三峡库区移民就业及相关影响因素研究
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摘要
互峡工程是一项举世嘱目的伟大工程,是治理开发与保护长江的关键性工程,在1992-2009年的17年间,搬迁了城市和县城12座、集镇114座,搬迁安置移民124.55万人,三峡库区移民成为了我国历史上最大规模的水利工程移民。经过十几年有计划有步骤的开发性移民,三峡库区移民安置任务得到较好完成,百万移民“搬得出”目标基本实现,“稳得住”工作初见成效,“逐步能致富”开始起步。虽然三峡库区移民搬迁安置和后期扶持工作取得了巨大成就,但由于三峡库区人多地少的基础性矛盾突出、生态环境约束性较强,三峡工程建设淹没大量库区土地及大规模移民迁建占地,使库区人多地少的矛盾更加突出,影响三峡库区移民安稳致富和区域生态环境安全及可持续发展。百万移民的安稳致富问题,不仅仅在于安置与补偿,在移民自身的发展过程中,其就业生计问题也逐渐引起了重视。本文以此为基点,选择了三峡库区移民就业问题作为研究对象,希望通过理论和实证研究,对影响库区移民就业的因素及其之间相互关系做出分析,进一步推进对水利水电工程移民就业问题的研究,为政府制定促进三峡库区移民就业政策提供指导。
从现实层面看,目前部分三峡库区移民搬迁安置后处于就业不稳定状态,就业问题已成为影响库区社会稳定的重要因素。一般而言,劳动就业不够充分问题在经济转轨、社会转型发展过程中虽是正常情况,但对三峡库区而言,确有其特殊背景和一些突出困难：
(1)搬迁安置后的移民,因受生产条件改变、经济格局调整和搬迁工矿企业破产关闭等方面影响,在新的安置区和新的生产条件下,原有的生产技能、职业技术和经营能力基本作用不大,甚至丧失作用,亟需改进其就业能力、生产技能,才能尽快恢复其生计。
(2)三峡水库是国家重要的战略淡水资源库,为适应保护水库生态环境的新要求,库区经济发展方式、产业结构必须进行战略性调整,库区移民就业能力和就业索质必须与之相适应,才能避免出现结构性失业。
(3)移民受教育程度普遍偏低,文化素质不高,就业能力弱,已成为劳动力市场就业困难群体,失业率较高,成为社会就业异常关注的群体。
(4)实现百万移民群众安稳致富,除立足本地开发就业岗位外,还需鼓励劳动力向库区外转移就业,但其就业能力显然不能适应全国劳动力市场竞争需要。
从理论层面看,影响就业的因索很多,许多学者研究了这些因素对就业的影响机理,但具体到三峡库区这个特殊区域中,产生结构、技术进步、公共投资、人力资本和社会资本等影响就业的主要因素与移民就业关系如何,是值得探讨的问题。研究成果将可以为就业理论和非农就业理论库区发展提供有力支持。
本文在既定的目标下,使用理论分析、实证分析、问卷调查等研究方法,从就业的供给层面和需求层面,对产业结构、技术进步、公共投资、人力资本和社会资本这五个因索与移民就业之间的关系展开分析,其主要内容如下：
第一部分：导论。本部分主要介绍研究背景、研究意义、提出需要解决的问题,设定研究路线,选择研究方法,安排全文的结构和内容。
第二部分：文献综述与理论基础。本部分根据研究设定,首先回顾了就业影响因素、劳动力流动就业与水电工程移民就业的国内外研究现状；之后对一般就业理论、非农就业理论、人力资本理论和社会资本理论进行了简介。
第三部分：三峡库区移民就业供给面影响机理。本部分主要分析技术进步、产业结构与公共投资对移民就业的影响效应,对就业规模和就业结构的影响机理
第四部分：三峡库区移民就业需求面影响机理。本部分主要分析人力资本与社会资本在移民非农就业中,如何对就业规模、就业结构产生影响,如何通过就业机会、信息能力、就业适应能力、就业收益能力等方面,影响移民的就业效果。
第五部分：供给面移民就业效应实证分析。通过相关计量经济学方法,使用反映技术进步、产业结构和公共投资等变量,综合分析供给面移民的就业效应。分析供给面影响三峡库区移民就业的主要因素及其相互关系。
