论《唐老亚》主人公对美国华裔史的颠覆
|
摘要
在亚裔／华裔美国文学与亚裔／华裔美国文学评论领域里，当今美
国第五代华裔作家赵健秀(Frank Chin)无疑是个极重要的角色，被誉
为“亚裔美国文学奠基人”。赵健秀倡导真正的华裔历史，弘扬中国传
统的英雄主义精神。他用写作这个锐利的武器，以文学文本的形式与白
人至上的主流社会展开了激战。本文从他的第一部长篇小说《唐老亚》
入手，用新历史主义批评方法，着重剖析《唐老亚》中主人公对美国
华裔历史的颠覆。
本篇论文分为五部分：
第一部分：介绍。鉴于赵健秀在国内还不是一个家喻户晓的作家，
首先对作者的生平、作品和创作思想进行评述。然后介绍本篇论文所
采用的新历史主义批评方法，就涉及本文的“大历史”和“小历史”、
“颠覆”、“霸权话语和边缘话语”三个理论进行具体阐释。
第二部分：颠覆的前提和条件：从对华裔历史与文化的背离到对
华裔历史与文化的再认识。简约介绍作品所依托的华工筑路史和华裔
文化背景。剖析主人公唐纳德在主流社会的正统教育影响下，背离华
裔历史和文化，认为自己完全等同于美国白人。主人公对学校和家庭
有关华裔的不同教育产生困惑，经查证后，认清了美国主流社会故意
歪曲华工修筑铁路的事实，重新认识了华裔历史和文化，并因自己是
华裔而自豪。
第三部分：颠覆的策略。父亲自身所体现的热情好客、扶弱济贫、
不卑不亢等华裔人格特点给予唐纳德良好的文化传统教育。父亲和伯
父一直用中华民族的英雄主义形象如关羽、宋江、岳飞等英雄人物所
体现出的忠义美德，对唐纳德进行族裔传统思想教育。华裔的文化和
思想教育逐渐冲淡了唐纳德头脑中主流社会的正统教育理念，帮助唐
纳德完成了梦境中的自我教育，为他用“小历史”颠覆“大历史”作
好策略准备。
第四部分：颠覆的实施与结果。主人公在课堂上当众颠覆了历史
老师对华裔的刻板印象和种族歧视，指出华工对修建太平洋铁硼做
出的贡献。同时为华裔争取平等权利提出一条途径一团结白人中的
同情者，与白人至上的种族主义分子做坚决的斗争。
第五部分：结论。主人公并不是要颠覆整个华裔史，而是颠覆被
霸脱语歪曲的那一部分。小说结尾处主人公欣然回归族裔这一行动
具有很强的现实意义：他并不是号召华部完全退居华裔族群，固守
华裔文化，而是倡导华裔既应保留自身文化传统，又要改变作为边缘
族群的心态，积极参与各种政治活动，成为美国多元文化中的一员。
这是华裔融入美国主流社会的最佳途径。
Frank Chin, the fifth generation of Chinese American in America, is an outstanding writer. Through his contributions to historical literature heritage in the fields of Asian/Chinese American literature and Asian/Chinese American literary review, he was entitled "the founder of Asian American literature" by advocating real Chinese American history, and the spirit of Chinese traditional heroism. Frank Chin fights with white supremacy in mainstream society and demonstrates through his sharp writing skills and literary form that "the pen is mightier than the sword". In this thesis, I highlight an analysis of the protagonist's subversion idea to Chinese American history in Donald Duk, Frank Chin's first novel, through the application of New Historicism approach. The thesis falls into five parts: Part One: Introduction
It is requisite to present a brief introduction of Frank Chin and his Donald Duk, as they are still unfamiliar to most Chinese students and readers. This is followed by an illustration of the approach of New Historicism, drawing special attention to some terms as "History" (大历史) and "history" (小历史) , "subversion", and "hegemonic discourse and marginalized discourse" related to this thesis.
