzed and uncertainties were obtained with the program.
Finally a system has been developed for measuring the complex permittivity of low loss materials at frequencies from 500MHz to 8GHz and over a temperature range up to 1500℃using stripline resonator cavity method. We solved the difficult technical problem of high temperature broadband measurement of microwave transparent material and filled the gap of this field in domestic. Such a test system has a significant guiding effect to the theoretical research and manufacture of wave-transparent materials.
引文
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