存款保险制度研究
摘要
随着金融体制改革的深入,建立适合我国国情的显性存款保险制度已经成为社会各界关注的焦点。从现实来看,一方面,我国长期以来实行隐性存款保险制度,即国家对存款提供全额保障,已经不再适合我国的国情;另一方面,建立显性存款保险制度已成为近几十年世界银行制度改革和发展的重要趋势之一。本文尝试通过对存款保险制度的概念、功能、性质的分析,与国外相关立法的比较,研究存款保险在我国建立的必要性,并在此基础上提出我国建立存款保险制度的基本框架,即设立独立的存款保险股份公司作为保险人,使其具有收取保费、监控风险、破产处置和存款赔付的功能,并把相关银行纳入到存款保险体系中来,最终建立一个符合我国国情、顺应世界金融体系发展方向的存款保险制度。
Along with the deepening of China's reform of the financial system after China's entry into WTO as well as the increased risk of the financial system, to prevent and resolve systemic financial risks, currently China’s theoretical circles are seriously studying the deposit insurance system, with a view to the successful establishment of the deposit insurance system in China. As China's current government pay for the implicit deposit insurance system, in which there are many drawbacks, the establishment of dominance of the deposit insurance system has been imminent.
This paper firstly introduces some factors of DIS such as content, concept, characteristic, operating and so on. By comparing the DIS indifferent countries and regions, we get some experiences and suggestions. Not only explores the related theories of DIS, this paper but also analyzes has its negative erected. It expounds the relationship between DIS and financial stability, financial development, which supplies foundation for policy suggestions.
This paper is divided into four parts.
The first part is about the basic principles of deposit insurance. Deposit insurance is insurance in a special form, that is by a certain percentage of the absorbed deposits of the bank to pay the deposit insurance agencies deposit insurance, when the insured banks meet a crisis, unable to return deposits to depositors, the deposit insurance agencies insured banks to provide financial assistance, or to make payment directly. Deposit insurance system has broad and narrow meaning. Legal deposit insurance system is that in order to protect the legitimate rights and interests of customer deposits, safeguarding the security and stability of the financial system, according to the law a country or region by setting up one or more specialized deposit insurance institutions offers it for the bank’s absorption of public funds. Generalized the deposit insurance system, including the recessive and dominant deposit insurance system, and the narrow refers only to the dominant one. The first country that established a relatively complete credit with the national deposit insurance system is the Czech Republic, China's banks has also got a mutual assistant safety system inter-industrially at the beginning of the 19th century .Since Bank of the United States in 1933 established the deposit insurance system, especially after the 1960s, countries all over the world successively set up the various characteristics of the deposit insurance system. The direct functions of deposit insurance are to protect the interests of depositors, to supervise, assist and dispose the insured financial institutions, and to maintain the entire banking internal security and stability; while the indirect features are to stabilize the monetary system, to promote social welfare, improve the operation of the market efficiency. The nature of deposit insurance belongs to the commercial insurance and liability insurance.
The second part of the deposit insurance is about the contract. In the deposit insurance contract, insurance agencies are insurers, banks are the policyholder, the insured, and depositors are not the beneficiaries. All countries have their own currency deposits of domestic residents and non-resident deposits to be insured, and most of the banks according to its geographical location to determine the object of insurance. Deposit insurance agencies can take responsibility for the insurance commitment form including the following: relief Bank, the purchase of assets and debt sustainability, and the overall transfer of the banks to establish bypass Bank, the transfer of deposits. In the process of running the deposit insurance system, it may have a series of negative returns, which mainly can be showed by that the real economic life may trigger moral hazard and adverse selection problems.
