森林资源二类调查方法的改进及监测体系研究
|
摘要
森林是整个国民经济持续、快速、健康发展的基础,在国家经济建设和可持续发展中具有不可替代的地位和作用。森林资源二类调查在我国森林资源调查体系中有着重要的地位和作用,是国营林业局、林场、县级单位编制森林经营方案、总体设计和林业规划的基础工作,是我国森林资源调查体系中的重要组成部分。
我国森林资源二类调查主要采用角规辅助的小班调查与县级加密样地控制调查结果的方法,由于县级森林连清抽样体系的资金往往得不到保证,许多县市放弃了以县为总体的森林连续清查样地加密系统,这又为以县为总体的森林资源二类调查带来不可回避的精度控制问题。同时,森林生态监测的进展也为以山头地块乃至流域(小班的组合)为基本单位的森林资源调查提出了新的要求。
本文针对我国森林资源二类调查现状及建立县级监测体系要求,提出了一种二类调查方法进行改进,即以县为总体、小班为基本单元(或小班的组合)的不等概抽样,抽中的小班建立角规固定样地,采用角规测树动态监测的理论与方法建立县级小班总体的森林资源动态监测体系；对其余未抽中的小班,仍采用常规角规辅助调查的方法；对森林生态监测要求的监测区域可结合典型小班抽样的方法进行调查。论文提出了小班不等抽样计算方法和总体林分断面积生长量、蓄积生长量的计算方法。
小班不等概抽样应尽量选择与调查因子相关性紧密的辅助因子来确定单元的抽取概率,提高不等概抽样的抽样效率和估计精度。本文以广东省博罗县2005年小班二类调查数据及同期的ETM+遥感数据为例,对主要树种(桉树、马尾松、南洋楹、其它软阔)进行按树种、龄组,以及树种与龄组组合划分类型(分层),选取了小班面积、郁闭度、小班面积与郁闭度积(小班郁闭度与小班面积积可看为小班林冠投影面积和)、以及用遥感影像技术提取的小班平均NDVI与小班面积积(小班平均NDVI值×小班面积可以表示为小班像元NDVI值和)作为辅助因子,对小班蓄积进行相关性分析与比较。结果表明,按树种与龄组组合划分类型后,辅助因子与小班蓄积相关性有明显提高,其中小班面积与郁闭度积的测度与小班蓄积的相关关系可达到0.90；小班平均NDVI与小班面积积与小班蓄积的相关关系可达到0.84。从现势性考虑,小班平均NDVI与小班面积积作为小班不等概抽样的辅助因子。
论文采用张角法对县级总体林分断面积生长量和蓄积生长量进行估算。张角法测树生蓄积量、断面积等会出现跳跃现象或零增长现象。论文从理论上论证了张角法测林分生长量是无偏的。论文对张角法与传统保留木法、变角规系数法估算林分生长量方法进行了比较。通过理论和实例验证了张角法和传统保留木法在保留木前后期胸高断面积比不大时是一致的,传统保留木法中常用的普列斯勒式与张角法的非常接近；变角规系数法和张角法计算公式可以推导出相似的表达形式,在机理上也是一致的。
论文对森林资源二类调查方法的改进及动态监测体系的主要方案做了全面的阐述,分析和总结了小班区划的方法,对小班测度进行了完善,提出了森林资源测度和林林生态状况两类测度(森林资源测度分为单株木指标、林分指标和大林林指标共计48个指标；森林生态状况指标分为6类38个指标)。
为验证角规抽样动态监测体系的可行性,本文以广西西南部分一类调查角规样点及角规样点落在小班组合而成的部分总体的为例,对2000年和2005年两期二类调查数据进行了抽样实验和生长量估计。用不等概抽样估计方法得到2000年、2005年小班总体蓄积估计量分别为3785.580m3、4162.119m3,估计精度分别为69%、78%；用张角法计算得出小班总体蓄积生长量为530.020m3,该值与2000年期的蓄积估计量3785.580m3累加得到2005年的蓄积估计量为4315.600m3,落在2005年总体蓄积估计区间(3786.340575,4537.897487)内,结果表明论文提出的二类调查方法的改进和动态监测方法是有效的。
本文仅对森林资源二类调查的改方法进行了理论上的探讨及试验的计算与总结。该方法进一步的推广应用还需与抽样控制方法的结果进行对比与分析。论文对后续的研究和试验工作提出了建议。
Forest is entire nation economy sustained, rapid and healthy development of the foundation, in the national economic construction and sustainable development status and irreplaceable role. Forest inventory for management plan in China Forest Resource Inventory survey system has an important position and role, is the state Bureau of Forestry, forestry and county units in the preparation of forest management plan, based on overall design and planning of forestry work, is the system of forest resources important part.
