法医学常用15个STRs的检测及其应用于人群遗传关系推断的研究
|
摘要
背景和目的
短串联重复序列一般是由两个或多个核苷酸为核心序列的重复出现而组成的串联结构,以重复区域为中心的片段长度一般在400bp以内,重复单位为2～6bp,重复次数可达10-60次。由于不同STRs位点的核心序列不同,而同一STR位点在不同人中的重复次数不同,导致出现个体差异,构成了长度多态性,广泛应用于个体识别和亲权鉴定。由于STRs具有分布广、信息量大、高度多态性以及遵循孟德尔共显性遗传等特点,也成为推断民族遗传距离的有效工具。
哈萨克族是哈萨克斯坦的主要民族和中国的少数民族,人口1700万。在中国主要分布于新疆维吾尔自治区伊犁哈萨克自治州、木垒哈萨克自治县、巴里坤哈萨克自治县、甘肃省阿克塞哈萨克族自治县。该民族使用文字是以阿拉伯字母为基础的哈萨克语,按语言系属分类,属于突厥语族人种。按血统分类,属于蒙古人种北亚类型和欧罗巴人种及印度地中海类型之间的混合类型,属于混血民族。
由于部分哈萨克人仍以游牧生活为主,无固定居住区域,且地理位置较为偏僻,交通不便,经济发展欠发达等多重原因,我国哈萨克族人群的15个基因座数据资料至2011年10月一直未见报道。因导师组有机会从新疆合作单位取得新疆哈萨克族血样,特对这些血样进行法医学常用STR基因座的检测。
然后,本研究通过公用数据库或同行评议期刊等网络资料库,收集了中国各个省份、其它各个民族的STR基因座频率数据。通过对40个不同民族群体间遗传距离的计算,构建了多个民族间的系统发生树,以探讨其遗传关系。
方法
使用酚-氯仿法对100例新疆哈萨克族外周血样进行DNA提取,使用Identifiler试剂盒进行荧光标记PCR扩增,而后使用3130DNA测序仪对PCR产物进行毛细管电泳,最后完成对新疆哈萨克族100例健康无亲缘性个体的15个STR基因座遗传多态性的研究。
通过公用数据库或同行评议期刊等资料库收集中国各个省份、各个民族其它群体的STR基因座频率数据；将获得的文献数据与新疆哈萨克族的遗传数据,筛选汇总后计算出9个法医学常用STR位点(D13S317.D18S51.D21S11.D3S1358. D5S818.D7S820.D8S1179.FGA.vWA)在中国40个民族中的基因频率,以phyl ip3.69统计软件包计算遗传距离,并通过Neighbor－joining法构建系统发生树,研究各民族间的遗传关系。
结果
对100例新疆哈萨克族的15个STR基因座进行检测分别检出了10、15、8、10、6、6、7、6、12、11、8、6、12、7、10个等位基因,其基因频率分布范围分别在0.01-0.25,0.005-0.275,0.01-0.225,0.015-0.33,0.01-0.335,0.01-0.285,0.015-0.24,0.025-0.265,0.015-0.205,0.015-0.29,0.02-0.26,0.01-0.595,0.005-0.255,0.025-0.365以及0.005-0.205之间.
比较所有40个族群的9个STRs基因座基因频率数据计算出了遗传距离,并根据遗传距离采用Neighbor-joining法构建了40个族群之间的系统发生树。在树状图上,可以看出在系统发生树的下半部分,新疆维吾尔族先与内蒙古蒙古族首先聚合,然后再与新疆哈萨克族、内蒙古达斡尔族、天津汉族,青海回族分别聚合,继而与青海藏族、西藏藏族、西藏珞巴族,浙江畲族的亚类相聚合,再与陕西汉族、云南白族,天津朝鲜族、湖南土家族、山东汉族、江苏汉族相聚合。然后与河北汉族、内蒙古汉族、河南汉族,辽宁汉族形成的汉族亚类相聚合,构成了整个北方人群。系统发生树上半部分,广西毛南族和广西京族首先聚合,继而与广西苗族、广西仫佬族聚合,与广西瑶族和海南黎族聚合的亚类聚合。接下来与广西瑶族、海南汉族相聚合。广西侗族、广西壮族。广西汉族、广东汉族的亚类与之相聚合后,又与四川汉族、福建汉族以及湖北汉族以及重庆土家族聚合,构成南方人群。而安徽汉族、浙江汉族,构成了南方汉族和北方汉族之间的过渡人群。
结论
通过对100例新疆哈萨克民族人群血样15个STR基因座数据资料的检测,可以为法医学个体识别、亲权鉴定、DNA数据库技术等法医学应用提供基础资料,同时也为研究该民族基因特异性,分析人类进化、民族起源、族群之间的亲缘关系以及由于民族基因缺陷而特有的疾病谱提供了重要依据。
中国南北人群之间存在遗传差异,汉族和少数民族之间存在遗传差异
Background and purpose
Short Tandem Repeats (STR) is a kind of DNA sequences that is generally formed by the repeat of a core sequence with two or more nucleotides. The fragment length of the repeat region is generally less than400bp, the core repeat unit is2～6bp and repetitions can be10～60times. Different STRs have different core sequences, and the same STRs have different repetitions among persons. These lead to the individual differences and form a genetic polymorphism. So STRs are widely used in individual identification and paternity testing. Because STRs have a wide distribution, high polymorphism, Mendelian inheritance style, they have also become an effective tool to infer the genetic distance among different ethnic groups.
Kazakh is Kazakhstan's main ethnic group, and it is one of the minorities in China. The population of Chinese Kazakh is about17million. In China, this nationality mainly line in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the Hi Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Mori Kazak Autonomous County, Barkol Kazak Autonomous County and Aksay Kazak Autonomous County in Gansu Province. Their native language is Kazakh, and the character of Kazakh this is based on Arabic alphabet. According to their inheritance linkage, this ethnic group belongs to a mixed type, which is among the North Asian type of the Mongoloid, the white race and the India Mediterranean race. It belongs to the Turkic tribe, classified by the linguisticians.
Some Kazakh peoples is still living a nomadic way of life, with no fixed residential areas. Their areas are far more remote, with inconvenient transportation and less developed economic status. Due to these reasons, the15frequently used forensic STR data of the Kazakh population in China is not reported until we set out to test their samples at the end of2010. Since my supervisor have the opportunity to obtain Xinjiang Kazak blood smaples from his Xinjiang connections, we decide to test these blood samples for the data of the commonly used15forensic STR loci.
Searching through the network databases or peer-reviewed journals, this study has collected the STR loci frequency data in other ethnic groups from all provinces in China. To explore the genetic relationship between the different Chinese nationalities, a phylogenetic tree based on the calculation of genetic distance among40different ethnic groups will be tried to be built.