第六部分：需求面移民就业效应实证分析。通过相关计量经济学方法，使用反映人力资本和社会资本等变量,综合分析需求面移民的就业效应。分析需求面影响三峡库区移民就业的主要因素及其相互关系。
第七部分：移民就业政策体系完善。综合需求面和供给面实证分析结论,提出一个完善的三峡库区移民就业政策体系。
第八部分：结论及展望。本章首先概括本文的主要研究结论,然后指出本研究的不足之处,及进一步研究的方向。
通过研究认为：
(1)产业结构和就业人数之间存在协整关系,产业结构通过收入水平变动、总产出变动和技术变动影响就业结构。产业结构系数提高1%,三峡库区就业量相应增加0.0375%,其中第二产业就业量相应增加1.61%,第三产业就业量相应增加2.193%。说明随着产业结构的升值,即随着第二、三产业产值比重的上升,将会为三峡库区带来更多的就业机会,带动三峡库区就业人数的增长。
(2)技术进步和就业人数之间存在相关关系,技术进步通过产业结构、资本有机构成和提升劳动力素质影响就业。技术进步系数提高1%,第一产业就业量就相应减少0.373%,第二产业就业量就相应增加0.2525%,第三产业就业量就相应约增加0.02%。研究表明技术进步促进第二、三产业劳动就业人数增加,但第二、三产业的劳动就业不能促进库区技术进步。技术进步使得各产业的分配更趋于合理化,随着第二、三产业的飞速发展,它们对劳动力的需求也将进一步加大,这将吸引更多的第一产业中的剩余劳动力转移。技术进步促进第一产业从业人数的比重减少。
(3)公共投资通过生产扩张效应和乘数效应影响就业。投资静态投资增加1%,第二产业就业量就相应增加0.8586%,第三产业就业量就相应约增加0.083%。工程投资促进第二、三产业劳动就业人数增加。工程投资使得各产业的分配更趋于合理化,可以加快库区第二、三产业的飞速发展,它们对劳动力的需求也将进一步加大。
(4)要吸引更多的移民劳动力到非农业部门就业,应该从年青人开始入手。因为越年青越有可能被吸引到非农业部门就业。随着年龄的增长,劳动力从事非农业的概率呈现出逐渐下降的趋势。
(5)劳动力的受教育程度明显影响劳动力的就业。受教育程度越高越容易到非农业部门就业,对移民家庭来说,让子女接受更多的学校教育有利与移民子女在非农业部门就业,从而有利于就业结构的转变。
(6)家庭收入构成中,从事农业生产经营收入显然不利于劳动力到非农业部门就业,这足因为农夜收入偏低导致的推力作用。从事农业生产尽管能解决家庭的温饱,但无法让大多数家庭致富。只有事非农业,来自非农业的收入要高于从事农业生产的收入,才有可能让家庭走上致富的道路。
Three gorges project is a remarkable great project, is the management development and protect the river key project, in1992～2009years of17years, move the city and county12seat, town114seats, moving and settling immigration1.2455million people, three gorges reservoir immigrants became the our country history the most large-scale water conservancy project immigration. After more than ten years of reference.in order to developmental resettlement, three gorges reservoir resettlement task to get a good finish, millions of immigrants "move that" target basic realization,"stability have to live" work wins initial success,"gradually to get rich" beginning.