Forest Inventory for management plan at this stage may need further improvements and enhancements. The system sampling method with dense-plots on the base of national forest inventory plots was often used to control the precision of subcompartment survey, but now the method can't be used because of expensive survey and longer survey time. On the other hand, as the forest ecological monitoring of progress, more factors of ecological surveys and environmental factors added, on land and even the valley to mountain top (the combination of subcompartment) as the basic unit of forest resources survey put forward new requirements, the existing Inventory methods are not well to meet this demand.
The paper summarizes theory and method of angle measuring in several major factors of subcompartment, such as stand basal area, stand hectares of accumulation and volume growing estimation in permanent point sampling, and analysis the sampling error with method of angle measuring, further proposed techincal methods to eliminate or reduce the error of this method.
The angle change method change in angle over time to estimate basal area growth rate, theoretically demonstrates the estimate basal area growth rate is unbiased, and eliminate the phenomenon of zero and jumping extimation of basal area and volume increment. Theoretical analysis and sample verification show that the angle change method is compatible with traditional method of survivor growth estimation when the pre-reserved trees basal area ratio is not too large, particularly Puliesile formula in the traditional method of growth estimation is very close to the angle change method. the angle change method and the method of changing angle factor have same formula form and principle.
The comprehensive exposition on methods of Forest Inventory and Monitoring System to improve the main program, the paper analysis and summary of subcompartment division method, improve Measurement indicators of subcompartment measure, put forward Measurement indicators of forest resources and forest ecological status. Measurement of forest resources include plant trees indicators, targets and major forest indicators stand a total of 48 indicators; forest ecological status indicators are divided into levels of forest ecological functions, ecological diversity, forest health degree, type and grade soil erosion, forest landscape level, the main forest community types of forest floor, soil water storage, carbon storage of forest plants, forest plants energy storage. the paper presents subcompartment tissue and estimation methods, and method of angle measuring in volume growing estimation in permanent point sampling.
Subcompartment PPS sampling method should try to select closely related auxiliary factor to determine the probability of extraction. Using Guangdong Boluo subcompartment Inventory Data in 2005 and ETM+remote sensing data for example and the main tree species (eucalyptus, pine, falcataria, other soft wide) for by species, age group, and the tree species and age Group portfolio divided type (layered), this paper select the subcompartment size, canopy density, the multiplication of subcompartment area size with its canopy density(the multiplication can be seen to be subcompartment size and crown projection), and extracted using remote sensing technology the multiplication of subcompartment area size with its average NDVI (the multiplication can be expressed as sum of subcompartment pixel NDVI values) as an auxiliary factor, subcompartment cumulative correlation analysis and comparison. The results show that by species composition and age group classification type, the auxiliary factors associated with the accumulation of subcompartment significantly improved. The correlation between the multiplication of subcompartment area size and its canopy density and volume of subcompartment up to 0.90, and the correlation between the multiplication of subcompartment area size and its average NDVI and volume of subcompartment up to 0.84. Considerations from the current situation, the multiplication of subcompartment area size with its average NDVI as a auxiliary cofactor.
To verify the feasibility of dynamic monitoring system, the paper investigated a part of Guangxi Province in the southwest part of the point sample plots and the plots fall some combination of subcompartment overall for example in 2000a and 2005a two stage Inventory data, test the sampling survey method and calculate the growth estimation. The results showed that the estimation of volume was 3785.580 cube meter in 2000a, and 4162.119 cube meter in 2005a. The estimated precision was 69% and 78% respectively. The estimation of volume growth was 530.020 cube meter. Added it with the volume in 2000a, another estimation of volume was 4315.600 cube meter in 2005a, witch was among the estimated range (3786.340575, 4537.897487) in 2005a. The results-show that the proposed inventory system thesis and dynamic monitoring method is effective.
The paper only explore the theory of improvement on forest inventory for management plan and test the theoretical calculations and summary. The method further dissemination and application needs comparison and analysis the results of sampling control method. Paper made recommendations for future research.