The third part is about the several important issues in the deposit insurance. First, banks are mainly embodied in the enjoyment of the salvage rights; the obligations are mainly the following: payment of the premium, prudent management, reporting and inspection. Deposit insurance agency mainly has underwriting, premium collection, management, supervisory power, punishment, disposal and liquidation as its rights; deposit insurance agency’s obligations are mainly to aid banks, to pay the deposit for the bankrupt bank depositors. Second, the rights of the deposit insurance agencies to the supervision of banks are reflected by the power of penalty including the right to refuse coverage, to issue a prohibition order, the replacement order or to terminate the directors, managers and suspension of insurance and so on, and that of inspection, which includes the right of the scene examination and off-site inspections. Third, the reserve system and the central bank lender of last resort system cannot properly resolve all banks in the course of business and the difficulties encountered, only the deposit insurance system can redeem the above two defects, so that protect the interests of depositors.
The fourth part is about the building of the deposit insurance system in China. China should establish a deposit insurance system, the reasons are as follows: First, China's banks rely heavily on the national credit, the state-owned commercial banks capital adequacy ratio is very low, non-performing loans are huge, asset structure is unreasonable and risky, and it is lack of good market withdrawal mechanism. Secondly, China's existing implicit deposit insurance system has many drawbacks such as inadequate to achieve policy objectives, low efficiency of the resource allocation, obstacles for the restructuring of the banking market. Therefore, China should establish a deposit insurance system and have independent deposit insurance company shares as insurers, because they are not subject to pressures of the Government, operate market-orientedly and enhance the efficiency of the deposit insurance system, match with the market mechanism. And the establishment of the National Unity of the deposit insurance system, reduction of the dependence of local financial institutions to local governments, will help to speed up China's administrative system and the pace of reform of the financial system. China's deposit insurance joint-stock companies should have the functions of collecting premiums, controlling risks, disposing of bankruptcy and paying of deposit. China has taken the necessary and compulsory means that all deposits of all financial institutions must participate in the deposit insurance. All of the banking institutions are included in the scope of deposit insurance, which will help to achieve the goal of mutual assistance, and jointly maintenance of the stability of the financial order. Four major state-owned banks, foreign banks should be incorporated into the deposit insurance system; however, the rural credit cooperatives should not be included in China's current deposit insurance system. China's deposit insurance business scope should consist of, the domestic currency, regular foreign currency and demand deposits should be collected in accordance with the state's legal deposit interest rates of financial institutions; institutions deposits, with deposits, the financial deposits, etc. are not covered. China's insurance premium rates should be depending on the risk levels. In view of China's national conditions and the protection of the depositors’interests we should implement the standard of 95 percent of the payment.
Along with the deepening of China's reform of the financial system after China's entry into WTO as well as the increased risk of the financial system, to prevent and resolve systemic financial risks, currently China’s theoretical circles are seriously studying the deposit insurance system, with a view to the successful establishment of the deposit insurance system in China. As China's current government pay for the implicit deposit insurance system, in which there are many drawbacks, the establishment of dominance of the deposit insurance system has been imminent.
This paper firstly introduces some factors of DIS such as content, concept, characteristic, operating and so on. By comparing the DIS indifferent countries and regions, we get some experiences and suggestions. Not only explores the related theories of DIS, this paper but also analyzes has its negative erected. It expounds the relationship between DIS and financial stability, financial development, which supplies foundation for policy suggestions.
This paper is divided into four parts.
The first part is about the basic principles of deposit insurance. Deposit insurance is insurance in a special form, that is by a certain percentage of the absorbed deposits of the bank to pay the deposit insurance agencies deposit insurance, when the insured banks meet a crisis, unable to return deposits to depositors, the deposit insurance agencies insured banks to provide financial assistance, or to make payment directly. Deposit insurance system has broad and narrow meaning. Legal deposit insurance system is that in order to protect the legitimate rights and interests of customer deposits, safeguarding the security and stability of the financial system, according to the law a country or region by setting up one or more specialized deposit insurance institutions offers it for the bank’s absorption of public funds. Generalized the deposit insurance system, including the recessive and dominant deposit insurance system, and the narrow refers only to the dominant one. The first country that established a relatively complete credit with the national deposit insurance system is the Czech Republic, China's banks has also got a mutual assistant safety system inter-industrially at the beginning of the 19th century .Since Bank of the United States in 1933 established the deposit insurance system, especially after the 1960s, countries all over the world successively set up the various characteristics of the deposit insurance system. The direct functions of deposit insurance are to protect the interests of depositors, to supervise, assist and dispose the insured financial institutions, and to maintain the entire banking internal security and stability; while the indirect features are to stabilize the monetary system, to promote social welfare, improve the operation of the market efficiency. The nature of deposit insurance belongs to the commercial insurance and liability insurance.