Although the three gorges reservoir area migration resettlement migration resettlement and support in the later stage work have made great achievements in certain achievements, but due to the three gorges reservoir area many people and little land the basic contradiction is prominent, the ecological environment binding force is stronger, the three gorges project construction large flooded area of land and large-scale popularized cover, make the contradiction between human and land more prominent, the influence of the three gorges reservoir area and immigration rich and regional ecological environment security and cocoa sustainable development is an important issue. Millions of immigrants to get rich and problem, not only lies in the relocation and compensation, in immigration own development process, its employment livelihood problems also gradually aroused attention. This paper, taking this as the base, choose be able to three gorges reservoir immigrant employment problem as the research target. Object, hope that through theoretical and empirical analysis, the impact of the immigrant employment relationship between factors and make analysis, further to hydropower engineering immigrant employment of research, to promote the government formulated three gorges reservoir immigrant employment policy provide guidance.
From a practical level, the present part of the three gorges reservoir area after migration resettlement in insufficient employment, employment unstable state, the problem of employment has become the social stability of the important influence factors. Generally speaking, the labor employment enough problems in economic transition, in the process of the development of social transformation is the normal situation, but in three gorges reservoir area is concerned, has its special background and some prominent problems:
(1) Removal after placement of immigrants, due to production conditions change, economic structure adjustment and removal industrial and mining enterprises bankruptcy closed, etc., influenced, in the new resettlement area, the new production conditions, the original production skills, professional technology and management ability is the basic function, and even loss of function, it is urgent to improve its employment ability, production skills, to regain their livelihood as soon as possible.
(2) Of the three gorges reservoir is the important national strategy fresh water resource, in order to adapt to protect reservoir ecological environment the new requirements, the mode of economic development, industrial structure must be strategic adjustment, the immigrant employment ability and the employment quality must be in conformity with, can avoid structural unemployment.
(3) Immigration by education degree low common, the cultural quality is not high, employment ability is weak, has become the Labour market employment difficult groups, high unemployment, become social employment anomaly concern group.
(4) Realize the millions of immigrants and to become rich, except based on local development jobs outside, still need to encourage the labor force to transfer the employment, but the employment ability obviously can not adapt to the national labor market competition needs.
From the theoretical level, the influence factors of employment, many scholars have studied the factors affecting employment mechanism. But the specific to the three gorges reservoir area this special area, the industrial structure, technical progress, public investment, human capital and social capital these influence factors of employment, and immigration of obtain employment relations how, is worthy of discussion. Research results will be able to obtain employment theory and non-agricultural employment theory reservoir development to provide strong support.
Based on the established goals, the use of theoretical analysis and empirical analysis, questionnaire investigation, research methods, from the supply of employment level and demand level, on the industrial structure and technical progress, public investment, human capital and social capital these five factors and immigrants, the paper analyses the relationship between the employment, the main content is as follows:
The first part:introduction. This part mainly introduces the research background, the research significance, puts forward the problems need to be solved, set research route, choose the research methods, for the arrangement of the full text of the structure and content.
The second part:literature review and theoretical basis. In this part, according to the set, the first reviews the factors affecting employment, labor employment and hydropower project immigrant employment research status at home and abroad; After the general theory of employment, non-agricultural employment theory, human capital theory and social capital theory introduction.
The third part:the three gorges reservoir immigrant employment supply side effect mechanism. This part mainly analyzes the technological progress, industrial structure and public investment to immigrant employment effect, the employment scale and the employment structure, the influence mechanism.
The fourth part:the three gorges reservoir immigrant employment demand side effect mechanism. This part mainly analyzes the human capital and social capital in the immigration non-agricultural employment, how to obtain employment scale, the employment structure effect, how to pass the employment opportunity, information ability, employment adaptation ability, employment income ability, influence immigration employment effect.
The fifth part:supply side immigrant employment effect the empirical analysis. Through the relevant econometric methods, and use reflect technological progress, industrial structure and public investment related variables, comprehensive analysis supply side immigrant employment effect. Analysis supply side effect of three gorges reservoir immigrant employment main factors and their relationship.
The sixth part:demand side immigrant employment effect the empirical analysis. A related econometric methods, and use reflect human capital and social capital related variables, comprehensive analysis of demand side immigrant employment effect. Analysis of demand side effects of three gorges reservoir immigrant employment main factors and their relationship.