Part Two: The Premise and Condition of Subversion: From Rejecting to Re-recognizing the Chinese American History and Culture
A brief introduction of the Chinese American history and culture performs an important role in outlining the background of this thesis. Donald Duk rejects the Chinese American culture and regards himself as one of the white Americans because of the orthodox education of mainstream society. However, Donald Duk is confused about the difference of attitudes towards Chinese American between his father and his history
teacher, the different performance of Chinese American laborers in railway building between his dreams and orthodox history. After checking the historical records in the library, Donald Duk realizes that the real Chinese American history has been distorted by mainstream society. Donald Duk re-recognizes Chinese American history and culture and shows his proudness of being a Chinese American. Part Three: The Strategies of Subversion: Education
Donald's father educates and influences Donald with his own personalities: conducting himself with personal dignity, warm hospitality, generous contribution and support to the weak play the culture heritage educational role on Donald. Donald Duk's father and uncle persuade him frequently to learn by heart Chinese traditional heroic heritage and images, such as Kwan Kung (关公)))))
Lee Kuey (李逵) , Soong Gong (宋江) and Ngawk Fay (岳飞) . The loyalty to nations and faith to colleagues and friends of these heroes take the function of the ethnic thought education. Both the culture heritage and the ethnic thought education take place of the orthodox education of the mainstream society and help Donald realize his self-education by dreams so that he can prepare strategies to subvert "History" with "history". Part Four: The Action and Result of Subversion
The protagonist subverts his history teacher's stereotype and discrimination towards Chinese Americans in class and points out Chinese laborers' contributions to the Central Pacific railway building. His action indicates a better solution of Chinese American's gaining equal rights -fighting against the white supremacists by uniting with the whites who have sympathy for Chinese Americans. Part Five: The Conclusion
The real purpose of Donald Duk's work is not to subvert the Chinese American history completely, but only to do so in part. More realistic meanings can be seen from Donald Duk's reconnection with his Chinese
American roots at the end of the novel. The returning to his roots is not simply to withdraw to his race community to bear the tribulation, but is "a corkscrew development" of the protagonist. Chinese Americans should maintain their ancestral heritage and change their identical psychology of marginalized status, and should participate in more political activit
国第五代华裔作家赵健秀(Frank Chin)无疑是个极重要的角色，被誉
为“亚裔美国文学奠基人”。赵健秀倡导真正的华裔历史，弘扬中国传
统的英雄主义精神。他用写作这个锐利的武器，以文学文本的形式与白
人至上的主流社会展开了激战。本文从他的第一部长篇小说《唐老亚》
入手，用新历史主义批评方法，着重剖析《唐老亚》中主人公对美国
华裔历史的颠覆。
本篇论文分为五部分：
第一部分：介绍。鉴于赵健秀在国内还不是一个家喻户晓的作家，
首先对作者的生平、作品和创作思想进行评述。然后介绍本篇论文所
采用的新历史主义批评方法，就涉及本文的“大历史”和“小历史”、
“颠覆”、“霸权话语和边缘话语”三个理论进行具体阐释。
第二部分：颠覆的前提和条件：从对华裔历史与文化的背离到对
华裔历史与文化的再认识。简约介绍作品所依托的华工筑路史和华裔