我国森林资源二类调查主要采用角规辅助的小班调查与县级加密样地控制调查结果的方法,由于县级森林连清抽样体系的资金往往得不到保证,许多县市放弃了以县为总体的森林连续清查样地加密系统,这又为以县为总体的森林资源二类调查带来不可回避的精度控制问题。同时,森林生态监测的进展也为以山头地块乃至流域(小班的组合)为基本单位的森林资源调查提出了新的要求。
本文针对我国森林资源二类调查现状及建立县级监测体系要求,提出了一种二类调查方法进行改进,即以县为总体、小班为基本单元(或小班的组合)的不等概抽样,抽中的小班建立角规固定样地,采用角规测树动态监测的理论与方法建立县级小班总体的森林资源动态监测体系；对其余未抽中的小班,仍采用常规角规辅助调查的方法；对森林生态监测要求的监测区域可结合典型小班抽样的方法进行调查。论文提出了小班不等抽样计算方法和总体林分断面积生长量、蓄积生长量的计算方法。
小班不等概抽样应尽量选择与调查因子相关性紧密的辅助因子来确定单元的抽取概率,提高不等概抽样的抽样效率和估计精度。本文以广东省博罗县2005年小班二类调查数据及同期的ETM+遥感数据为例,对主要树种(桉树、马尾松、南洋楹、其它软阔)进行按树种、龄组,以及树种与龄组组合划分类型(分层),选取了小班面积、郁闭度、小班面积与郁闭度积(小班郁闭度与小班面积积可看为小班林冠投影面积和)、以及用遥感影像技术提取的小班平均NDVI与小班面积积(小班平均NDVI值×小班面积可以表示为小班像元NDVI值和)作为辅助因子,对小班蓄积进行相关性分析与比较。结果表明,按树种与龄组组合划分类型后,辅助因子与小班蓄积相关性有明显提高,其中小班面积与郁闭度积的测度与小班蓄积的相关关系可达到0.90；小班平均NDVI与小班面积积与小班蓄积的相关关系可达到0.84。从现势性考虑,小班平均NDVI与小班面积积作为小班不等概抽样的辅助因子。
论文采用张角法对县级总体林分断面积生长量和蓄积生长量进行估算。张角法测树生蓄积量、断面积等会出现跳跃现象或零增长现象。论文从理论上论证了张角法测林分生长量是无偏的。论文对张角法与传统保留木法、变角规系数法估算林分生长量方法进行了比较。通过理论和实例验证了张角法和传统保留木法在保留木前后期胸高断面积比不大时是一致的,传统保留木法中常用的普列斯勒式与张角法的非常接近；变角规系数法和张角法计算公式可以推导出相似的表达形式,在机理上也是一致的。
论文对森林资源二类调查方法的改进及动态监测体系的主要方案做了全面的阐述,分析和总结了小班区划的方法,对小班测度进行了完善,提出了森林资源测度和林林生态状况两类测度(森林资源测度分为单株木指标、林分指标和大林林指标共计48个指标；森林生态状况指标分为6类38个指标)。
为验证角规抽样动态监测体系的可行性,本文以广西西南部分一类调查角规样点及角规样点落在小班组合而成的部分总体的为例,对2000年和2005年两期二类调查数据进行了抽样实验和生长量估计。用不等概抽样估计方法得到2000年、2005年小班总体蓄积估计量分别为3785.580m3、4162.119m3,估计精度分别为69%、78%；用张角法计算得出小班总体蓄积生长量为530.020m3,该值与2000年期的蓄积估计量3785.580m3累加得到2005年的蓄积估计量为4315.600m3,落在2005年总体蓄积估计区间(3786.340575,4537.897487)内,结果表明论文提出的二类调查方法的改进和动态监测方法是有效的。
本文仅对森林资源二类调查的改方法进行了理论上的探讨及试验的计算与总结。该方法进一步的推广应用还需与抽样控制方法的结果进行对比与分析。论文对后续的研究和试验工作提出了建议。
Forest is entire nation economy sustained, rapid and healthy development of the foundation, in the national economic construction and sustainable development status and irreplaceable role. Forest inventory for management plan in China Forest Resource Inventory survey system has an important position and role, is the state Bureau of Forestry, forestry and county units in the preparation of forest management plan, based on overall design and planning of forestry work, is the system of forest resources important part.
Forest Inventory for management plan at this stage may need further improvements and enhancements. The system sampling method with dense-plots on the base of national forest inventory plots was often used to control the precision of subcompartment survey, but now the method can't be used because of expensive survey and longer survey time. On the other hand, as the forest ecological monitoring of progress, more factors of ecological surveys and environmental factors added, on land and even the valley to mountain top (the combination of subcompartment) as the basic unit of forest resources survey put forward new requirements, the existing Inventory methods are not well to meet this demand.
The paper summarizes theory and method of angle measuring in several major factors of subcompartment, such as stand basal area, stand hectares of accumulation and volume growing estimation in permanent point sampling, and analysis the sampling error with method of angle measuring, further proposed techincal methods to eliminate or reduce the error of this method.
The angle change method change in angle over time to estimate basal area growth rate, theoretically demonstrates the estimate basal area growth rate is unbiased, and eliminate the phenomenon of zero and jumping extimation of basal area and volume increment. Theoretical analysis and sample verification show that the angle change method is compatible with traditional method of survivor growth estimation when the pre-reserved trees basal area ratio is not too large, particularly Puliesile formula in the traditional method of growth estimation is very close to the angle change method. the angle change method and the method of changing angle factor have same formula form and principle.