Methods
DNA samples were extracted from the peripheral blood of100Xinjiang Kazakh by the method of phenol-chloroform extraction. Using the Identifier kit to finish the fluorescence-PCR amplification, then a capillary electrophoresis for PCR products were done on3130DNA genetic analyzer. Finally, we accomplished the polymorphism investigation of the15STR loci among100healthy cases of Kazakh. Through the public databases or peer-reviewed journals, STR loci frequency data of other ethnic groups was collected from all provinces in China. After gathered the data from this study and references, we calculated the frequencies of9commonly used forensic STR loci (D13S317, D18S51, D21S11, D3S1358, D5S818, D7S820, D8S1179, FGA, vWA) in China's40ethnic groups. The genetic distance was calculated by the Phylip3.69statistical package, and the phylogenetic trees was constructed by the Neighbor-joining method to study the genetic relationships between the various ethnic groups.
Results
15STR loci in100cases of Xinjiang Kazakh were detected, respectively, there are10,15,8,10,6,6,7,6,12,11,8,6,12,7,10alleles were found; the range of these gene frequencies distribute in0.01～0.25,0.005～0.275,0.01～0.225,0.015～0.33,0.01～0.335,0.01～0.285,0.015～0.24,0.025-0.265,0.015～0.205,0.015～0.29,0.02～0.26,0.01～0.595,0.005～0.255,0.025～0.365and0.005～0.205.
Nine STRs loci gene frequency data of all40ethnic groups were compared to calculate the genetic distance, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the Neighbor-joining method based on genetic distances of40populations. In the lower half of the phylogenetic tree, the Xinjiang Uygur is the nearest to Mongolians, and then come near to the Kazak, to Inner Mongolia, to Daur, to Hans in Tianjin, to Hui in Qinghai, and then they go to Tibetans in Qinghai, Tibetans in Tibet, to Lhoba in Tibet, to Shes in Zhejiang subcategories for a convergence, then Shaanxi Hans, Yunnan Bais, Tianjin Koreans, Hunan Tujias, Shandong Hans, Jiangsu Hans. And then join Hans in Hebei, Hans in Inner Mongolia and Hans in Henan, Hans in Liaoning, constituting the entire population of North Chinese. On the upper half of the phylogenetic tree, the Maonan of Guangxi and the Jing of Guangxi come together first, the join the Guangxi Miao, Guangxi Mulao; then the Yaos in Guangxi and Lis in Hainan come in for a convergence. Next come the Yaos in Guangxi, Hans in Hainan. The Dongs in Guangxi, Zhuangs in Guangxi. Then Hans in Guangxi, Hans in Guangdong join, together with the Hans in Sichuan, Hans in Fujian, Hans in Hubei and Tujias in Chongqing, constituting the southern Chinese population. While Anhui Hans and Zhejiang Hans become a transition between the Southern Han Chinese population and Northern Hans.
Conclusion
The data of15STR loci in100cases of Kazakh obtained in this study will not only provide basic information for future's forensic applications such as individual identification, paternity testing, but also provide an important basis for the study of this ethnic's genetic characteristics, the analysis on its evolution and its origin, and the genetic relationships among different ethnic groups,and unique disease spectrum caused by ethnic genetic defects.
There are genetic differences between the Northern and the Southern Chinese population.There are genetic differences between the Han population and the minorities.
短串联重复序列一般是由两个或多个核苷酸为核心序列的重复出现而组成的串联结构,以重复区域为中心的片段长度一般在400bp以内,重复单位为2～6bp,重复次数可达10-60次。由于不同STRs位点的核心序列不同,而同一STR位点在不同人中的重复次数不同,导致出现个体差异,构成了长度多态性,广泛应用于个体识别和亲权鉴定。由于STRs具有分布广、信息量大、高度多态性以及遵循孟德尔共显性遗传等特点,也成为推断民族遗传距离的有效工具。
哈萨克族是哈萨克斯坦的主要民族和中国的少数民族,人口1700万。在中国主要分布于新疆维吾尔自治区伊犁哈萨克自治州、木垒哈萨克自治县、巴里坤哈萨克自治县、甘肃省阿克塞哈萨克族自治县。该民族使用文字是以阿拉伯字母为基础的哈萨克语,按语言系属分类,属于突厥语族人种。按血统分类,属于蒙古人种北亚类型和欧罗巴人种及印度地中海类型之间的混合类型,属于混血民族。
由于部分哈萨克人仍以游牧生活为主,无固定居住区域,且地理位置较为偏僻,交通不便,经济发展欠发达等多重原因,我国哈萨克族人群的15个基因座数据资料至2011年10月一直未见报道。因导师组有机会从新疆合作单位取得新疆哈萨克族血样,特对这些血样进行法医学常用STR基因座的检测。
然后,本研究通过公用数据库或同行评议期刊等网络资料库,收集了中国各个省份、其它各个民族的STR基因座频率数据。通过对40个不同民族群体间遗传距离的计算,构建了多个民族间的系统发生树,以探讨其遗传关系。
方法
使用酚-氯仿法对100例新疆哈萨克族外周血样进行DNA提取,使用Identifiler试剂盒进行荧光标记PCR扩增,而后使用3130DNA测序仪对PCR产物进行毛细管电泳,最后完成对新疆哈萨克族100例健康无亲缘性个体的15个STR基因座遗传多态性的研究。
通过公用数据库或同行评议期刊等资料库收集中国各个省份、各个民族其它群体的STR基因座频率数据；将获得的文献数据与新疆哈萨克族的遗传数据,筛选汇总后计算出9个法医学常用STR位点(D13S317.D18S51.D21S11.D3S1358. D5S818.D7S820.D8S1179.FGA.vWA)在中国40个民族中的基因频率,以phyl ip3.69统计软件包计算遗传距离,并通过Neighbor－joining法构建系统发生树,研究各民族间的遗传关系。
结果
对100例新疆哈萨克族的15个STR基因座进行检测分别检出了10、15、8、10、6、6、7、6、12、11、8、6、12、7、10个等位基因,其基因频率分布范围分别在0.01-0.25,0.005-0.275,0.01-0.225,0.015-0.33,0.01-0.335,0.01-0.285,0.015-0.24,0.025-0.265,0.015-0.205,0.015-0.29,0.02-0.26,0.01-0.595,0.005-0.255,0.025-0.365以及0.005-0.205之间.