文化背景。剖析主人公唐纳德在主流社会的正统教育影响下，背离华
裔历史和文化，认为自己完全等同于美国白人。主人公对学校和家庭
有关华裔的不同教育产生困惑，经查证后，认清了美国主流社会故意
歪曲华工修筑铁路的事实，重新认识了华裔历史和文化，并因自己是
华裔而自豪。
第三部分：颠覆的策略。父亲自身所体现的热情好客、扶弱济贫、
不卑不亢等华裔人格特点给予唐纳德良好的文化传统教育。父亲和伯
父一直用中华民族的英雄主义形象如关羽、宋江、岳飞等英雄人物所
体现出的忠义美德，对唐纳德进行族裔传统思想教育。华裔的文化和
思想教育逐渐冲淡了唐纳德头脑中主流社会的正统教育理念，帮助唐
纳德完成了梦境中的自我教育，为他用“小历史”颠覆“大历史”作
好策略准备。
第四部分：颠覆的实施与结果。主人公在课堂上当众颠覆了历史
老师对华裔的刻板印象和种族歧视，指出华工对修建太平洋铁硼做
出的贡献。同时为华裔争取平等权利提出一条途径一团结白人中的
同情者，与白人至上的种族主义分子做坚决的斗争。
第五部分：结论。主人公并不是要颠覆整个华裔史，而是颠覆被
霸脱语歪曲的那一部分。小说结尾处主人公欣然回归族裔这一行动
具有很强的现实意义：他并不是号召华部完全退居华裔族群，固守
华裔文化，而是倡导华裔既应保留自身文化传统，又要改变作为边缘
族群的心态，积极参与各种政治活动，成为美国多元文化中的一员。
这是华裔融入美国主流社会的最佳途径。
Frank Chin, the fifth generation of Chinese American in America, is an outstanding writer. Through his contributions to historical literature heritage in the fields of Asian/Chinese American literature and Asian/Chinese American literary review, he was entitled "the founder of Asian American literature" by advocating real Chinese American history, and the spirit of Chinese traditional heroism. Frank Chin fights with white supremacy in mainstream society and demonstrates through his sharp writing skills and literary form that "the pen is mightier than the sword". In this thesis, I highlight an analysis of the protagonist's subversion idea to Chinese American history in Donald Duk, Frank Chin's first novel, through the application of New Historicism approach. The thesis falls into five parts: Part One: Introduction
It is requisite to present a brief introduction of Frank Chin and his Donald Duk, as they are still unfamiliar to most Chinese students and readers. This is followed by an illustration of the approach of New Historicism, drawing special attention to some terms as "History" (大历史) and "history" (小历史) , "subversion", and "hegemonic discourse and marginalized discourse" related to this thesis.
Part Two: The Premise and Condition of Subversion: From Rejecting to Re-recognizing the Chinese American History and Culture
A brief introduction of the Chinese American history and culture performs an important role in outlining the background of this thesis. Donald Duk rejects the Chinese American culture and regards himself as one of the white Americans because of the orthodox education of mainstream society. However, Donald Duk is confused about the difference of attitudes towards Chinese American between his father and his history
teacher, the different performance of Chinese American laborers in railway building between his dreams and orthodox history. After checking the historical records in the library, Donald Duk realizes that the real Chinese American history has been distorted by mainstream society. Donald Duk re-recognizes Chinese American history and culture and shows his proudness of being a Chinese American. Part Three: The Strategies of Subversion: Education
Donald's father educates and influences Donald with his own personalities: conducting himself with personal dignity, warm hospitality, generous contribution and support to the weak play the culture heritage educational role on Donald. Donald Duk's father and uncle persuade him frequently to learn by heart Chinese traditional heroic heritage and images, such as Kwan Kung (关公)))))