The comprehensive exposition on methods of Forest Inventory and Monitoring System to improve the main program, the paper analysis and summary of subcompartment division method, improve Measurement indicators of subcompartment measure, put forward Measurement indicators of forest resources and forest ecological status. Measurement of forest resources include plant trees indicators, targets and major forest indicators stand a total of 48 indicators; forest ecological status indicators are divided into levels of forest ecological functions, ecological diversity, forest health degree, type and grade soil erosion, forest landscape level, the main forest community types of forest floor, soil water storage, carbon storage of forest plants, forest plants energy storage. the paper presents subcompartment tissue and estimation methods, and method of angle measuring in volume growing estimation in permanent point sampling.
Subcompartment PPS sampling method should try to select closely related auxiliary factor to determine the probability of extraction. Using Guangdong Boluo subcompartment Inventory Data in 2005 and ETM+remote sensing data for example and the main tree species (eucalyptus, pine, falcataria, other soft wide) for by species, age group, and the tree species and age Group portfolio divided type (layered), this paper select the subcompartment size, canopy density, the multiplication of subcompartment area size with its canopy density(the multiplication can be seen to be subcompartment size and crown projection), and extracted using remote sensing technology the multiplication of subcompartment area size with its average NDVI (the multiplication can be expressed as sum of subcompartment pixel NDVI values) as an auxiliary factor, subcompartment cumulative correlation analysis and comparison. The results show that by species composition and age group classification type, the auxiliary factors associated with the accumulation of subcompartment significantly improved. The correlation between the multiplication of subcompartment area size and its canopy density and volume of subcompartment up to 0.90, and the correlation between the multiplication of subcompartment area size and its average NDVI and volume of subcompartment up to 0.84. Considerations from the current situation, the multiplication of subcompartment area size with its average NDVI as a auxiliary cofactor.
To verify the feasibility of dynamic monitoring system, the paper investigated a part of Guangxi Province in the southwest part of the point sample plots and the plots fall some combination of subcompartment overall for example in 2000a and 2005a two stage Inventory data, test the sampling survey method and calculate the growth estimation. The results showed that the estimation of volume was 3785.580 cube meter in 2000a, and 4162.119 cube meter in 2005a. The estimated precision was 69% and 78% respectively. The estimation of volume growth was 530.020 cube meter. Added it with the volume in 2000a, another estimation of volume was 4315.600 cube meter in 2005a, witch was among the estimated range (3786.340575, 4537.897487) in 2005a. The results-show that the proposed inventory system thesis and dynamic monitoring method is effective.
The paper only explore the theory of improvement on forest inventory for management plan and test the theoretical calculations and summary. The method further dissemination and application needs comparison and analysis the results of sampling control method. Paper made recommendations for future research.
引文
[1]李留瑜.林业调查技术的回顾与思考[J].林业资源管理,1999,(5)：50-58.
[2]寇文正.以“三个代表”思想为指导全面加强森林资源管理实现林业跨越式发展[J].林业资源管理,2002,(2)：2-7.
[3]中华人民共和国林业部.森林资源规划设计调查主要技术规定[S].1996.
[4]中华人民共和国林业部.森林资源规划设计调查主要技术规定[S],2003.
[5]浙江省质量技术监督局.森林资源规划设计调查规程[S].2007年6月.
[6]刘安兴,蔡良良,佘光辉.森林资源二类调查新颁规定的应用分析[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2006,30(02)：27-30.
[7]李博,杨持,林鹏.生态学[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2000.
[8]陈永富,杨秀森.中国海南岛热带天然林可持续经营[M].北京：中国科学技术出社,2001.
[9]陈雪峰,曾伟生,熊泽彬,等.国家森林资源连续清查的新进展—关于国家森林资源连续清查技术规定的修订[J].林业资源管理,2004(5)：40-45.
[10]尹奉月.森林资源二类调查技术新旧规定的对比分析[J].林业勘查设计,2008,148(04)：10-13.
[11]王得军,黄生,马胜利,张敏忠,王照利.3S技术在森林资源规划设计调查中的应用研究[J].林业资源管理,2004,(05)：75-77.’
[12]徐彦玲,宁雅菊.3S技术在森林资源管理应用中的探讨[J]防护林科技,2005,68(05)：88-89.
[13]姚荣江,何丙辉.“3S”技术在森林资源二类调查中的应用前景[J].林业调查规划,2004,29(03)：22-26.
[14]李芝喜.森林资源遥感的发展特点[J].遥感信息,1986,(4)：24.
[15]林辉,童显德,黄忠义.遥感技术在我国林业中的应用与展望[J].遥息信息,2002,(1)：39-43,51.
[16]刘洋,等.大兴安岭森林火灾遥感调查方法初探[J].遥感信息,1991(3)：42.
[17]江泽慧.论林业新科技革命[J].世界林业研究,1999,12(4)：1-5.
[18]陈述彭.地理信息系统导论[M].北京：科学出版社,2002.
[19]温小荣,彭世揆,佘光辉,林国忠.地理信息系统在我国林业上应用的进展[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2005,(2)：73-78.
[20]唐小明.WINGIS进行森林资源地理信息管理概述[J].林业资源管理,1994(6)：10-16.