比较所有40个族群的9个STRs基因座基因频率数据计算出了遗传距离,并根据遗传距离采用Neighbor-joining法构建了40个族群之间的系统发生树。在树状图上,可以看出在系统发生树的下半部分,新疆维吾尔族先与内蒙古蒙古族首先聚合,然后再与新疆哈萨克族、内蒙古达斡尔族、天津汉族,青海回族分别聚合,继而与青海藏族、西藏藏族、西藏珞巴族,浙江畲族的亚类相聚合,再与陕西汉族、云南白族,天津朝鲜族、湖南土家族、山东汉族、江苏汉族相聚合。然后与河北汉族、内蒙古汉族、河南汉族,辽宁汉族形成的汉族亚类相聚合,构成了整个北方人群。系统发生树上半部分,广西毛南族和广西京族首先聚合,继而与广西苗族、广西仫佬族聚合,与广西瑶族和海南黎族聚合的亚类聚合。接下来与广西瑶族、海南汉族相聚合。广西侗族、广西壮族。广西汉族、广东汉族的亚类与之相聚合后,又与四川汉族、福建汉族以及湖北汉族以及重庆土家族聚合,构成南方人群。而安徽汉族、浙江汉族,构成了南方汉族和北方汉族之间的过渡人群。
结论
通过对100例新疆哈萨克民族人群血样15个STR基因座数据资料的检测,可以为法医学个体识别、亲权鉴定、DNA数据库技术等法医学应用提供基础资料,同时也为研究该民族基因特异性,分析人类进化、民族起源、族群之间的亲缘关系以及由于民族基因缺陷而特有的疾病谱提供了重要依据。
中国南北人群之间存在遗传差异,汉族和少数民族之间存在遗传差异
Background and purpose
Short Tandem Repeats (STR) is a kind of DNA sequences that is generally formed by the repeat of a core sequence with two or more nucleotides. The fragment length of the repeat region is generally less than400bp, the core repeat unit is2～6bp and repetitions can be10～60times. Different STRs have different core sequences, and the same STRs have different repetitions among persons. These lead to the individual differences and form a genetic polymorphism. So STRs are widely used in individual identification and paternity testing. Because STRs have a wide distribution, high polymorphism, Mendelian inheritance style, they have also become an effective tool to infer the genetic distance among different ethnic groups.
Kazakh is Kazakhstan's main ethnic group, and it is one of the minorities in China. The population of Chinese Kazakh is about17million. In China, this nationality mainly line in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the Hi Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Mori Kazak Autonomous County, Barkol Kazak Autonomous County and Aksay Kazak Autonomous County in Gansu Province. Their native language is Kazakh, and the character of Kazakh this is based on Arabic alphabet. According to their inheritance linkage, this ethnic group belongs to a mixed type, which is among the North Asian type of the Mongoloid, the white race and the India Mediterranean race. It belongs to the Turkic tribe, classified by the linguisticians.
Some Kazakh peoples is still living a nomadic way of life, with no fixed residential areas. Their areas are far more remote, with inconvenient transportation and less developed economic status. Due to these reasons, the15frequently used forensic STR data of the Kazakh population in China is not reported until we set out to test their samples at the end of2010. Since my supervisor have the opportunity to obtain Xinjiang Kazak blood smaples from his Xinjiang connections, we decide to test these blood samples for the data of the commonly used15forensic STR loci.
Searching through the network databases or peer-reviewed journals, this study has collected the STR loci frequency data in other ethnic groups from all provinces in China. To explore the genetic relationship between the different Chinese nationalities, a phylogenetic tree based on the calculation of genetic distance among40different ethnic groups will be tried to be built.
Methods
DNA samples were extracted from the peripheral blood of100Xinjiang Kazakh by the method of phenol-chloroform extraction. Using the Identifier kit to finish the fluorescence-PCR amplification, then a capillary electrophoresis for PCR products were done on3130DNA genetic analyzer. Finally, we accomplished the polymorphism investigation of the15STR loci among100healthy cases of Kazakh. Through the public databases or peer-reviewed journals, STR loci frequency data of other ethnic groups was collected from all provinces in China. After gathered the data from this study and references, we calculated the frequencies of9commonly used forensic STR loci (D13S317, D18S51, D21S11, D3S1358, D5S818, D7S820, D8S1179, FGA, vWA) in China's40ethnic groups. The genetic distance was calculated by the Phylip3.69statistical package, and the phylogenetic trees was constructed by the Neighbor-joining method to study the genetic relationships between the various ethnic groups.
Results
15STR loci in100cases of Xinjiang Kazakh were detected, respectively, there are10,15,8,10,6,6,7,6,12,11,8,6,12,7,10alleles were found; the range of these gene frequencies distribute in0.01～0.25,0.005～0.275,0.01～0.225,0.015～0.33,0.01～0.335,0.01～0.285,0.015～0.24,0.025-0.265,0.015～0.205,0.015～0.29,0.02～0.26,0.01～0.595,0.005～0.255,0.025～0.365and0.005～0.205.
Nine STRs loci gene frequency data of all40ethnic groups were compared to calculate the genetic distance, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the Neighbor-joining method based on genetic distances of40populations. In the lower half of the phylogenetic tree, the Xinjiang Uygur is the nearest to Mongolians, and then come near to the Kazak, to Inner Mongolia, to Daur, to Hans in Tianjin, to Hui in Qinghai, and then they go to Tibetans in Qinghai, Tibetans in Tibet, to Lhoba in Tibet, to Shes in Zhejiang subcategories for a convergence, then Shaanxi Hans, Yunnan Bais, Tianjin Koreans, Hunan Tujias, Shandong Hans, Jiangsu Hans. And then join Hans in Hebei, Hans in Inner Mongolia and Hans in Henan, Hans in Liaoning, constituting the entire population of North Chinese. On the upper half of the phylogenetic tree, the Maonan of Guangxi and the Jing of Guangxi come together first, the join the Guangxi Miao, Guangxi Mulao; then the Yaos in Guangxi and Lis in Hainan come in for a convergence. Next come the Yaos in Guangxi, Hans in Hainan. The Dongs in Guangxi, Zhuangs in Guangxi. Then Hans in Guangxi, Hans in Guangdong join, together with the Hans in Sichuan, Hans in Fujian, Hans in Hubei and Tujias in Chongqing, constituting the southern Chinese population. While Anhui Hans and Zhejiang Hans become a transition between the Southern Han Chinese population and Northern Hans.
Conclusion
The data of15STR loci in100cases of Kazakh obtained in this study will not only provide basic information for future's forensic applications such as individual identification, paternity testing, but also provide an important basis for the study of this ethnic's genetic characteristics, the analysis on its evolution and its origin, and the genetic relationships among different ethnic groups,and unique disease spectrum caused by ethnic genetic defects.
There are genetic differences between the Northern and the Southern Chinese population.There are genetic differences between the Han population and the minorities.
引文
1. 李宁,朱宝琴.人类基因组中短串联重复序列的研究及应用现状.锦州医学院学报.2004.(05)：61-64.
2. Bacher JS, J.W. Development of highly polymorphic pentanucleotide tandem repeat loci with low stutter. Profiles in DNA.1998.2(2):3.
3. Sprecher CJP, C. Lins AMS, J.W. General approach to analysis of polymorphic short tandem repeat loci. Biotechniques.1996.20(2):266-277.
4. 苏北海.哈萨克族文化史.1989.
5. 佟林清.哈萨克族历史与文化.1998.
6. 冯瑞.哈萨克族民族过程研究.2004.
7. 加娜尔.论新疆哈萨克族阿吾勒及其变迁.新疆社会科学(汉文版).2009.(2).