The second part of the deposit insurance is about the contract. In the deposit insurance contract, insurance agencies are insurers, banks are the policyholder, the insured, and depositors are not the beneficiaries. All countries have their own currency deposits of domestic residents and non-resident deposits to be insured, and most of the banks according to its geographical location to determine the object of insurance. Deposit insurance agencies can take responsibility for the insurance commitment form including the following: relief Bank, the purchase of assets and debt sustainability, and the overall transfer of the banks to establish bypass Bank, the transfer of deposits. In the process of running the deposit insurance system, it may have a series of negative returns, which mainly can be showed by that the real economic life may trigger moral hazard and adverse selection problems.
The third part is about the several important issues in the deposit insurance. First, banks are mainly embodied in the enjoyment of the salvage rights; the obligations are mainly the following: payment of the premium, prudent management, reporting and inspection. Deposit insurance agency mainly has underwriting, premium collection, management, supervisory power, punishment, disposal and liquidation as its rights; deposit insurance agency’s obligations are mainly to aid banks, to pay the deposit for the bankrupt bank depositors. Second, the rights of the deposit insurance agencies to the supervision of banks are reflected by the power of penalty including the right to refuse coverage, to issue a prohibition order, the replacement order or to terminate the directors, managers and suspension of insurance and so on, and that of inspection, which includes the right of the scene examination and off-site inspections. Third, the reserve system and the central bank lender of last resort system cannot properly resolve all banks in the course of business and the difficulties encountered, only the deposit insurance system can redeem the above two defects, so that protect the interests of depositors.
The fourth part is about the building of the deposit insurance system in China. China should establish a deposit insurance system, the reasons are as follows: First, China's banks rely heavily on the national credit, the state-owned commercial banks capital adequacy ratio is very low, non-performing loans are huge, asset structure is unreasonable and risky, and it is lack of good market withdrawal mechanism. Secondly, China's existing implicit deposit insurance system has many drawbacks such as inadequate to achieve policy objectives, low efficiency of the resource allocation, obstacles for the restructuring of the banking market. Therefore, China should establish a deposit insurance system and have independent deposit insurance company shares as insurers, because they are not subject to pressures of the Government, operate market-orientedly and enhance the efficiency of the deposit insurance system, match with the market mechanism. And the establishment of the National Unity of the deposit insurance system, reduction of the dependence of local financial institutions to local governments, will help to speed up China's administrative system and the pace of reform of the financial system. China's deposit insurance joint-stock companies should have the functions of collecting premiums, controlling risks, disposing of bankruptcy and paying of deposit. China has taken the necessary and compulsory means that all deposits of all financial institutions must participate in the deposit insurance. All of the banking institutions are included in the scope of deposit insurance, which will help to achieve the goal of mutual assistance, and jointly maintenance of the stability of the financial order. Four major state-owned banks, foreign banks should be incorporated into the deposit insurance system; however, the rural credit cooperatives should not be included in China's current deposit insurance system. China's deposit insurance business scope should consist of, the domestic currency, regular foreign currency and demand deposits should be collected in accordance with the state's legal deposit interest rates of financial institutions; institutions deposits, with deposits, the financial deposits, etc. are not covered. China's insurance premium rates should be depending on the risk levels. In view of China's national conditions and the protection of the depositors’interests we should implement the standard of 95 percent of the payment.