[21]戴前石.海南省森林资源地理信息系统的建立[J].中南林业调查规划,1999,18(4)：42-44,57.
[22]陈端吕,陈晚清.基于GIS技术的森林经营优化与辅助决策系统[J].中南林业调查规划,2002,21(03)：44-47.
[23]张晓丽.智能空间决策支持系统研建及在高集约度林场中的应用[J].北京林业大学学报,2003,25(S1)：77-82.
[24]洪军.基于GIS的森林分类经营区划[J].东北林业大学学报,2002,30(4)：14-18.
[25]王唤良.在Map Info中实现区域对象样点布设功能[J].测绘工程,2003,12(4),30-32.
[26]陈俊华.地理信息系统在绘制林业专题图中的应用[J].四川林业科技,2003,24(3)：65-68.
[27]龚福晓.祁连山保护区林相图编绘中MAPGIS软件的应用[J].甘肃林业科技,2003,28(1)：74-75.
[28]Satyanarayana B, Raman A V. Application of GIS in t he preparation of species distributional maps for coring mangroves based on ground truth data[J]. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Natural Sciences Editions),2004 (4):13-18.
[29]Shao Guo-fan, Dai Li-min,Li Ying-shan. FORESTAR:A decision2support system for multi2objective forest management in Northeast China[J]. Journal of Forest ry Research,2003,14 (2):141-145.
[30]赵鹏祥,李秀信.Map GIS在造林工程设计中的应用[J].干旱区研究,2002,19(3)：52-56.
[31]张怀清,王韵晟.基于空间信息技术的适地适树网络系统研究[J].林业科学研究,2002,15(4)：380-386.
[32]孙淑清.现代技术在我国森林病虫害监测管理中的应用[J].防护林科技,2004,59(2)：38-39.
[33]武红智,陈改英.基于GIS的马尾松毛虫灾害空间扩散规律分析[J].遥感学报,2004,8(5)：475-480.
[34]康冬舟，益建芳.WebGIS实现技术综述及展望[J].信阳师范学院学报(自然科学版),2002,15(1)：119-124.
[35]张旭,雷振宇.森林资源信息共享技术研究与示范[J].资源科学,2001,23(1)：54-59.
[36]聂玉藻.精准林业技术的设计与实践[J].北京林业大学学报,2002,24(3)：89-92.
[37]李土生,翁卫松.森林资源地理信息系统设计的关键技术[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2002,26(5)：53-56.
[38]李增元.数字林业建设与进展[J].中国农业科技导报,2003,5(2)：7-9.
[39]付晓.数字高程模型及其在林业中的应用[J].林业科技,2002,27(5)：13-15.
[40]王阗,宋丽萍,佘光辉,等.GIS在深圳城市绿化管理中的应用[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2002,26(3)：3134.
[41]赵尘,马健霄.基于GIS的道路选线辅助系统[J].南京林业大学学报,2001,25(4)：77-80.
[42]李德仁.论RS、GPS与GIS集成的定义、理论与关键技术[J].遥感学报,1997,1(1)：64-68.
[43]李贵荣.地理信息系统的研究现状及发展趋势[J].南方冶金学院学报,2003,24(2)：10-14.
[44]罗磊.结合GIS的遥感专题地图编制与应用[J].林业资源管理,1999,(4)：63-66.
[45]史桂萍.TM影像在甘肃省森林资源连续清查中正判率的探讨[J].甘肃林业科技,2002,27(3)：40-42.
[46]王得军,黄生,马胜利,张敏忠,王照利.3S技术在森林资源规划设计调查中的应用研究[J].林业资源管理,2004,(05)：75-77.
[47]冯仲科,余新晓.“3S”技术及其应用[M].北京：中国林业出版社,2000.
[48]罗仙仙,亢新刚.森林资源综合监测研究综述.浙江林学院学报2008,25(6)：803-809.
[49]佘光辉等,森林资源二类调查方法的改进及角规抽样监测体系的建立.南京林业大学学报,2007,31(5)：11-14.
[50]朱玉琴.现行森林资源调查方法存在的问题及对策[J].林业科技情报,2008,40(1)：26-27.
[51]曾伟生,周佑明.森林资源一类和二类调查存在的主要问题与对策[J].中南林业调查规划,2003,22(4)：8-11
[52]孟宪宇.测树学[M].中国林业出版社,2000年10月(第二版).
[53]赵士忠.谈角规抽样测树[J].林业勘查设计,2003,125(1)：34-35.
[54]索玉凯,张文龙,唐国庆.简述角规测树调查应注意的几个问题[J].林业勘查设计,2004,130(02)43-44.
[55]张洪亮,马洪武.角规点抽样技术在森林调查中的应用[J].内蒙古林业调查设计,2008,31(1)：48-49.
[56]Myers and Beers. Point sampling and forest growth estimation. Forest Science,1968,66:927-929.