8. 赵一鸣.医学伦理学：医学研究中不可回避的问题.中华医学杂志.2005.(06)：68-70.
9. 段海燕,黄萍.四种方法获取DNA用于检测IL-1基因多态性的比较分析.华西口腔医学杂志.2001.(01)：11-13.
10Sambrook JR, D.W.分子克隆实验指南精编版.2008.
11Butler JM法医DNA分型.STR遗传标记的生物学,方法学及遗传学.2007：90.107.
12. 赵方,蔡贵庆Modified-Powerstates软件在法医生物统计中应用.中国法医学杂志.2003.(05)：297-298+312.
13. Guo SWT, E.A. Performing the exact test of Hardy-Weinberg proportion for multiple alleles. Biometrics.1992:361-372:
14. Wigginton JEC, DJ. Abecasis GR. A note on exact tests of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The American Journal of Human Genetics.2005.76(5):887-893.
15. 余梅贵Identifier体系在亲子鉴定中的应用分析.重庆医学.2007.36(21)：2137-2139.
16. 郑小婷.3种常用PCR扩增试剂盒检验血样DNA的结果比较.中国法医学杂志.2006.21(4)：203-207.
17. 金敏贵.3种国产化试剂盒与Identifiler TM试剂盒检验结果比较.中国法医学杂志.2011.26(1)：45-47.
18. 林源Identifier和Sinofiler试剂盒在亲权鉴定中的应用与评估.中国司法鉴定.2008.(001)：40-41.
19. 侯一平.人类短串联重复序列VWA基因座的群体遗传学研究.中华医学遗传学杂志.1996.13(2)：65-69.
20. Gill P, Urquhart A, Millican E, et al. A new method of STR interpretation using inferential logic--development of a criminal intelligence database. Int J Legal Med.1996.109(1): 14-22.
21. 陈健刚,付志敏,石鸣,张建忠,史继伟,张丽萍.新疆阿勒泰地区哈萨克族人群15个STR基因座的遗传多态性.重庆医学.2011.(35)：3545-3547.
22. 姜先华,刘锋.法庭科学DNA数据库的建设与应用.中国法医学杂志.2004.(01)：61-62.
23. 曾恩泉,谢英,吴松,金波.我国法庭科学DNA数据库的建设与应用.川北医学院学报.2007.(06)：588-591.
1. 李宁,朱宝琴.人类基因组中短串联重复序列的研究及应用现状.锦州医学院学报，2004,(05)：61-64.
2. 常青.分子进化研究中系统发生树的重建.生物多样性，1998,(01)：55-62.
3. 李建伏,郭茂祖.系统发生树构建技术综述.电子学报,2006,(11)：2047-2052.
4. 赵一鸣.医学伦理学：医学研究中不可回避的问题.中华医学杂志,2005.(06)：68-70.
5. Guo SW, Thompson EA. Performing the exact test of Hardy-Weinberg proportion for multiple alleles. Biometrics,1992,48(2):361-72.
6. Liu H, Hu Y. [Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in genetic epidemiology]. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban,2010,35(1):90-3.
7. Saitou N, Nei M. The neighbor-joining method:a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol,1987,4(4):406-25.
8. 杨玉玲,王冬花,陈玲,等.安徽汉族人群15个STR基因座遗传多态性.法医学杂志,2007.,(01)：36-38.
9. 程祖建,林寿榕.福建汉族人群STR位点遗传多态性分析及其在亲子鉴定中的应用.福建医药杂志.2005,(01)：117-119.
10. 吴德清,刘静文.徐小虎，等.闽南地区汉族人群15个STR基因座遗传多态性调查.中国法医学杂忠,2005,(02)：101-102.
11. 刘超,朱少建,李发贵.广东广西地区5个群体9个STR基因座的频率调查.中国法医学杂志,2002,(05)：263-266.
12. 吴小洁，刘超,贾霄.广东省瑶族人群15个STR基因座的多态性调查.刑事技术,2005,(02)：6-8.
13. 杨电,王穗保,李越,等.广西地区京族人群9个STR基因座遗传多态性.中国法医学杂志,2002,(03)：153-154.
14. 周丽宁,李松峰,徐林,等.广西环江县毛南族九个短串联重复序列基因座的遗传学分析.人类学学报,2007,(03)：264-269.
15. 徐林,李松峰,邓琼英,等.广西毛南族群体15个短串联重复序列的遗传学研究.广西医科大学学报,2007,(02)：180-183.
16. 周丽宁,覃耀春,徐林,等.FGA等15个短串联重复序列在融水县苗族群体中的遗传学分析.解剖学报,2008,(05)：683-687.
17. 刘超,刘长晖,李发贵.广西苗族人群15个STR基因座的多态性调查.法医学杂志,2003,(04)：204-206.
18. 杨电,刘长晖,朱少建.广西地区3个群体15个STR基因座频率多态性.中国法医学杂志,2002,,(S 1)：24-26.
19. 高放,李生斌.中国瑶族人群(广西)9个STR基因多态性研究.遗传,2002,(05)：537-538.
20. 唐秋萍,杨向萍,章雅清.海南地区汉族15个STR基因座群体遗传学研究.中国输血 杂志,2010.(06)：445-448.
21. 金鑫,姜成涛,涂政.等.海南黎族群体14个STR基因座遗传多态性.中国法医学杂志,2007,(06)：403-404.
22. 张艳霞,李爱强,赵丽,等.河北地区汉族群体19个STR基因座的遗传多态性.刑事技术,2011,(02)：48-50.
23. 裴黎,张贵芹,丛斌,等.河北汉族人群15个STR基因座的遗传多态性.河北医科大学学报,2008,(03)：455-457.
24. 李霞,李杰,刘芳.湖北汉族群体9个STR位点遗传多态性分析.武汉大学学报(医学版),2003,(04)：307-311.
25. 易少华,杨荣芝,梅焜,等.湖北汉族人群15个STR基因座的遗传多态性.华中科技大学学报(医学版),2010,(01)：91-93.
26. 王翔,蔡继峰,钟鸣,等.湖南石门土家族人群15个STR基因座遗传多态性.法医学杂志,2010,(03)：214-215.
27. 徐庆,高金林,裴军昌,等.江苏泰州地区汉族人群9个STR基因座的遗传多态性.刑事技术,2008,(02)：59.
28. 王军,邢锦山.连云港地区汉族人群15个STR基因座的遗传多态性.苏州大学学报(医学版),2010,(02)：333-335.
29. 孙耀东,李健,陈月勇,等.盐城地区汉族人群15个STR基因座的遗传多态性.中国法医学杂志,2006,(04)：235-236.
30. 周文斌,裴君.江两汉族人群15个STR基因座的多态性调查.法律与医学杂志,2006,(01)：53-54.
31. 梁晓华,胡荣花.辽宁汉族人群9个短串联重复序列基因座的遗传多态性.临床输血与检验,2005,(03)：192-195.
