论保证合同中保证人的权利
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摘要
保证,是以人的信誉为基础来保证债权实现的担保方式,并以保证合同这种附属于主合同的从合同形式来保障债权的实现。由于保证合同具有单务性和无偿性的特点,故保证人在保证之债中,只负有担保债务履行的义务,即代替债务人履行债务或为损害赔偿,而不享有对等的债权,由于保证人对债权人负有相当严格的责任,所以在保证法律制度设立时,不仅要关注保证人义务的设定,同时也要关注保证人的利益保护,因为如果保证人的合法权益得不到保护,则势必人人视保证担保为畏途,那么保证也就难以发挥其应有作用。
    保证人的权利依其针对的主体不同,可以分为保证人对债权人的权利、保证人对债务人的权利,以及保证人对其他担保人的权利。本文还对保证人可以免责的法定情形进行了探讨,这些法定情形虽然不是法定的权利,但保证人却可以在诉讼中据以作免责的抗辩,以保护其自身的合法权益。
    由于保证合同的单务性和无偿性,保证人对债权人不享有任何请求权,所享有的仅是法律为了兼顾保证人的利益而赋予保证人的一系列进行防御的权利,即保证人的抗辩权。它可以具体分为保证人基于主债务人地位而享有的抗辩权、保证人基于一般债务人的地位而享有的抗辩权和保证人的专属抗辩权。抗辩权是指债权人行使债权时,债务人根据法定事由,对抗债权人行使请求权的权利,它的核心功能是永久或暂时阻却请求权效力的发生。保证具有从属于主债务的属性,主债务人对于债权人所享有的任何抗辩权或者其他权利,保证人均可主张以对抗债权人的请求。包括主张债权未发生之抗辩,主张债权已消灭之抗辩,主张债权人履行义务之抗辩及主张诉讼时效期间届满之抗辩。主张债权未发生,主要指主合同无效情形下保证人的抗辩,主合同无效,则保证合同也自然无效,保证人如果没有过错就不承担保证责任。如果主债务因清偿,抵销,更改等原因消灭的,保证人可以以此为由抗辩。保证人还可以向债权人主张同时履行抗辩权和不安抗辩权,这两种权利,着眼于保证人首先是一个债务人的判断。主债务已过诉讼时效的,保证人可以主张主债务诉讼时效已届满的抗辩。保证人除了可以主张债务人享有抗辩权以外,还可以主张债务人享有的其他类似抗辩权的权利,如撤销权和抵销权。当主债务的民事行为本身存在瑕疵时,保证人可在债务人未主张的情况下,在除斥期间内请求人民法院或仲裁机构予以变更或撤销。当保证人所担保的主合同的债权人与债务人之间存在可抵销的事实时,保证人可以主张抵销权,以拒绝清偿。
    保证人作为保证关系的债务人,享有一般债务人应享有的权利,如保证合同不成立或者无效的,保证人可以主张保证债务不能成立的抗辩;保证人对债权人有同种类的债权时,
    