[57]张瑞稳,林昌庚.复测角规样本估计蓄积生长量的新方法.林业科学,1991,27(1)：84-89.
[58]佘光辉.角规测树在材积生长动态监测中应理论与方法的研究.林业科学,1998,34(2)：25-29.
[59]佘光辉,叶金盛.角规测树生长理论方法的研究.南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2001,25(3)：6-10.
[60]Martin A. A method for estimating in-growth on permanent horizontal sample point[J]. Forest science,1982,28(1):110-114.
[61]林昌庚,彭世揆.用点抽样进行连续清查的研究[J].南京林产工业学院学报,1981,(4)：1-15.
[62]Paul. C. Vandeusen. Volume growth estimation from permanent horizontal points[J]. Forest science.1986,32(2):415-422.
[63]Flewelling. Compatible estimators of basal area and basal area growth from re-measured point samples [J]. Forest science,1981,27 (1):191-203.
[64]Flewelling. Compatible estimatiors for survivor growth and ingrouth from remeasured point samples[J]. Forest science 1989, 35(2):281-293.
[65]Francis A. New compatible estimators for survivor growth and in2growth from re2measured horizontal point samples[J].Forest science,1989,35 (2):281-293.
[66]Francis A. Roesch. Compatible basal area and number of trees estimatiors form remeasured horizontal points samples. Forest science.1991,37(1):136-145.
[67]Yang Yong-Chi and Wang Chao-huan. Expectations and variances of basal area estimators using remeasured horizontal ling sampling. Forest science.1987,31 (1):174-184.
[68]佘光辉,林国忠,温小荣等.森林资源二类调查方法的改进及角规抽样监测体系的建立.南京林业大学学报,2007,31(5)：11-14.
[69]王登峰.广东省森林生态状况监测报告[M].北京：中国林业出版社,2004.
[70]翁友恒,徐昭壬,李建荣等.优化森林资源二类调查小班区划的思考[J].林业勘察设计,1996,(2)：14-17.
[71]李春干,谭必增.基于GIS的森林资源遥感调查方法研究[J].林业科学,2004,40(4)：40-45.
[72]杨燕琼,陈义刚,黄平,等.基于RS、GIS的森林资源调查[J].华南农业大学学报：自然科学版,2002,23(4)：53-56.
[73]曾伟生,周佑明.森林资源一类和二类调查存在的主要问题与对策[J].中南林业调查规划,2003,22(2)：8-11
[74]谷万祥,葛林,刘思.森林资源规划设计调查中小班区划方法探讨[J].吉林林业科技,2005,(5).
[75]熊泽彬.森林资源二类调查中小班区划方法研究[J].林业资源管理,2002,(5).
[76]刘鹏举,黄水生,谢阳生,侯瑞霞,唐小明,.基于边界锁定的二类调查方法研究[J].林业科学,2006,42(S1)：51-54.
[77]石立梅,陈淑替,.我国森林资源调查方法之我见[J].科技信息,2009,(3)：771,733.
[78]于善奇.抽样检验与质量控制.北京大学出版社,1991.
[79]廖晓昕.稳定性理论、方法和应用.华中理工大学出版社,1999.
[80]唐守正.生物数学模型的统计基础.科学出版社,2002.
[81]宋新民,李金良.抽样调查技术[M].北京：中国林业出版社,2007.
[82]游先祥.遥感原理及其在资源环境中的应用[M].北京：中国林业出版社,2003.
[83]赵宪文.林业遥感定量估测[M].北京：中国林业出版社,1997.
[84]李崇贵,赵宪文.森林郁闭度定量估测遥感比值波段的选择[J].林业科学,2005,41(4)：72-76.
[2]寇文正.以“三个代表”思想为指导全面加强森林资源管理实现林业跨越式发展[J].林业资源管理,2002,(2)：2-7.
[3]中华人民共和国林业部.森林资源规划设计调查主要技术规定[S].1996.
[4]中华人民共和国林业部.森林资源规划设计调查主要技术规定[S],2003.
[5]浙江省质量技术监督局.森林资源规划设计调查规程[S].2007年6月.
[6]刘安兴,蔡良良,佘光辉.森林资源二类调查新颁规定的应用分析[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2006,30(02)：27-30.
[7]李博,杨持,林鹏.生态学[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2000.
[8]陈永富,杨秀森.中国海南岛热带天然林可持续经营[M].北京：中国科学技术出社,2001.
[9]陈雪峰,曾伟生,熊泽彬,等.国家森林资源连续清查的新进展—关于国家森林资源连续清查技术规定的修订[J].林业资源管理,2004(5)：40-45.
[10]尹奉月.森林资源二类调查技术新旧规定的对比分析[J].林业勘查设计,2008,148(04)：10-13.