Lee Kuey (李逵) , Soong Gong (宋江) and Ngawk Fay (岳飞) . The loyalty to nations and faith to colleagues and friends of these heroes take the function of the ethnic thought education. Both the culture heritage and the ethnic thought education take place of the orthodox education of the mainstream society and help Donald realize his self-education by dreams so that he can prepare strategies to subvert "History" with "history". Part Four: The Action and Result of Subversion
The protagonist subverts his history teacher's stereotype and discrimination towards Chinese Americans in class and points out Chinese laborers' contributions to the Central Pacific railway building. His action indicates a better solution of Chinese American's gaining equal rights -fighting against the white supremacists by uniting with the whites who have sympathy for Chinese Americans. Part Five: The Conclusion
The real purpose of Donald Duk's work is not to subvert the Chinese American history completely, but only to do so in part. More realistic meanings can be seen from Donald Duk's reconnection with his Chinese
American roots at the end of the novel. The returning to his roots is not simply to withdraw to his race community to bear the tribulation, but is "a corkscrew development" of the protagonist. Chinese Americans should maintain their ancestral heritage and change their identical psychology of marginalized status, and should participate in more political activit
引文
1.Zhu Gang, New Historicism: Twentieth Century Western Critical Theories, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001,Pp. 258-260
2.Ronald Takaki: A Different Mirror A History of Multicultural America Little, Brown and Company Boston/Toronto/London, 1993, Pp.8-9, 195-196
3.Asian American Studies: A Reader Piscataway: Rutgers University Press, 2000, P.56
4.Robert G.Lee: Orientals: Asian Americans in Popular Culture Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1999
5.Victor G. & Brett de Bary Nee: Longtime Californ': A Documentary Study Of an American Chinatown Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1974
6.Michael Kraus: Immigration, the American Mosaic Huntington, New York: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, 1955
7.Linda Perrin: Coming America Immigrants from the Far East New York: Delacorte Press, 1980
8.Shih-Shan Henry Tsai: The Chinese Experience In America Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1986, Pp.2,7,15-120,100, 374
9.Shirley Geok-lin Lim and Amy Ling: Reading The Literatures of Asian America Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992
10.Frank Chin, Jeffery Paul Chan, Lawson Fusao Inada, Shawn Hsu Wong: Aiiieeeee! Washington D. C.: Howard University Press, 1974, Pp. ⅹⅹⅳ, ⅴⅲ, ⅹ,ⅹⅹⅹ, ⅹⅹⅵ
11.Jeffery Paul Chan, Frank Chin, Lawson Fusao Inada, and Shawn Wong: Big Aiiieeeee! Washington D. C.: Howard University Press, 1991, Pp.2, 35, 38-40
12.Lawrence J. Trudeau, editor: "Introduction of Frank Chin", Asian
American literature: reviews and criticism of works by American writers of Asian descent David L. Eng I've Been (Re)Working on the Railroad: Photography and National History in China Men and Donald Duk in Racial Castration Racial Castration Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2001