32. 顾明波,杜庆新,黄玉立,等.中国内蒙古达斡尔族15个STR基因座的多态性.中国法医学杂志,2004,(03)：166-167.
33. 张贵芹,裴黎,马原,等.内蒙古汉族群体15个STR基因座遗传多态性.中国法医学杂志,2008,(04)：265-266.
34. 顾明波,杜庆新,黄玉立,等.中国布里亚特蒙古族人群15个STR基因座的遗传多态性.中国法医学杂志,2004,(04)：229-230.
35. 王占海,刘开会,布拉毛,等.青海地区藏族人群9个STR基因座的遗传多态性.中国法医学杂志,2004,(02)：100-101.
36. 郭燕霞,刘开会,常彩琴.青海地区回族人群9个STR基因座的遗传多态性.中国法医学杂志,2003,(04)：244-245.
37. 迟晓云,焦淑贤,胡彬,等.青岛地区汉族群体15个STR基因座遗传多态性.中国法医学杂志,2008,(05)：339-340.
38. 黄磊,姚桂法,孙庆东.山东地区人群9个STR基因座遗传多态性及频率调查.刑事技术,2002,(04)：23-24.
39. 吴元明,张晓楠,邹游,等.陕南地区汉族人群9个STR基因座遗传多态性研究.·第四军医大学学报,2008,(05)：388-390.
40. 宋兴勃,范红,李永生、等，四川汉族人群15个短串联重复序列基冈座遗传多态性分析.中国输血杂志.2009.(12)：981-986.
41. 刘孟男,聂同钢,杨智.天津地区朝鲜族9个STR基因座遗传多态性.刑事技术,2004.,(04)：23-25.
42. 匡金枝,聂同钢,刘孟男.天津地区汉族群体9个STR基因座的频率调查.中国法医学杂志,2002,(03)：151-152.
43. 李宁,苏玉虹,席焕久,等.拉萨市藏族人群15个STR基因座多态性的研究.遗传,2006,(11)：1361-1364.
44. 李宁,苏玉虹,席焕久,等.西藏藏族人群15个短串联重复序列基因座的遗传多态性.遗传,2008.(07)：851-856.
45. 李宁,苏玉虹,席焕久,等.西藏那曲地区藏族人群15个短串联重复序列位点多态性的研究.人类学学报,2007,(01)：70-76.
46. 李丽宏,王宏,武丽君.多级长皮带联合调速节能系统的设计.软件
47. 宋兴勃,陈鹏宇,应斌武,等.中国新疆维吾尔族群体15个STR基因座的遗传多态性.法医学杂志,2008.,(05)：349-350.
48. 匡金枝,张颖,阿不都艾尼.新疆维吾尔族15个STR基因座的遗传多态性.刑事技术,2004,(03)：14-17.
49. 赖江华,朱波峰,郑海波,等.云南白族STR遗传多态性研究.西安交通大学学报(医学版),2002.(03)：242-245.
50. 陈雁,朱宇宁。吕时铭.等.浙江省汉族人群18-STR基冈座的分型资料及其应用.中山大学学报(医学科学版),2010.(01)：122-128.
51. 张幼芳,兰樟彩.浙江畲族人群9个STR基因座的遗传多态性.刑事技术,2003,(04)：22-24.
52. 黄霞,王芳,王蓉感,等.重庆地区汉族人群15个STR基因座遗传多态性研究.重庆医学,2008,(01)：58-60.
53. 邓世雄,陈伟.重庆土家族群体15个STR基因座的遗传多态性.重庆医科大学学报,2009，(11)：1499-1502.
54. Nei M. Molecular evolutionary genetics.1987:220-221.
55. 陈文博.五种群体遗传学软件的比较.安徽农学通报,2009,15(008)：49-50.
56. 张建海.几个群体遗传学分析软件的使用.农业网络信息,2005,7：55-78.
57. 韦荣.几种常用生物分析软件的特点及其使用简介.生物技术通报,2003,(3)：30-34.
58. Saitou NN, M. The neighbor-joining method:a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol,1987,4(4):406-425.
59. 加娜尔.论新疆哈萨克族阿吾勒及其变迁.新疆社会科学(汉文版),2009,(2).
60. 杜若甫,L.L.Cavalli-Sforza.用38个基因座的基因频率计算中国人群间遗传距离.中国科学C辑：生命科学,1998,(01)：83-89.
61. 肖春杰,L. L. Cavalli-Sforza EM中国人群基因频率的主成分分析.中国科学C辑：生命科学,2000,(04)：434-442+449.
62. 姜先华,刘锋.法庭科学DNA数据库的建设与应用.中国法医学杂志, 2004.(01)：61-62.
63. 曾恩泉,谢英,吴松，等.我国法庭科学DNA数据库的建设与应用.川北医学院学报,2007,(06)：588-591.
[1]Darwin C. The origin of species.1937.
[2]吴新智.浅谈人类的起源与进化.大自然.2011.(1).
[3]宗占国.现代科学技术导论.2004.
[4]Clark JDB, Y. WoldeGabriel GH, W.K. Renne PRG, H. Defleur AS, G. Katoh SL, K.R. Stratigraphic, chronological and behavioural contexts of Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature.2003.423(6941):747-752.
[5]Wolpoff MHH, J. Frayer DWH, K. Modern human ancestry at the peripheries:a test of the replacement theory. Science.2001.291(5502):293-297.
[6]Wolpoff MHW, X. Thorne AG. Modern Homo sapiens origins:a general theory of hominid evolution involving the fossil evidence from East Asia. The origins of modern humans:a world survey of the fossil evidence.1984.6:411-483.
[7]DeGiorgio MJ, M. Rosenberg NA. Out of Africa: modern human origins special feature: explaining worldwide patterns of human genetic variation using a coalescent-based serial founder model of migration outward from Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2009. 106(38):16057.
[8]Venter JCA. M.D. Myers EWL. P.W. Mural RJS, G.G. Smith HOY, M. Evans CAH, R.A. The sequence of the human genome. Science's STKE.2001.291(5507):1304.
[9]苏畅.微测序技术分析人类单核苷酸多态性.生物技术.2003.(04)：36-38.
[10]Butler JM法分型.STR遗传标记的生物学,方法学及遗传学.2007.
[11]曾昭书,朱运良,杨静,李晓雯.法医个人识别检验中SNPs的选择及技术考量.中国法医学杂志.2009.(02)：110-112.
[12]Litt ML, J.A. A hypervariable microsatellite revealed by in vitro amplification of a dinucleotide repeat within the cardiac muscle actin gene. Am J Hum Genet.1989.44(3): 397.
[13]Edwards ALC, A. Hammond HAC, CT. DNA typing and genetic mapping with trimeric and tetrameric tandem repeats. American Journal of Human Genetics.1991.49(4):746.
[14]Hammond HAJ, L. Zhong YC, C.T. Chakraborty R. Evaluation of 13 short tandem repeat loci for use in personal identification applications. American Journal of Human Genetics. 1994.55(1):175.