引文
[1] 盛慕杰主编:《中央银行学》,中国金融出版社 1989 年第 1 版,第341 页。
[2] 林平:《银行危机监管论》,中国金融出版社 2002 年第 1 版,第 212页。
[3] 杨家才:《存款保险制度及中国模式》,中国金融出版社 2001 年第 1版,第 1 页。
[4] 丁邦开、周仲飞主编:《金融监管学原理》,北京大学出版社 2004 年第 1 版,第 312 页。
[5] 金融机构之间存在高度的关联性,当一家金融机构出现了流动性的困难,甚至是破产时,就会出现“多米诺骨牌效应”,对其他的金融机构产生连续的负面冲击。特别是银行,随着金融市场的发展和金融创新的涌现,银行承担的清算支付功能大大增强,相互间的债权债务关系日益复杂和密切,一旦清算系统中的某家较大的银行出现了支付危机或者倒闭,极易出现牵一发而动全局的现象,会影响清算系统中的其他会员,使其它银行也陷入困境,从而引起整个金融体系的恐慌和社会信用秩序的破坏,由此产生巨大的社会成本,对国家整个金融体系的稳定和社会经济的健康发展都可能构成严重的威胁。
[6] 张桥云:《存款保险制度》,西南财经出版社 1996 年第 1 版,第 17页。
[7] 盛慕杰主编:《中央银行学》,中国金融出版社 1989 年第 1 版,第341 页。
[8] 李仁真、刘建新:《存款保险指南及其评析》,《法学论坛》2002 年第 3 期,第 90 页。
[9] 参见尹雅楠:《有关存款保险制度若干问题的法律研究》,《河北法学》2004 年第 2 期,第 135 页。
[10]周蓉:《我国存款保险制度研究述评》,《湖北社会科学》2006 年第 1期,第 34 页。
[11]许谨良:《保险学》,上海财经大学出版社 2003 年第 1 版,第 47 页。
[12]贾林青:《保险法》,中国人民大学出版社 2007 年第 2 版,第 10 页。
[13]温世扬:《保险法》,法律出版社 2003 年第 1 版,第 15-16 页。
[14]李玉泉:《保险法》,法律出版社 2003 年第 1 版,第 119 页。
[15]范健主编:《商法》,北京高等教育出版社、北京大学出版社 2002 年第 2 版,第 483-484 页。
[16]潘修平:《存款保险法律制度的理论与实践》,法律出版社 2005 年第1 版,第 12 页。
[17]樊启荣:《责任保险与索赔理赔》,人民法院出版社 2002 年第 1 版,第 184-185 页。
[18]梁宇贤:《保险法新论》,中国人民大学出版社 2004 年第 1 版,第200 页。
[19]潘修平:《存款保险法律制度的理论与实践》,法律出版社 2005 年第1 版,第 45 页。
[20]詹国枢:《逆向选择》,《经济研究》2004 年第 2 期,第 90 页。
[21]李豪明:《英美银行监管制度比较与借鉴》,中国金融出版社 1998 年第 1 版,第 130-131 页。
[22]李豪明:《英美银行监管制度比较与借鉴》,中国金融出版社 1998 年第 1 版,第 131-132 页。
[23]潘修平:《存款保险法律制度的理论与实践》,法律出版社 2005 年第1 版,第 72 页。
[24]转引自潘修平《:存款保险法律制度的理论与实践》,法律出版社2005年第 1 版,第 75 页。
[25]何光辉:《存款保险制度研究》,中国金融出版社 2003 年第 1 版,第293 页。
[26]杨家才:《存款保险制度及中国模式》,中国金融出版社 2001 年第 1版,第 102 页。
[27]李箐:《中国建立存款保险制度的必要性和实施方法》,《云南社会科学》2005 年第 3 期,第 59 页。
[28]潘修平:《存款保险法律制度的理论与实务》,法律出版社 2005 年第1 版,第 127 页。
[29]周蓉:《我国存款保险制度研究述评》,《湖北社会科学》2006 年第 1期,第 83 页。
[30]尹雅楠:《有关存款保险制度若干问题的法律研究》,《河北法学》2004年第 2 期,第 136 页。