13.Gail M. Nomura, Russell Endo, Stephen H. Sumida, Russell C. Leong, Frontiers of Asian American Studies Pullman, Washington: Washington State University Press, 1989
14.Helen Zia: Asian American Dreams The Emergence of an American People New York: Barrar, Straus and Giroux, 2000
15.Pei-Te Lien: The Political Participation of Asian Americans: Voting Behavior in Southern California (In the series: Asian Americans: Reconceptualizing Culture, History, Politics) Series editor New York & London: California State University, 1997
16.Jiying Huang: Guests in Somebody Else's House: Pondering Asian American Experience Today The Yale-China Journal of American Studies, Summer 2001, Volume 2, Pp. 15-21
17.Frank Chin: Donald Duk (Minneapolis: Coffee House Press, Second Edition, 1997), Novel & Back Cover
18.Martin Luther King: I Have A Dream, 100 Famous Speeches, China Overseas Publishing Co. Ltd., Pp.506-08
19．张首映：《西方二十世纪文论史》北京：北京大学出版社，1999，第一版
20．王岳川：《后殖民主义与新历史主义文论》济南：山东教育出版社，1999，第一版，163-164页，172-173页，183-184页，198-199页，207-208页，
21．王希：《多元文化主义的起源、实践与局限性》，《美国研究》，2000年第2期，44-80页
22．王岳川：《二十世纪西方哲性诗学》北京：北京大学出版社2000，第一版
23．周敏：《唐人街》——深具社会经济潜质的华裔》，北京：商务艺术馆，1995，第一版，
24．吴前进：《美国华侨华人文化变迁论》，上海：上海社会科学院出
版社，1998，第一版，
25．戴超武：《美国1965年移民法对亚洲移民和亚洲集团的影响》，《美国研究》，1997年第1期
26．黄际英：《论当代亚裔美国人的精神生存空间》，《东北师大学报》，2000年第3期，56-62页
27．黄际英：《50年代美国华裔的命运抉择》，《长白学刊》，2002年第2期
28．林语堂：《中国人》上海：学林出版社，1994，第一版
29．俞宁：《是“奠基人”还是“邪教主”——试论华裔美国作家弗兰克·秦创作道路的是非曲折》，《外国文学》，2000年第3期，68-77页
30．单德兴：《书写亚裔美国文学史：赵健秀的个案研究》，《第五届美国文学思想研讨会论文选集 文学篇》台湾：台湾中央研究院欧美研究所，1997，第一版
31．王光林：《文化民族主义斗士——美国华裔作家赵健秀的思想与创作》，《当代外国文学》，2001年第3期，96-102页
32．宋伟杰：《臣服·激愤·婉讽——美国华裔英文文学三作家、三群落、三阶段》，《美国研究》，1995年第1期
33．吴冰：《20世纪兴起的亚裔美国文学》，《英美文学研究论丛》2 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2001，第一版
34．张子清：《与亚裔美国文学共生共荣的华裔美国文学》，《外国文学评论》，2000年第1期，93-103页
35．张子清：《不同华裔美国作家构筑想象中的不同共同体》，《当代外国文学》，2001年第3期
36．李有成：《<唐老亚>中的记忆政治》单德兴·何文敬主编《文化属性与华裔美国文学》台湾：台湾中央研究院欧美研究所，1994，第一版
37．《参考消息》，1999年3月17日，2000年4月29日，6月17日，10月2日
38．李文和：《我的国家控告我：李文和自述》译林出版社，2003，第
一版，315页
39．邓蜀生：《世代悲欢“美国梦”—美国的移民历程及种族矛盾(1607-2000)》中国社会科学出版社，2001，第一版，192-205页
40．俞长江 普颖华：《四书五经100题》，北京燕山出版，1992，第一版，10页
41．季羡林主编《东西方文化议论集》上册 经济日报出版社，1997，第一版，6页，111-112页，144-146页
42.http:www.mysterynet.com/chan/timeline
43.http:www.pjfarmer.com/woldnewton/articles7.htm#F2
44.http://reelclassics.com/Actresses/Ginger/ginger.htm
2.Ronald Takaki: A Different Mirror A History of Multicultural America Little, Brown and Company Boston/Toronto/London, 1993, Pp.8-9, 195-196
3.Asian American Studies: A Reader Piscataway: Rutgers University Press, 2000, P.56
4.Robert G.Lee: Orientals: Asian Americans in Popular Culture Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1999
5.Victor G. & Brett de Bary Nee: Longtime Californ': A Documentary Study Of an American Chinatown Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1974
6.Michael Kraus: Immigration, the American Mosaic Huntington, New York: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, 1955
7.Linda Perrin: Coming America Immigrants from the Far East New York: Delacorte Press, 1980