    可以主张以其债务与保证债务相抵销。保证合同的无效可以是因为主合同无效而导致,也可以是因其自身的原因而无效。主合同无效导致的保证合同无效,如果保证人没有过错,可以拒绝承担保证责任;如果保证人有过错,则承担不超过债务人不能清偿部分的三分之一的份额。如果主合同有效,而保证合同无效时,保证人有过错的,应承担相应的民事责任。保证人因主体资格不适格而导致的合同无效应承担混合过错;如果保证合同是因违背保证人真实意思表示而无效时,保证人不承担保证责任,也不承担无效的民事责任。
    保证人直接享有的对抗主债权人请求权的抗辩权称为保证人专属抗辩权,主要包括催告抗辩权和先诉抗辩权。催告抗辩权和先诉抗辩权都是专属于一般保证明人的权利,都在于强调一般保证人的顺序利益,特别是先诉抗辩权。先诉抗辩权是指保证人在债权人未就主债务人的财产强制执行而无效果前,得拒绝债权人要求其承担保证责任的请求。先诉抗辩权是一种延期的抗辩。行使的结果是暂时停止或延缓请求权的行使,而不能消灭债权人的请求权。但《担保法司法解释》第24条的规定却使作为后顺序履行抗辩权的先诉抗辩权演变为一种免责抗辩权,从而产生免责的法律后果。
    保证人在保证合同履行过程中所承担的不利益,要在保证人与主债务人的法律关系中谋求合理的解决。由于债务人是债务的最终承受者,保证人在代其承担了保证责任后,有权向债务人进行求偿,并可代位取得债权人的权利,还可以在一定条件下请求免除其保证责任。保证人在已经承担的保证责任范围内,可以向债务人进行追偿。求偿权的目的就在于保障保证人在为债务人清偿了债务或承担了赔偿责任后利益能不受损失。
    保证人对其他担保人的权利是指,保证人在共同保证中承担了保证责任后,可以要求承担连带责任的其他保证人清偿其应承担的份额;对于无法向债务人要求赔偿的损失,还可以要求其他连带保证人分担。当保证人与第三人提供物的担保并存时,保证人如果履行了全部担保的义务,有权向物的担保人追偿,要求其承担应当承担的份额。
    保证人在某些法定事由出现时,可以免除或减轻保证责任的承担。如保证人在受到欺诈,胁迫而违背其真实意思而免除责任;或者保证人在主合同债权债务未经其同意而转让变更时,可以免除责任;或保证人因保证期间届满而免除责任;或者保证人因债权人放弃物的担保而免除责任。上述事由都是保证人可以在
Guaranty, a form of assurance on the basis of individual credit, assures the creditors' right with guaranty contract, a subcontract of the main contract. The guaranty contract features in unilateral and none-compensative. The guarantor is responsible for debt implementation in the debt guaranty (implement debt or compensate damage on behalf of the debtor), but does not take the creditors' right. Because the guarantor is highly responsible for the creditor, when setting up guaranty law, we should emphasize not only on the obligation of the guarantor, but also the right. If the guarantor's legal right cannot be protected, the assurance system will be avoided and the guaranty will also fail to play its role.
    
    According to the various main bodies, guarantor's right is divided into: guarantor's right to creditor; guarantor's right to debtor; guarantor's right to other assurors. In addition, the paper discussed the legal circumstance in which the guarantor can be absolvent. The legal circumstance is not legal right, but the guarantor can use it to debate in the lawsuit and protect his own legal benefit.
    
    The guaranty contract is unilateral and none-compensative. Consequently, the guarantor has no right to appeal the creditor. To protect the guarantor's benefit, the law endows the guarantor with the right of demurrer---a series of right to defend (the right of demurrer as main creditor or common debtor and the exclusive right of demurrer. The demurrer right is: when the creditor intending to implement his right, the debtor counterworks the creditor to appeal in accordance with the legal incident. The key function of the demurrer is to stop the appeal temporarily or perpetually. The guaranty is subsidiary to the main debt. For any main debtor's right toward creditor (demurrer or others), the guarantor can claim to oppose the creditor. The guarantor can claim the following demurrers: the creditor's right not occurred; the creditor's right removed; the creditor implementing the obligation; the validity of lawsuit expired; etc. When claiming the creditor's right not occurred, the guarantor demurred in the situation that the main contract is void---with the void main contract, the guaranty contract automatically became invalid, and the guarantor doesn't take the guaranty responsibility if he has no fault. The guarantor can also
    
    demur in the situation that the main debt is removed due to reimbursement, balance or modification. The guarantor can also claim to implement the demurrer right and unease demurrer right toward the creditor. These two rights is based on that the guarantor is a debtor. When the lawsuit's validity of main debt is expired, the guarantor can claim the demurrer that the lawsuit's validity of main debt is expired. The guarantor can claim that the debtor has the right of demurrer and also other rights: the right of withdrawal and the right of the balance. When the civil conduct of the main debt has flaw, the guarantor can ask the people's court or the arbitration organization to change or cancel it if the debtor doesn't claim. If the debtor and creditor can be balanced each other in the main contract (insured by the guarantor), the guarantor can claim the right of balance to refuse compensate.
    
    The guarantor, as the debtor in the guaranty relation, takes all the rights of the common creditor---claim the demurrer that the debt is void when the guaranty contract is void or unreasonable; claim the balance of debt and credit if he maintains the same kind of creditor's right toward the creditor. The invalidity of the guaranty contract can be caused by void main contract or its own defect. When the guaranty contract is invalid due to void main contract, the guarantor can refuse to take the assurance obligation if he has no fault. If the guarantor has fault, he should take one third under of the debt that the debtor fails to reimburse. If the main contact is effective but the guaranty contract void, the fault-committing guarantor should take the civil obligation. If the contract is void due to u
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