The seventh part:immigrant employment policy system. Comprehensive demand side and supply side empirical analysis conclusion, put forward a perfect three system reservoir immigrant employment policy system.
The eighth Part:conclusion and prospect. This chapter first summarized the main research conclusions, and then points out that the study of the deficiencies, and further research direction.
Through the research that:
(1) industry structure and employment there is a cointegration relationship between, the industrial structure through the income level change, output change and technology changes affect the employment structure. The industrial structure coefficient increased by1%, the three gorges reservoir area employment increase0.0375%, among them the second industry employment increase1.61%, the third industry employment increase2.193%. Explain with industrial structure of appreciation, namely as the second and third industry output value proportion, the rise of the will for the three gorges reservoir area bring more employment opportunities, driving the three gorges reservoir area employment growth.
(2) technology progress and employment there is relationship between, technical progress through the industrial structure, capital organic composition and promoting of labor force quality affect the job. Technical progress factor is increased by1%, the first industry employment is less0.373%, the second industry employment will increase0.2525%, the third industry employment is the corresponding about increased by0.02%. Research shows that technological progress to promote the second and third industry labor employment increase, but the second and third industry labor employment can promote the technology progress. Technical progress makes the distribution of each industry tend to be more reasonable, as the second and third industry's rapid development, they are of the demand for labor in the also will further increase, it will attract more the first industry of surplus labor transfer. Technological progress to promote the first industry of employees to reduce the proportion of.
(3) public investment through the production expansion effect and multiplier effect influence employment. Investment static investment increased by1%, the second industry employment will increase0.8586%, the third industry employment is the corresponding about increased by0.083%. Engineering investment promotion in the second and third industries employment increased, but the second and third industry labor employment can't promote three gorges reservoir engineering investment. Engineering investment makes the distribution of each industry tend to be more reasonable, can speed up the second and third industry's rapid development, they are of the demand for labor in the also will further increase.
(4) to attract more immigrant labor to non-agricultural department obtain employment, should from the young man starts. Because the young are more likely to be attracted to the non-agricultural sector. As the growth of the age, the probability of labor engaged in non-agricultural revealed a trend of gradual decline.
(5) the labor force by the education degree significantly affect the labor employment. The higher level of education by the easier to non-agricultural sector, the immigrant families, let children accept more school education to the children of immigrants in the non-agricultural sector, so as to facilitate the change of employment structure.