[15]Fregeau CJB, KL Elliott JCR, JM Fourney RM. PCR-based DNA identification:a transition in forensic science. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Human Identification. Promega Corporation.1993:107-118.
[16]Alford RL, Hammond HA, Coto I, Caskey CT. Rapid and efficient resolution of parentage by amplification of short tandem repeats. Am J Hum Genet.1994.55(1):190-5.
[17]张建勋,乐晓萍,杨洋.朱运良.河南汉族人群6q24-25.1区域STR基因座的遗传多态 性.郑州大学学报(医学版).2011.(04)：566-568.
[18]曾恩泉,谢英,吴松,金波.我国法庭科学DNA数据库的建设与应用.川北医学院学报.2007.(06)：588-591.
[19]姜先华,刘锋.法庭科学DNA数据库的建设与应用.中国法医学杂志.2004.(01)：61-62.
[20]Ghebranious NV, D. Yu AZ, C. Marth GW, J. STRP screening sets for the human genome at 5 cM density. BMC Genomics.2003.4(1):6.
[21]Budowle BS, C.J. Concordance study on population database samples using the PowerPlex 16 kit and AmpFlSTR Profiler Plus kit and AmpFlSTR COfiler kit. J Forensic Sci.2001.46(3):637.
[22]黄书琴.河南汉族人群15个STR基因座的遗传多态性及其法医学应用研究.2010.
[23]ZHANG JJ, C. ZHAO X. Study on DNATyper-(TM) 15 Direct PCR Amplification Kit for paper type samples.
[24]WANG JH, Y. ZHANG QLU, Z. TANG HJ, Z. LIU Y. Validation test of domestic GoldenEye-(TM) 16BT kit. Journal of Xinxiang Medical College.2012.
[25]Guang-fa Z. Validation of AGCU 18 STR Loci Direct PCR Amplification Kit for samples spotted on filter papers or FTA-Cards [J]. Forensic Science and Technology.2010.3.
[26]宋丽君,刘建新,陈辉,李晓文.河南汉族人群9个Y染色体短串联重复序列单倍型遗传多态性.郑州大学学报(医学版).2011.(02)：225-227.
[27]Lander ESL, L.M. Birren BN, C. Zody MCB, J. Devon KD, K. Doyle MF, W. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature.2001.409(6822):860-921.
[28]Nei MT, N. The root of the phylogenetic tree of human populations. Mol Biol Evol.1996. 13(1):170-177.
[29]俞建昆,钱亚屏,史磊,初正韬,林克勤,黄薇.应用 30个常染色体STR位点研究中国6个民族群体的遗传关系.遗传学报.2001.(08)：699-706.
[30]程良红,魏天莉.中国南方汉族人群STR位点遗传多态性研究及其在亲子鉴定中的应用.临床输血与检验.2003.(01)：12-15.
[31]区采莹.从Y染色体遗传结构看海南仡隆人群的起源.中国的遗传学研究——遗传学进步推动中国西部经济与社会发展——2011年中国遗传学会大会论文摘要汇编.2011.
[32]侯伟光.山东汉族17个Y染色体STR遗传多态性调查及姓氏渊源研究.2011.
2. Bacher JS, J.W. Development of highly polymorphic pentanucleotide tandem repeat loci with low stutter. Profiles in DNA.1998.2(2):3.
3. Sprecher CJP, C. Lins AMS, J.W. General approach to analysis of polymorphic short tandem repeat loci. Biotechniques.1996.20(2):266-277.
4. 苏北海.哈萨克族文化史.1989.
5. 佟林清.哈萨克族历史与文化.1998.
6. 冯瑞.哈萨克族民族过程研究.2004.
7. 加娜尔.论新疆哈萨克族阿吾勒及其变迁.新疆社会科学(汉文版).2009.(2).
8. 赵一鸣.医学伦理学：医学研究中不可回避的问题.中华医学杂志.2005.(06)：68-70.
9. 段海燕,黄萍.四种方法获取DNA用于检测IL-1基因多态性的比较分析.华西口腔医学杂志.2001.(01)：11-13.
10Sambrook JR, D.W.分子克隆实验指南精编版.2008.
11Butler JM法医DNA分型.STR遗传标记的生物学,方法学及遗传学.2007：90.107.
12. 赵方,蔡贵庆Modified-Powerstates软件在法医生物统计中应用.中国法医学杂志.2003.(05)：297-298+312.
13. Guo SWT, E.A. Performing the exact test of Hardy-Weinberg proportion for multiple alleles. Biometrics.1992:361-372:
14. Wigginton JEC, DJ. Abecasis GR. A note on exact tests of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The American Journal of Human Genetics.2005.76(5):887-893.
15. 余梅贵Identifier体系在亲子鉴定中的应用分析.重庆医学.2007.36(21)：2137-2139.
16. 郑小婷.3种常用PCR扩增试剂盒检验血样DNA的结果比较.中国法医学杂志.2006.21(4)：203-207.
17. 金敏贵.3种国产化试剂盒与Identifiler TM试剂盒检验结果比较.中国法医学杂志.2011.26(1)：45-47.
18. 林源Identifier和Sinofiler试剂盒在亲权鉴定中的应用与评估.中国司法鉴定.2008.(001)：40-41.
19. 侯一平.人类短串联重复序列VWA基因座的群体遗传学研究.中华医学遗传学杂志.1996.13(2)：65-69.
20. Gill P, Urquhart A, Millican E, et al. A new method of STR interpretation using inferential logic--development of a criminal intelligence database. Int J Legal Med.1996.109(1): 14-22.
21. 陈健刚,付志敏,石鸣,张建忠,史继伟,张丽萍.新疆阿勒泰地区哈萨克族人群15个STR基因座的遗传多态性.重庆医学.2011.(35)：3545-3547.
22. 姜先华,刘锋.法庭科学DNA数据库的建设与应用.中国法医学杂志.2004.(01)：61-62.
23. 曾恩泉,谢英,吴松,金波.我国法庭科学DNA数据库的建设与应用.川北医学院学报.2007.(06)：588-591.
1. 李宁,朱宝琴.人类基因组中短串联重复序列的研究及应用现状.锦州医学院学报，2004,(05)：61-64.
2. 常青.分子进化研究中系统发生树的重建.生物多样性，1998,(01)：55-62.
3. 李建伏,郭茂祖.系统发生树构建技术综述.电子学报,2006,(11)：2047-2052.
4. 赵一鸣.医学伦理学：医学研究中不可回避的问题.中华医学杂志,2005.(06)：68-70.
5. Guo SW, Thompson EA. Performing the exact test of Hardy-Weinberg proportion for multiple alleles. Biometrics,1992,48(2):361-72.
6. Liu H, Hu Y. [Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in genetic epidemiology]. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban,2010,35(1):90-3.
7. Saitou N, Nei M. The neighbor-joining method:a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol,1987,4(4):406-25.