[11]王得军,黄生,马胜利,张敏忠,王照利.3S技术在森林资源规划设计调查中的应用研究[J].林业资源管理,2004,(05)：75-77.’
[12]徐彦玲,宁雅菊.3S技术在森林资源管理应用中的探讨[J]防护林科技,2005,68(05)：88-89.
[13]姚荣江,何丙辉.“3S”技术在森林资源二类调查中的应用前景[J].林业调查规划,2004,29(03)：22-26.
[14]李芝喜.森林资源遥感的发展特点[J].遥感信息,1986,(4)：24.
[15]林辉,童显德,黄忠义.遥感技术在我国林业中的应用与展望[J].遥息信息,2002,(1)：39-43,51.
[16]刘洋,等.大兴安岭森林火灾遥感调查方法初探[J].遥感信息,1991(3)：42.
[17]江泽慧.论林业新科技革命[J].世界林业研究,1999,12(4)：1-5.
[18]陈述彭.地理信息系统导论[M].北京：科学出版社,2002.
[19]温小荣,彭世揆,佘光辉,林国忠.地理信息系统在我国林业上应用的进展[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2005,(2)：73-78.
[20]唐小明.WINGIS进行森林资源地理信息管理概述[J].林业资源管理,1994(6)：10-16.
[21]戴前石.海南省森林资源地理信息系统的建立[J].中南林业调查规划,1999,18(4)：42-44,57.
[22]陈端吕,陈晚清.基于GIS技术的森林经营优化与辅助决策系统[J].中南林业调查规划,2002,21(03)：44-47.
[23]张晓丽.智能空间决策支持系统研建及在高集约度林场中的应用[J].北京林业大学学报,2003,25(S1)：77-82.
[24]洪军.基于GIS的森林分类经营区划[J].东北林业大学学报,2002,30(4)：14-18.
[25]王唤良.在Map Info中实现区域对象样点布设功能[J].测绘工程,2003,12(4),30-32.
[26]陈俊华.地理信息系统在绘制林业专题图中的应用[J].四川林业科技,2003,24(3)：65-68.
[27]龚福晓.祁连山保护区林相图编绘中MAPGIS软件的应用[J].甘肃林业科技,2003,28(1)：74-75.
[28]Satyanarayana B, Raman A V. Application of GIS in t he preparation of species distributional maps for coring mangroves based on ground truth data[J]. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Natural Sciences Editions),2004 (4):13-18.
[29]Shao Guo-fan, Dai Li-min,Li Ying-shan. FORESTAR:A decision2support system for multi2objective forest management in Northeast China[J]. Journal of Forest ry Research,2003,14 (2):141-145.
[30]赵鹏祥,李秀信.Map GIS在造林工程设计中的应用[J].干旱区研究,2002,19(3)：52-56.
[31]张怀清,王韵晟.基于空间信息技术的适地适树网络系统研究[J].林业科学研究,2002,15(4)：380-386.
[32]孙淑清.现代技术在我国森林病虫害监测管理中的应用[J].防护林科技,2004,59(2)：38-39.
[33]武红智,陈改英.基于GIS的马尾松毛虫灾害空间扩散规律分析[J].遥感学报,2004,8(5)：475-480.
[34]康冬舟，益建芳.WebGIS实现技术综述及展望[J].信阳师范学院学报(自然科学版),2002,15(1)：119-124.
[35]张旭,雷振宇.森林资源信息共享技术研究与示范[J].资源科学,2001,23(1)：54-59.
[36]聂玉藻.精准林业技术的设计与实践[J].北京林业大学学报,2002,24(3)：89-92.
[37]李土生,翁卫松.森林资源地理信息系统设计的关键技术[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2002,26(5)：53-56.
[38]李增元.数字林业建设与进展[J].中国农业科技导报,2003,5(2)：7-9.
[39]付晓.数字高程模型及其在林业中的应用[J].林业科技,2002,27(5)：13-15.
[40]王阗,宋丽萍,佘光辉,等.GIS在深圳城市绿化管理中的应用[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2002,26(3)：3134.
[41]赵尘,马健霄.基于GIS的道路选线辅助系统[J].南京林业大学学报,2001,25(4)：77-80.
[42]李德仁.论RS、GPS与GIS集成的定义、理论与关键技术[J].遥感学报,1997,1(1)：64-68.
[43]李贵荣.地理信息系统的研究现状及发展趋势[J].南方冶金学院学报,2003,24(2)：10-14.
[44]罗磊.结合GIS的遥感专题地图编制与应用[J].林业资源管理,1999,(4)：63-66.
[45]史桂萍.TM影像在甘肃省森林资源连续清查中正判率的探讨[J].甘肃林业科技,2002,27(3)：40-42.
[46]王得军,黄生,马胜利,张敏忠,王照利.3S技术在森林资源规划设计调查中的应用研究[J].林业资源管理,2004,(05)：75-77.