[31]符浩勇、杨忠:《美日德存款保险制度模式及对我国的启示》,《海南金融》2005 年第 11 期,第 49 页。
[32]陈建新、王先锋:《农村信用合作社改革的理性分析》,《国家行政学院学报》2004 年第 3 期,第 54 页。
[33]徐洪水:《存款保险制度的理论分析及借鉴意义》,《巨海金融学院学报》2005 年第 2 期,第 42 页。
1. 徐卫东主编:《保险法学》,科学出版社 2004 年第 1 版。
2. 丁邦开、周仲飞主编:《金融监管学原理》,北京大学出版社 2004 年第 1 版。
3. 张桥云:《存款保险制度》,西南财经出版社 1996 年第 1 版。
4. 盛慕杰主编:《中央银行学》,中国金融出版社 1989 年第 1 版。
5. 许谨良:《保险学》,上海财经大学出版社 2003 年第 1 版。
6. 贾林青:《保险法》,中国人民大学出版社 2007 年第 2 版。
7. 温世扬:《保险法》,法律出版社 2003 年第 1 版。
8. 李玉泉:《保险法》,法律出版社 2003 年第 1 版。
9. 范健主编:《商法》,北京高等教育出版社、北京大学出版社 2002 年第 2 版。
10.樊启荣:《责任保险与索赔理赔》,人民法院出版社 2002 年第 1 版。
11.梁宇贤:《保险法新论》,中国人民大学出版社 2004 年第 1 版。
12.李豪明:《英美银行监管制度比较与借鉴》,中国金融出版社 1998 年第 1 版。
13.潘修平:《存款保险法律制度的理论与实践》,法律出版社 2005 年第1 版。
14.何光辉:《存款保险制度研究》,中国金融出版社 2003 年第 1 版。
15.江朝国:《保险法基础理论》,瑞典图书股份有限公司 1999 年第 2 版。
16.肖梅花:《保险法新论》,中国金融出版社 2000 年第 1 版。
17.郑玉波:《保险法论》,台湾三民书局 2000 年第 1 版。
18.周玉华:《保险合同与保险索赔理赔》,人民法院出版社 2001 年第 1版。
19.张忠军:《金融监管法论》,法律出版社 1998 年第 1 版。
20.苏同华:《银行危机论》,中国金融出版社 2002 年第 1 版。
21.杨家才:《存款保险制度及中国模式》,中国金融出版社 2001 年第 1版。
1. 李仁真、刘建新:《存款保险指南及其评析》,《法学论坛》2002 年第3 期。
2. 詹国枢:《逆向选择》,《经济研究》2004 年第 2 期。
3. 尹雅楠:《有关存款保险制度若干问题的法律研究》,《河北法学》2004年第 2 期。
4. 符浩勇、杨忠:《美日德存款保险制度模式及对我国的启示》,《海南金融》2005 年第 11 期。
5. 陈建新、王先锋:《农村信用合作社改革的理性分析》,《国家行政学院学报》2004 年第 3 期。
6. 徐洪水:《存款保险制度的理论分析及借鉴意义》,《巨海金融学院学报》2005 年第 2 期。
7. 苏蓉:《我国存款保险制度建立的必要性思考》,《云南大学学报》2007年第 5 期。
8. 李丹:《浅谈存款保险法律关系的内容》,《商场现代化》2007 年第 516期。
9. 王国刚:《实施存款保险制度不应操之过急》,《争鸣》2007 年第 11期。
10.周晓志:《美日存款保险制度的特点及启示》,《金融经济》2007 年第22 期。
11.袁达松:《论新破产法实施后我国存款保险制度的协调建构——从推进金融危机管理法治角度展开的分析》,《法学评论》2007 年第 6 期。
12.陈婷、林贵:《国外存款保险制度的经验及启示》,《经济纵横》2004年第 12 期。
13.盛四化、潘峰:《简析存款保险法律关系》,《福建金融管理干部学院学报》2003 年第 4 期。
14.倪浩嫣:《从实证角度再论存款保险制度》,《河北法学》2005 年第 12期。
15.周蓉:《我国存款保险制度研究述评》,《湖北社会科学》2006 年第 1期。