8. 杨玉玲,王冬花,陈玲,等.安徽汉族人群15个STR基因座遗传多态性.法医学杂志,2007.,(01)：36-38.
9. 程祖建,林寿榕.福建汉族人群STR位点遗传多态性分析及其在亲子鉴定中的应用.福建医药杂志.2005,(01)：117-119.
10. 吴德清,刘静文.徐小虎，等.闽南地区汉族人群15个STR基因座遗传多态性调查.中国法医学杂忠,2005,(02)：101-102.
11. 刘超,朱少建,李发贵.广东广西地区5个群体9个STR基因座的频率调查.中国法医学杂志,2002,(05)：263-266.
12. 吴小洁，刘超,贾霄.广东省瑶族人群15个STR基因座的多态性调查.刑事技术,2005,(02)：6-8.
13. 杨电,王穗保,李越,等.广西地区京族人群9个STR基因座遗传多态性.中国法医学杂志,2002,(03)：153-154.
14. 周丽宁,李松峰,徐林,等.广西环江县毛南族九个短串联重复序列基因座的遗传学分析.人类学学报,2007,(03)：264-269.
15. 徐林,李松峰,邓琼英,等.广西毛南族群体15个短串联重复序列的遗传学研究.广西医科大学学报,2007,(02)：180-183.
16. 周丽宁,覃耀春,徐林,等.FGA等15个短串联重复序列在融水县苗族群体中的遗传学分析.解剖学报,2008,(05)：683-687.
17. 刘超,刘长晖,李发贵.广西苗族人群15个STR基因座的多态性调查.法医学杂志,2003,(04)：204-206.
18. 杨电,刘长晖,朱少建.广西地区3个群体15个STR基因座频率多态性.中国法医学杂志,2002,,(S 1)：24-26.
19. 高放,李生斌.中国瑶族人群(广西)9个STR基因多态性研究.遗传,2002,(05)：537-538.
20. 唐秋萍,杨向萍,章雅清.海南地区汉族15个STR基因座群体遗传学研究.中国输血 杂志,2010.(06)：445-448.
21. 金鑫,姜成涛,涂政.等.海南黎族群体14个STR基因座遗传多态性.中国法医学杂志,2007,(06)：403-404.
22. 张艳霞,李爱强,赵丽,等.河北地区汉族群体19个STR基因座的遗传多态性.刑事技术,2011,(02)：48-50.
23. 裴黎,张贵芹,丛斌,等.河北汉族人群15个STR基因座的遗传多态性.河北医科大学学报,2008,(03)：455-457.
24. 李霞,李杰,刘芳.湖北汉族群体9个STR位点遗传多态性分析.武汉大学学报(医学版),2003,(04)：307-311.
25. 易少华,杨荣芝,梅焜,等.湖北汉族人群15个STR基因座的遗传多态性.华中科技大学学报(医学版),2010,(01)：91-93.
26. 王翔,蔡继峰,钟鸣,等.湖南石门土家族人群15个STR基因座遗传多态性.法医学杂志,2010,(03)：214-215.
27. 徐庆,高金林,裴军昌,等.江苏泰州地区汉族人群9个STR基因座的遗传多态性.刑事技术,2008,(02)：59.
28. 王军,邢锦山.连云港地区汉族人群15个STR基因座的遗传多态性.苏州大学学报(医学版),2010,(02)：333-335.
29. 孙耀东,李健,陈月勇,等.盐城地区汉族人群15个STR基因座的遗传多态性.中国法医学杂志,2006,(04)：235-236.
30. 周文斌,裴君.江两汉族人群15个STR基因座的多态性调查.法律与医学杂志,2006,(01)：53-54.
31. 梁晓华,胡荣花.辽宁汉族人群9个短串联重复序列基因座的遗传多态性.临床输血与检验,2005,(03)：192-195.
32. 顾明波,杜庆新,黄玉立,等.中国内蒙古达斡尔族15个STR基因座的多态性.中国法医学杂志,2004,(03)：166-167.
33. 张贵芹,裴黎,马原,等.内蒙古汉族群体15个STR基因座遗传多态性.中国法医学杂志,2008,(04)：265-266.
34. 顾明波,杜庆新,黄玉立,等.中国布里亚特蒙古族人群15个STR基因座的遗传多态性.中国法医学杂志,2004,(04)：229-230.
35. 王占海,刘开会,布拉毛,等.青海地区藏族人群9个STR基因座的遗传多态性.中国法医学杂志,2004,(02)：100-101.
36. 郭燕霞,刘开会,常彩琴.青海地区回族人群9个STR基因座的遗传多态性.中国法医学杂志,2003,(04)：244-245.
37. 迟晓云,焦淑贤,胡彬,等.青岛地区汉族群体15个STR基因座遗传多态性.中国法医学杂志,2008,(05)：339-340.
38. 黄磊,姚桂法,孙庆东.山东地区人群9个STR基因座遗传多态性及频率调查.刑事技术,2002,(04)：23-24.
39. 吴元明,张晓楠,邹游,等.陕南地区汉族人群9个STR基因座遗传多态性研究.·第四军医大学学报,2008,(05)：388-390.
40. 宋兴勃,范红,李永生、等，四川汉族人群15个短串联重复序列基冈座遗传多态性分析.中国输血杂志.2009.(12)：981-986.
41. 刘孟男,聂同钢,杨智.天津地区朝鲜族9个STR基因座遗传多态性.刑事技术,2004.,(04)：23-25.
42. 匡金枝,聂同钢,刘孟男.天津地区汉族群体9个STR基因座的频率调查.中国法医学杂志,2002,(03)：151-152.
43. 李宁,苏玉虹,席焕久,等.拉萨市藏族人群15个STR基因座多态性的研究.遗传,2006,(11)：1361-1364.
44. 李宁,苏玉虹,席焕久,等.西藏藏族人群15个短串联重复序列基因座的遗传多态性.遗传,2008.(07)：851-856.
45. 李宁,苏玉虹,席焕久,等.西藏那曲地区藏族人群15个短串联重复序列位点多态性的研究.人类学学报,2007,(01)：70-76.
46. 李丽宏,王宏,武丽君.多级长皮带联合调速节能系统的设计.软件
47. 宋兴勃,陈鹏宇,应斌武,等.中国新疆维吾尔族群体15个STR基因座的遗传多态性.法医学杂志,2008.,(05)：349-350.
48. 匡金枝,张颖,阿不都艾尼.新疆维吾尔族15个STR基因座的遗传多态性.刑事技术,2004,(03)：14-17.
49. 赖江华,朱波峰,郑海波,等.云南白族STR遗传多态性研究.西安交通大学学报(医学版),2002.(03)：242-245.
50. 陈雁,朱宇宁。吕时铭.等.浙江省汉族人群18-STR基冈座的分型资料及其应用.中山大学学报(医学科学版),2010.(01)：122-128.
51. 张幼芳,兰樟彩.浙江畲族人群9个STR基因座的遗传多态性.刑事技术,2003,(04)：22-24.