(6) the family income composition, engaged in agricultural production and operation income obviously against labor to non-agricultural sector, this is because agricultural income is low in thrust. Engaged in agricultural production and although can solve the food and clothing of the family, but can't get rich family. Only engaged in non-agricultural, from nonagricultural income than engaged in agricultural production and income, it will be possible to let family on the way of getting rich.
从现实层面看,目前部分三峡库区移民搬迁安置后处于就业不稳定状态,就业问题已成为影响库区社会稳定的重要因素。一般而言,劳动就业不够充分问题在经济转轨、社会转型发展过程中虽是正常情况,但对三峡库区而言,确有其特殊背景和一些突出困难：
(1)搬迁安置后的移民,因受生产条件改变、经济格局调整和搬迁工矿企业破产关闭等方面影响,在新的安置区和新的生产条件下,原有的生产技能、职业技术和经营能力基本作用不大,甚至丧失作用,亟需改进其就业能力、生产技能,才能尽快恢复其生计。
(2)三峡水库是国家重要的战略淡水资源库,为适应保护水库生态环境的新要求,库区经济发展方式、产业结构必须进行战略性调整,库区移民就业能力和就业索质必须与之相适应,才能避免出现结构性失业。
(3)移民受教育程度普遍偏低,文化素质不高,就业能力弱,已成为劳动力市场就业困难群体,失业率较高,成为社会就业异常关注的群体。
(4)实现百万移民群众安稳致富,除立足本地开发就业岗位外,还需鼓励劳动力向库区外转移就业,但其就业能力显然不能适应全国劳动力市场竞争需要。
从理论层面看,影响就业的因索很多,许多学者研究了这些因素对就业的影响机理,但具体到三峡库区这个特殊区域中,产生结构、技术进步、公共投资、人力资本和社会资本等影响就业的主要因素与移民就业关系如何,是值得探讨的问题。研究成果将可以为就业理论和非农就业理论库区发展提供有力支持。
本文在既定的目标下,使用理论分析、实证分析、问卷调查等研究方法,从就业的供给层面和需求层面,对产业结构、技术进步、公共投资、人力资本和社会资本这五个因索与移民就业之间的关系展开分析,其主要内容如下：
第一部分：导论。本部分主要介绍研究背景、研究意义、提出需要解决的问题,设定研究路线,选择研究方法,安排全文的结构和内容。
第二部分：文献综述与理论基础。本部分根据研究设定,首先回顾了就业影响因素、劳动力流动就业与水电工程移民就业的国内外研究现状；之后对一般就业理论、非农就业理论、人力资本理论和社会资本理论进行了简介。
第三部分：三峡库区移民就业供给面影响机理。本部分主要分析技术进步、产业结构与公共投资对移民就业的影响效应,对就业规模和就业结构的影响机理
第四部分：三峡库区移民就业需求面影响机理。本部分主要分析人力资本与社会资本在移民非农就业中,如何对就业规模、就业结构产生影响,如何通过就业机会、信息能力、就业适应能力、就业收益能力等方面,影响移民的就业效果。
第五部分：供给面移民就业效应实证分析。通过相关计量经济学方法,使用反映技术进步、产业结构和公共投资等变量,综合分析供给面移民的就业效应。分析供给面影响三峡库区移民就业的主要因素及其相互关系。
第六部分：需求面移民就业效应实证分析。通过相关计量经济学方法，使用反映人力资本和社会资本等变量,综合分析需求面移民的就业效应。分析需求面影响三峡库区移民就业的主要因素及其相互关系。
第七部分：移民就业政策体系完善。综合需求面和供给面实证分析结论,提出一个完善的三峡库区移民就业政策体系。
第八部分：结论及展望。本章首先概括本文的主要研究结论,然后指出本研究的不足之处,及进一步研究的方向。
通过研究认为：
(1)产业结构和就业人数之间存在协整关系,产业结构通过收入水平变动、总产出变动和技术变动影响就业结构。产业结构系数提高1%,三峡库区就业量相应增加0.0375%,其中第二产业就业量相应增加1.61%,第三产业就业量相应增加2.193%。说明随着产业结构的升值,即随着第二、三产业产值比重的上升,将会为三峡库区带来更多的就业机会,带动三峡库区就业人数的增长。
(2)技术进步和就业人数之间存在相关关系,技术进步通过产业结构、资本有机构成和提升劳动力素质影响就业。技术进步系数提高1%,第一产业就业量就相应减少0.373%,第二产业就业量就相应增加0.2525%,第三产业就业量就相应约增加0.02%。研究表明技术进步促进第二、三产业劳动就业人数增加,但第二、三产业的劳动就业不能促进库区技术进步。技术进步使得各产业的分配更趋于合理化,随着第二、三产业的飞速发展,它们对劳动力的需求也将进一步加大,这将吸引更多的第一产业中的剩余劳动力转移。技术进步促进第一产业从业人数的比重减少。
(3)公共投资通过生产扩张效应和乘数效应影响就业。投资静态投资增加1%,第二产业就业量就相应增加0.8586%,第三产业就业量就相应约增加0.083%。工程投资促进第二、三产业劳动就业人数增加。工程投资使得各产业的分配更趋于合理化,可以加快库区第二、三产业的飞速发展,它们对劳动力的需求也将进一步加大。
(4)要吸引更多的移民劳动力到非农业部门就业,应该从年青人开始入手。因为越年青越有可能被吸引到非农业部门就业。随着年龄的增长,劳动力从事非农业的概率呈现出逐渐下降的趋势。
(5)劳动力的受教育程度明显影响劳动力的就业。受教育程度越高越容易到非农业部门就业,对移民家庭来说,让子女接受更多的学校教育有利与移民子女在非农业部门就业,从而有利于就业结构的转变。
(6)家庭收入构成中,从事农业生产经营收入显然不利于劳动力到非农业部门就业,这足因为农夜收入偏低导致的推力作用。从事农业生产尽管能解决家庭的温饱,但无法让大多数家庭致富。只有事非农业,来自非农业的收入要高于从事农业生产的收入,才有可能让家庭走上致富的道路。
Three gorges project is a remarkable great project, is the management development and protect the river key project, in1992～2009years of17years, move the city and county12seat, town114seats, moving and settling immigration1.2455million people, three gorges reservoir immigrants became the our country history the most large-scale water conservancy project immigration. After more than ten years of reference.in order to developmental resettlement, three gorges reservoir resettlement task to get a good finish, millions of immigrants "move that" target basic realization,"stability have to live" work wins initial success,"gradually to get rich" beginning.