16.李箐:《中国建立存款保险制度的必要性和实施方法》,《云南社会科学》2005 年第 3 期。
[2] 林平:《银行危机监管论》,中国金融出版社 2002 年第 1 版,第 212页。
[3] 杨家才:《存款保险制度及中国模式》,中国金融出版社 2001 年第 1版,第 1 页。
[4] 丁邦开、周仲飞主编:《金融监管学原理》,北京大学出版社 2004 年第 1 版,第 312 页。
[5] 金融机构之间存在高度的关联性,当一家金融机构出现了流动性的困难,甚至是破产时,就会出现“多米诺骨牌效应”,对其他的金融机构产生连续的负面冲击。特别是银行,随着金融市场的发展和金融创新的涌现,银行承担的清算支付功能大大增强,相互间的债权债务关系日益复杂和密切,一旦清算系统中的某家较大的银行出现了支付危机或者倒闭,极易出现牵一发而动全局的现象,会影响清算系统中的其他会员,使其它银行也陷入困境,从而引起整个金融体系的恐慌和社会信用秩序的破坏,由此产生巨大的社会成本,对国家整个金融体系的稳定和社会经济的健康发展都可能构成严重的威胁。
[6] 张桥云:《存款保险制度》,西南财经出版社 1996 年第 1 版,第 17页。
[7] 盛慕杰主编:《中央银行学》,中国金融出版社 1989 年第 1 版,第341 页。
[8] 李仁真、刘建新:《存款保险指南及其评析》,《法学论坛》2002 年第 3 期,第 90 页。
[9] 参见尹雅楠:《有关存款保险制度若干问题的法律研究》,《河北法学》2004 年第 2 期,第 135 页。
[10]周蓉:《我国存款保险制度研究述评》,《湖北社会科学》2006 年第 1期,第 34 页。
[11]许谨良:《保险学》,上海财经大学出版社 2003 年第 1 版,第 47 页。
[12]贾林青:《保险法》,中国人民大学出版社 2007 年第 2 版,第 10 页。
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7. 温世扬:《保险法》,法律出版社 2003 年第 1 版。
8. 李玉泉:《保险法》,法律出版社 2003 年第 1 版。
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1. 李仁真、刘建新:《存款保险指南及其评析》,《法学论坛》2002 年第3 期。
2. 詹国枢:《逆向选择》,《经济研究》2004 年第 2 期。
3. 尹雅楠:《有关存款保险制度若干问题的法律研究》,《河北法学》2004年第 2 期。
4. 符浩勇、杨忠:《美日德存款保险制度模式及对我国的启示》,《海南金融》2005 年第 11 期。
5. 陈建新、王先锋:《农村信用合作社改革的理性分析》,《国家行政学院学报》2004 年第 3 期。
6. 徐洪水:《存款保险制度的理论分析及借鉴意义》,《巨海金融学院学报》2005 年第 2 期。
7. 苏蓉:《我国存款保险制度建立的必要性思考》,《云南大学学报》2007年第 5 期。
8. 李丹:《浅谈存款保险法律关系的内容》,《商场现代化》2007 年第 516期。
9. 王国刚:《实施存款保险制度不应操之过急》,《争鸣》2007 年第 11期。
10.周晓志:《美日存款保险制度的特点及启示》,《金融经济》2007 年第22 期。
11.袁达松:《论新破产法实施后我国存款保险制度的协调建构——从推进金融危机管理法治角度展开的分析》,《法学评论》2007 年第 6 期。
12.陈婷、林贵:《国外存款保险制度的经验及启示》,《经济纵横》2004年第 12 期。
13.盛四化、潘峰:《简析存款保险法律关系》,《福建金融管理干部学院学报》2003 年第 4 期。
14.倪浩嫣:《从实证角度再论存款保险制度》,《河北法学》2005 年第 12期。
15.周蓉:《我国存款保险制度研究述评》,《湖北社会科学》2006 年第 1期。
16.李箐:《中国建立存款保险制度的必要性和实施方法》,《云南社会科学》2005 年第 3 期。