52. 黄霞,王芳,王蓉感,等.重庆地区汉族人群15个STR基因座遗传多态性研究.重庆医学,2008,(01)：58-60.
53. 邓世雄,陈伟.重庆土家族群体15个STR基因座的遗传多态性.重庆医科大学学报,2009，(11)：1499-1502.
54. Nei M. Molecular evolutionary genetics.1987:220-221.
55. 陈文博.五种群体遗传学软件的比较.安徽农学通报,2009,15(008)：49-50.
56. 张建海.几个群体遗传学分析软件的使用.农业网络信息,2005,7：55-78.
57. 韦荣.几种常用生物分析软件的特点及其使用简介.生物技术通报,2003,(3)：30-34.
58. Saitou NN, M. The neighbor-joining method:a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol,1987,4(4):406-425.
59. 加娜尔.论新疆哈萨克族阿吾勒及其变迁.新疆社会科学(汉文版),2009,(2).
60. 杜若甫,L.L.Cavalli-Sforza.用38个基因座的基因频率计算中国人群间遗传距离.中国科学C辑：生命科学,1998,(01)：83-89.
61. 肖春杰,L. L. Cavalli-Sforza EM中国人群基因频率的主成分分析.中国科学C辑：生命科学,2000,(04)：434-442+449.
62. 姜先华,刘锋.法庭科学DNA数据库的建设与应用.中国法医学杂志, 2004.(01)：61-62.
63. 曾恩泉,谢英,吴松，等.我国法庭科学DNA数据库的建设与应用.川北医学院学报,2007,(06)：588-591.
[1]Darwin C. The origin of species.1937.
[2]吴新智.浅谈人类的起源与进化.大自然.2011.(1).
[3]宗占国.现代科学技术导论.2004.
[4]Clark JDB, Y. WoldeGabriel GH, W.K. Renne PRG, H. Defleur AS, G. Katoh SL, K.R. Stratigraphic, chronological and behavioural contexts of Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature.2003.423(6941):747-752.
[5]Wolpoff MHH, J. Frayer DWH, K. Modern human ancestry at the peripheries:a test of the replacement theory. Science.2001.291(5502):293-297.
[6]Wolpoff MHW, X. Thorne AG. Modern Homo sapiens origins:a general theory of hominid evolution involving the fossil evidence from East Asia. The origins of modern humans:a world survey of the fossil evidence.1984.6:411-483.
[7]DeGiorgio MJ, M. Rosenberg NA. Out of Africa: modern human origins special feature: explaining worldwide patterns of human genetic variation using a coalescent-based serial founder model of migration outward from Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2009. 106(38):16057.
[8]Venter JCA. M.D. Myers EWL. P.W. Mural RJS, G.G. Smith HOY, M. Evans CAH, R.A. The sequence of the human genome. Science's STKE.2001.291(5507):1304.
[9]苏畅.微测序技术分析人类单核苷酸多态性.生物技术.2003.(04)：36-38.
[10]Butler JM法分型.STR遗传标记的生物学,方法学及遗传学.2007.
[11]曾昭书,朱运良,杨静,李晓雯.法医个人识别检验中SNPs的选择及技术考量.中国法医学杂志.2009.(02)：110-112.
[12]Litt ML, J.A. A hypervariable microsatellite revealed by in vitro amplification of a dinucleotide repeat within the cardiac muscle actin gene. Am J Hum Genet.1989.44(3): 397.
[13]Edwards ALC, A. Hammond HAC, CT. DNA typing and genetic mapping with trimeric and tetrameric tandem repeats. American Journal of Human Genetics.1991.49(4):746.
[14]Hammond HAJ, L. Zhong YC, C.T. Chakraborty R. Evaluation of 13 short tandem repeat loci for use in personal identification applications. American Journal of Human Genetics. 1994.55(1):175.
[15]Fregeau CJB, KL Elliott JCR, JM Fourney RM. PCR-based DNA identification:a transition in forensic science. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Human Identification. Promega Corporation.1993:107-118.
[16]Alford RL, Hammond HA, Coto I, Caskey CT. Rapid and efficient resolution of parentage by amplification of short tandem repeats. Am J Hum Genet.1994.55(1):190-5.
[17]张建勋,乐晓萍,杨洋.朱运良.河南汉族人群6q24-25.1区域STR基因座的遗传多态 性.郑州大学学报(医学版).2011.(04)：566-568.
[18]曾恩泉,谢英,吴松,金波.我国法庭科学DNA数据库的建设与应用.川北医学院学报.2007.(06)：588-591.
[19]姜先华,刘锋.法庭科学DNA数据库的建设与应用.中国法医学杂志.2004.(01)：61-62.
[20]Ghebranious NV, D. Yu AZ, C. Marth GW, J. STRP screening sets for the human genome at 5 cM density. BMC Genomics.2003.4(1):6.
[21]Budowle BS, C.J. Concordance study on population database samples using the PowerPlex 16 kit and AmpFlSTR Profiler Plus kit and AmpFlSTR COfiler kit. J Forensic Sci.2001.46(3):637.
[22]黄书琴.河南汉族人群15个STR基因座的遗传多态性及其法医学应用研究.2010.
[23]ZHANG JJ, C. ZHAO X. Study on DNATyper-(TM) 15 Direct PCR Amplification Kit for paper type samples.
[24]WANG JH, Y. ZHANG QLU, Z. TANG HJ, Z. LIU Y. Validation test of domestic GoldenEye-(TM) 16BT kit. Journal of Xinxiang Medical College.2012.
[25]Guang-fa Z. Validation of AGCU 18 STR Loci Direct PCR Amplification Kit for samples spotted on filter papers or FTA-Cards [J]. Forensic Science and Technology.2010.3.
[26]宋丽君,刘建新,陈辉,李晓文.河南汉族人群9个Y染色体短串联重复序列单倍型遗传多态性.郑州大学学报(医学版).2011.(02)：225-227.
[27]Lander ESL, L.M. Birren BN, C. Zody MCB, J. Devon KD, K. Doyle MF, W. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature.2001.409(6822):860-921.
[28]Nei MT, N. The root of the phylogenetic tree of human populations. Mol Biol Evol.1996. 13(1):170-177.
[29]俞建昆,钱亚屏,史磊,初正韬,林克勤,黄薇.应用 30个常染色体STR位点研究中国6个民族群体的遗传关系.遗传学报.2001.(08)：699-706.
[30]程良红,魏天莉.中国南方汉族人群STR位点遗传多态性研究及其在亲子鉴定中的应用.临床输血与检验.2003.(01)：12-15.
[31]区采莹.从Y染色体遗传结构看海南仡隆人群的起源.中国的遗传学研究——遗传学进步推动中国西部经济与社会发展——2011年中国遗传学会大会论文摘要汇编.2011.
[32]侯伟光.山东汉族17个Y染色体STR遗传多态性调查及姓氏渊源研究.2011.