Although the three gorges reservoir area migration resettlement migration resettlement and support in the later stage work have made great achievements in certain achievements, but due to the three gorges reservoir area many people and little land the basic contradiction is prominent, the ecological environment binding force is stronger, the three gorges project construction large flooded area of land and large-scale popularized cover, make the contradiction between human and land more prominent, the influence of the three gorges reservoir area and immigration rich and regional ecological environment security and cocoa sustainable development is an important issue. Millions of immigrants to get rich and problem, not only lies in the relocation and compensation, in immigration own development process, its employment livelihood problems also gradually aroused attention. This paper, taking this as the base, choose be able to three gorges reservoir immigrant employment problem as the research target. Object, hope that through theoretical and empirical analysis, the impact of the immigrant employment relationship between factors and make analysis, further to hydropower engineering immigrant employment of research, to promote the government formulated three gorges reservoir immigrant employment policy provide guidance.
From a practical level, the present part of the three gorges reservoir area after migration resettlement in insufficient employment, employment unstable state, the problem of employment has become the social stability of the important influence factors. Generally speaking, the labor employment enough problems in economic transition, in the process of the development of social transformation is the normal situation, but in three gorges reservoir area is concerned, has its special background and some prominent problems:
(1) Removal after placement of immigrants, due to production conditions change, economic structure adjustment and removal industrial and mining enterprises bankruptcy closed, etc., influenced, in the new resettlement area, the new production conditions, the original production skills, professional technology and management ability is the basic function, and even loss of function, it is urgent to improve its employment ability, production skills, to regain their livelihood as soon as possible.
(2) Of the three gorges reservoir is the important national strategy fresh water resource, in order to adapt to protect reservoir ecological environment the new requirements, the mode of economic development, industrial structure must be strategic adjustment, the immigrant employment ability and the employment quality must be in conformity with, can avoid structural unemployment.
(3) Immigration by education degree low common, the cultural quality is not high, employment ability is weak, has become the Labour market employment difficult groups, high unemployment, become social employment anomaly concern group.
(4) Realize the millions of immigrants and to become rich, except based on local development jobs outside, still need to encourage the labor force to transfer the employment, but the employment ability obviously can not adapt to the national labor market competition needs.
From the theoretical level, the influence factors of employment, many scholars have studied the factors affecting employment mechanism. But the specific to the three gorges reservoir area this special area, the industrial structure, technical progress, public investment, human capital and social capital these influence factors of employment, and immigration of obtain employment relations how, is worthy of discussion. Research results will be able to obtain employment theory and non-agricultural employment theory reservoir development to provide strong support.
Based on the established goals, the use of theoretical analysis and empirical analysis, questionnaire investigation, research methods, from the supply of employment level and demand level, on the industrial structure and technical progress, public investment, human capital and social capital these five factors and immigrants, the paper analyses the relationship between the employment, the main content is as follows:
The first part:introduction. This part mainly introduces the research background, the research significance, puts forward the problems need to be solved, set research route, choose the research methods, for the arrangement of the full text of the structure and content.