[47]冯仲科,余新晓.“3S”技术及其应用[M].北京：中国林业出版社,2000.
[48]罗仙仙,亢新刚.森林资源综合监测研究综述.浙江林学院学报2008,25(6)：803-809.
[49]佘光辉等,森林资源二类调查方法的改进及角规抽样监测体系的建立.南京林业大学学报,2007,31(5)：11-14.
[50]朱玉琴.现行森林资源调查方法存在的问题及对策[J].林业科技情报,2008,40(1)：26-27.
[51]曾伟生,周佑明.森林资源一类和二类调查存在的主要问题与对策[J].中南林业调查规划,2003,22(4)：8-11
[52]孟宪宇.测树学[M].中国林业出版社,2000年10月(第二版).
[53]赵士忠.谈角规抽样测树[J].林业勘查设计,2003,125(1)：34-35.
[54]索玉凯,张文龙,唐国庆.简述角规测树调查应注意的几个问题[J].林业勘查设计,2004,130(02)43-44.
[55]张洪亮,马洪武.角规点抽样技术在森林调查中的应用[J].内蒙古林业调查设计,2008,31(1)：48-49.
[56]Myers and Beers. Point sampling and forest growth estimation. Forest Science,1968,66:927-929.
[57]张瑞稳,林昌庚.复测角规样本估计蓄积生长量的新方法.林业科学,1991,27(1)：84-89.
[58]佘光辉.角规测树在材积生长动态监测中应理论与方法的研究.林业科学,1998,34(2)：25-29.
[59]佘光辉,叶金盛.角规测树生长理论方法的研究.南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2001,25(3)：6-10.
[60]Martin A. A method for estimating in-growth on permanent horizontal sample point[J]. Forest science,1982,28(1):110-114.
[61]林昌庚,彭世揆.用点抽样进行连续清查的研究[J].南京林产工业学院学报,1981,(4)：1-15.
[62]Paul. C. Vandeusen. Volume growth estimation from permanent horizontal points[J]. Forest science.1986,32(2):415-422.
[63]Flewelling. Compatible estimators of basal area and basal area growth from re-measured point samples [J]. Forest science,1981,27 (1):191-203.
[64]Flewelling. Compatible estimatiors for survivor growth and ingrouth from remeasured point samples[J]. Forest science 1989, 35(2):281-293.
[65]Francis A. New compatible estimators for survivor growth and in2growth from re2measured horizontal point samples[J].Forest science,1989,35 (2):281-293.
[66]Francis A. Roesch. Compatible basal area and number of trees estimatiors form remeasured horizontal points samples. Forest science.1991,37(1):136-145.
[67]Yang Yong-Chi and Wang Chao-huan. Expectations and variances of basal area estimators using remeasured horizontal ling sampling. Forest science.1987,31 (1):174-184.
[68]佘光辉,林国忠,温小荣等.森林资源二类调查方法的改进及角规抽样监测体系的建立.南京林业大学学报,2007,31(5)：11-14.
[69]王登峰.广东省森林生态状况监测报告[M].北京：中国林业出版社,2004.
[70]翁友恒,徐昭壬,李建荣等.优化森林资源二类调查小班区划的思考[J].林业勘察设计,1996,(2)：14-17.
[71]李春干,谭必增.基于GIS的森林资源遥感调查方法研究[J].林业科学,2004,40(4)：40-45.
[72]杨燕琼,陈义刚,黄平,等.基于RS、GIS的森林资源调查[J].华南农业大学学报：自然科学版,2002,23(4)：53-56.
[73]曾伟生,周佑明.森林资源一类和二类调查存在的主要问题与对策[J].中南林业调查规划,2003,22(2)：8-11
[74]谷万祥,葛林,刘思.森林资源规划设计调查中小班区划方法探讨[J].吉林林业科技,2005,(5).
[75]熊泽彬.森林资源二类调查中小班区划方法研究[J].林业资源管理,2002,(5).
[76]刘鹏举,黄水生,谢阳生,侯瑞霞,唐小明,.基于边界锁定的二类调查方法研究[J].林业科学,2006,42(S1)：51-54.
[77]石立梅,陈淑替,.我国森林资源调查方法之我见[J].科技信息,2009,(3)：771,733.
[78]于善奇.抽样检验与质量控制.北京大学出版社,1991.
[79]廖晓昕.稳定性理论、方法和应用.华中理工大学出版社,1999.
[80]唐守正.生物数学模型的统计基础.科学出版社,2002.
[81]宋新民,李金良.抽样调查技术[M].北京：中国林业出版社,2007.
[82]游先祥.遥感原理及其在资源环境中的应用[M].北京：中国林业出版社,2003.
[83]赵宪文.林业遥感定量估测[M].北京：中国林业出版社,1997.
[84]李崇贵,赵宪文.森林郁闭度定量估测遥感比值波段的选择[J].林业科学,2005,41(4)：72-76.