8.Shih-Shan Henry Tsai: The Chinese Experience In America Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1986, Pp.2,7,15-120,100, 374
9.Shirley Geok-lin Lim and Amy Ling: Reading The Literatures of Asian America Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992
10.Frank Chin, Jeffery Paul Chan, Lawson Fusao Inada, Shawn Hsu Wong: Aiiieeeee! Washington D. C.: Howard University Press, 1974, Pp. ⅹⅹⅳ, ⅴⅲ, ⅹ,ⅹⅹⅹ, ⅹⅹⅵ
11.Jeffery Paul Chan, Frank Chin, Lawson Fusao Inada, and Shawn Wong: Big Aiiieeeee! Washington D. C.: Howard University Press, 1991, Pp.2, 35, 38-40
12.Lawrence J. Trudeau, editor: "Introduction of Frank Chin", Asian
American literature: reviews and criticism of works by American writers of Asian descent David L. Eng I've Been (Re)Working on the Railroad: Photography and National History in China Men and Donald Duk in Racial Castration Racial Castration Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2001
13.Gail M. Nomura, Russell Endo, Stephen H. Sumida, Russell C. Leong, Frontiers of Asian American Studies Pullman, Washington: Washington State University Press, 1989
14.Helen Zia: Asian American Dreams The Emergence of an American People New York: Barrar, Straus and Giroux, 2000
15.Pei-Te Lien: The Political Participation of Asian Americans: Voting Behavior in Southern California (In the series: Asian Americans: Reconceptualizing Culture, History, Politics) Series editor New York & London: California State University, 1997
16.Jiying Huang: Guests in Somebody Else's House: Pondering Asian American Experience Today The Yale-China Journal of American Studies, Summer 2001, Volume 2, Pp. 15-21
17.Frank Chin: Donald Duk (Minneapolis: Coffee House Press, Second Edition, 1997), Novel & Back Cover
18.Martin Luther King: I Have A Dream, 100 Famous Speeches, China Overseas Publishing Co. Ltd., Pp.506-08
19．张首映：《西方二十世纪文论史》北京：北京大学出版社，1999，第一版
20．王岳川：《后殖民主义与新历史主义文论》济南：山东教育出版社，1999，第一版，163-164页，172-173页，183-184页，198-199页，207-208页，
21．王希：《多元文化主义的起源、实践与局限性》，《美国研究》，2000年第2期，44-80页
22．王岳川：《二十世纪西方哲性诗学》北京：北京大学出版社2000，第一版
23．周敏：《唐人街》——深具社会经济潜质的华裔》，北京：商务艺术馆，1995，第一版，
24．吴前进：《美国华侨华人文化变迁论》，上海：上海社会科学院出
版社，1998，第一版，
25．戴超武：《美国1965年移民法对亚洲移民和亚洲集团的影响》，《美国研究》，1997年第1期
26．黄际英：《论当代亚裔美国人的精神生存空间》，《东北师大学报》，2000年第3期，56-62页
27．黄际英：《50年代美国华裔的命运抉择》，《长白学刊》，2002年第2期
28．林语堂：《中国人》上海：学林出版社，1994，第一版
29．俞宁：《是“奠基人”还是“邪教主”——试论华裔美国作家弗兰克·秦创作道路的是非曲折》，《外国文学》，2000年第3期，68-77页
30．单德兴：《书写亚裔美国文学史：赵健秀的个案研究》，《第五届美国文学思想研讨会论文选集 文学篇》台湾：台湾中央研究院欧美研究所，1997，第一版
31．王光林：《文化民族主义斗士——美国华裔作家赵健秀的思想与创作》，《当代外国文学》，2001年第3期，96-102页
32．宋伟杰：《臣服·激愤·婉讽——美国华裔英文文学三作家、三群落、三阶段》，《美国研究》，1995年第1期
33．吴冰：《20世纪兴起的亚裔美国文学》，《英美文学研究论丛》2 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2001，第一版
34．张子清：《与亚裔美国文学共生共荣的华裔美国文学》，《外国文学评论》，2000年第1期，93-103页
35．张子清：《不同华裔美国作家构筑想象中的不同共同体》，《当代外国文学》，2001年第3期
36．李有成：《<唐老亚>中的记忆政治》单德兴·何文敬主编《文化属性与华裔美国文学》台湾：台湾中央研究院欧美研究所，1994，第一版
37．《参考消息》，1999年3月17日，2000年4月29日，6月17日，10月2日
38．李文和：《我的国家控告我：李文和自述》译林出版社，2003，第
一版，315页
39．邓蜀生：《世代悲欢“美国梦”—美国的移民历程及种族矛盾(1607-2000)》中国社会科学出版社，2001，第一版，192-205页
40．俞长江 普颖华：《四书五经100题》，北京燕山出版，1992，第一版，10页
41．季羡林主编《东西方文化议论集》上册 经济日报出版社，1997，第一版，6页，111-112页，144-146页
42.http:www.mysterynet.com/chan/timeline
43.http:www.pjfarmer.com/woldnewton/articles7.htm#F2
44.http://reelclassics.com/Actresses/Ginger/ginger.htm