The second part:literature review and theoretical basis. In this part, according to the set, the first reviews the factors affecting employment, labor employment and hydropower project immigrant employment research status at home and abroad; After the general theory of employment, non-agricultural employment theory, human capital theory and social capital theory introduction.
The third part:the three gorges reservoir immigrant employment supply side effect mechanism. This part mainly analyzes the technological progress, industrial structure and public investment to immigrant employment effect, the employment scale and the employment structure, the influence mechanism.
The fourth part:the three gorges reservoir immigrant employment demand side effect mechanism. This part mainly analyzes the human capital and social capital in the immigration non-agricultural employment, how to obtain employment scale, the employment structure effect, how to pass the employment opportunity, information ability, employment adaptation ability, employment income ability, influence immigration employment effect.
The fifth part:supply side immigrant employment effect the empirical analysis. Through the relevant econometric methods, and use reflect technological progress, industrial structure and public investment related variables, comprehensive analysis supply side immigrant employment effect. Analysis supply side effect of three gorges reservoir immigrant employment main factors and their relationship.
The sixth part:demand side immigrant employment effect the empirical analysis. A related econometric methods, and use reflect human capital and social capital related variables, comprehensive analysis of demand side immigrant employment effect. Analysis of demand side effects of three gorges reservoir immigrant employment main factors and their relationship.
The seventh part:immigrant employment policy system. Comprehensive demand side and supply side empirical analysis conclusion, put forward a perfect three system reservoir immigrant employment policy system.
The eighth Part:conclusion and prospect. This chapter first summarized the main research conclusions, and then points out that the study of the deficiencies, and further research direction.
Through the research that:
(1) industry structure and employment there is a cointegration relationship between, the industrial structure through the income level change, output change and technology changes affect the employment structure. The industrial structure coefficient increased by1%, the three gorges reservoir area employment increase0.0375%, among them the second industry employment increase1.61%, the third industry employment increase2.193%. Explain with industrial structure of appreciation, namely as the second and third industry output value proportion, the rise of the will for the three gorges reservoir area bring more employment opportunities, driving the three gorges reservoir area employment growth.
(2) technology progress and employment there is relationship between, technical progress through the industrial structure, capital organic composition and promoting of labor force quality affect the job. Technical progress factor is increased by1%, the first industry employment is less0.373%, the second industry employment will increase0.2525%, the third industry employment is the corresponding about increased by0.02%. Research shows that technological progress to promote the second and third industry labor employment increase, but the second and third industry labor employment can promote the technology progress. Technical progress makes the distribution of each industry tend to be more reasonable, as the second and third industry's rapid development, they are of the demand for labor in the also will further increase, it will attract more the first industry of surplus labor transfer. Technological progress to promote the first industry of employees to reduce the proportion of.
(3) public investment through the production expansion effect and multiplier effect influence employment. Investment static investment increased by1%, the second industry employment will increase0.8586%, the third industry employment is the corresponding about increased by0.083%. Engineering investment promotion in the second and third industries employment increased, but the second and third industry labor employment can't promote three gorges reservoir engineering investment. Engineering investment makes the distribution of each industry tend to be more reasonable, can speed up the second and third industry's rapid development, they are of the demand for labor in the also will further increase.
(4) to attract more immigrant labor to non-agricultural department obtain employment, should from the young man starts. Because the young are more likely to be attracted to the non-agricultural sector. As the growth of the age, the probability of labor engaged in non-agricultural revealed a trend of gradual decline.
(5) the labor force by the education degree significantly affect the labor employment. The higher level of education by the easier to non-agricultural sector, the immigrant families, let children accept more school education to the children of immigrants in the non-agricultural sector, so as to facilitate the change of employment structure.
(6) the family income composition, engaged in agricultural production and operation income obviously against labor to non-agricultural sector, this is because agricultural income is low in thrust. Engaged in agricultural production and although can solve the food and clothing of the family, but can't get rich family. Only engaged in non-agricultural, from nonagricultural income than engaged in agricultural production and income, it will be possible to let family on the way of getting rich.
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