沈阳市固态垃圾的资源占用研究
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摘要
“十五”时期我国经济实力显著增强,但是环境污染加剧及能源资源消耗过大是经济发展中存在的主要矛盾和问题。如何能从根本上改善我国城市的资源占用情况,使我国真正走上可持续发展之路,不仅引起政府部门和城市管理者的重视,也受到学术界的广泛关注。
环境问题既是可持续发展的缘由,也是实现可持续发展必须解决的核心问题。而环境问题中,和人们生活联系最紧密的就是城市的垃圾问题,城市垃圾已经越来越多地占用了我们有限的资源。如何处置城市垃圾以及如何尽可能地降低其对资源的占用,已经成为我国现代化进程中必须面对的难题。
本文将垃圾对土地资源的占用与世界流行的环境压力指标相联系,用生态足迹来衡量沈阳市固态垃圾的资源占用情况。文中详细介绍了成分法生态足迹计算方法,并用此指标对沈阳市固态垃圾的资源占用进行计算和分析。结果表明,沈阳市1990-2005年固态垃圾总量均超过了400万吨,2005年甚至达到了689万吨；同时研究期内工业固体废弃物的回收利用率均在50%以上,尤其近几年利用比例更是达到70%以上,主要原因跟沈阳市近些年来积极倡导二次回收利用的环保政策密切相关,同时也归功于人们日益增长的环保意识和科学技术的不断完善和发展；万元GDP的垃圾产生量呈现稳步下降的趋势,说明沈阳市GDP的增长速度远大于城市垃圾的增长速度。垃圾的生态足迹呈波动性增长状态,但是其生态效率却发生了从6.1到42万元／公顷的巨大变化,这反映了沈阳市较为科学合理地利用资源,资源利用效率逐年提升。通过预测,得出沈阳市2006-2010年城市固态垃圾仍然保持高速增长的态势,到2010年工业固体废弃物将会达到600多万吨,全市的固态垃圾总量将达到800多万吨,因此必须要有相关的政策和措施对垃圾产量进行资源化和减量化控制。
During "the tenth five-year plan" stage, the national economical level strengthened obviously, but it was an important problem that the environmental pollution and the consumption of energy resource got more serious in the economical development.
The problem of environment is not only the cause of sustainable development, but also the key to the realization of sustainable development. In this problem the most common part is the city waste, which has already appropriated more and more limited resource. It is the most difficult problem we must face in the course of modernization how to treat city waste and reduce its appropriation of resource as much as possible.
In this text the appropriation of land resource by solid waste was connected with the indexes of environment pressure, ecological footprint was used to describe the appropriation condition of resource. The principles of the componential method for ecological footprint (EF) calculation were introduced and its mathematical model formulated, then calculated and analyzed the EF of Shenyang's solid waste in 1990～2005. The result of calculation shows that during these years the total numbers of the solid waste in Shenyang were all over 4*106 tons, in 2005 it was even 6.89*106 tons, the reused rates of industrial waste were above 50%, even more than 70% in recent years, which owed to the policy of environment protection sparkplugged by Shenyang and the technology development. From 1990 to 2005, the solid waste ecological footprints of Shenyang developed wavely, and increased yearly from 1999, which indicated that the pressure from solid waste of Shenyang were going high recently and should be controlled. During that time the ecological efficient caused by the solid waste of Shenyang increased from 6.1*104￥/ha in 1990 to 4.2*105￥/ha in 2005, meaning that in 2005 when one ha ecological footprint was created by waste,4.2*105￥GDP would be created at the same time, which indicated that the utilized efficiency of resource in Shenyang got higher obviously. Forecast the number of solid waste for the next five years, it indicates that it will keep high rise, to 2010, the number of industrial waste will be above 6*106 tons, the total number of Shenyang will even be more than 8*106 tons, and so relative policies and measures should be taken to control the solid number and protect the environment.
环境问题既是可持续发展的缘由,也是实现可持续发展必须解决的核心问题。而环境问题中,和人们生活联系最紧密的就是城市的垃圾问题,城市垃圾已经越来越多地占用了我们有限的资源。如何处置城市垃圾以及如何尽可能地降低其对资源的占用,已经成为我国现代化进程中必须面对的难题。
本文将垃圾对土地资源的占用与世界流行的环境压力指标相联系,用生态足迹来衡量沈阳市固态垃圾的资源占用情况。文中详细介绍了成分法生态足迹计算方法,并用此指标对沈阳市固态垃圾的资源占用进行计算和分析。结果表明,沈阳市1990-2005年固态垃圾总量均超过了400万吨,2005年甚至达到了689万吨；同时研究期内工业固体废弃物的回收利用率均在50%以上,尤其近几年利用比例更是达到70%以上,主要原因跟沈阳市近些年来积极倡导二次回收利用的环保政策密切相关,同时也归功于人们日益增长的环保意识和科学技术的不断完善和发展；万元GDP的垃圾产生量呈现稳步下降的趋势,说明沈阳市GDP的增长速度远大于城市垃圾的增长速度。垃圾的生态足迹呈波动性增长状态,但是其生态效率却发生了从6.1到42万元／公顷的巨大变化,这反映了沈阳市较为科学合理地利用资源,资源利用效率逐年提升。通过预测,得出沈阳市2006-2010年城市固态垃圾仍然保持高速增长的态势,到2010年工业固体废弃物将会达到600多万吨,全市的固态垃圾总量将达到800多万吨,因此必须要有相关的政策和措施对垃圾产量进行资源化和减量化控制。
During "the tenth five-year plan" stage, the national economical level strengthened obviously, but it was an important problem that the environmental pollution and the consumption of energy resource got more serious in the economical development.
The problem of environment is not only the cause of sustainable development, but also the key to the realization of sustainable development. In this problem the most common part is the city waste, which has already appropriated more and more limited resource. It is the most difficult problem we must face in the course of modernization how to treat city waste and reduce its appropriation of resource as much as possible.
In this text the appropriation of land resource by solid waste was connected with the indexes of environment pressure, ecological footprint was used to describe the appropriation condition of resource. The principles of the componential method for ecological footprint (EF) calculation were introduced and its mathematical model formulated, then calculated and analyzed the EF of Shenyang's solid waste in 1990～2005. The result of calculation shows that during these years the total numbers of the solid waste in Shenyang were all over 4*106 tons, in 2005 it was even 6.89*106 tons, the reused rates of industrial waste were above 50%, even more than 70% in recent years, which owed to the policy of environment protection sparkplugged by Shenyang and the technology development. From 1990 to 2005, the solid waste ecological footprints of Shenyang developed wavely, and increased yearly from 1999, which indicated that the pressure from solid waste of Shenyang were going high recently and should be controlled. During that time the ecological efficient caused by the solid waste of Shenyang increased from 6.1*104￥/ha in 1990 to 4.2*105￥/ha in 2005, meaning that in 2005 when one ha ecological footprint was created by waste,4.2*105￥GDP would be created at the same time, which indicated that the utilized efficiency of resource in Shenyang got higher obviously. Forecast the number of solid waste for the next five years, it indicates that it will keep high rise, to 2010, the number of industrial waste will be above 6*106 tons, the total number of Shenyang will even be more than 8*106 tons, and so relative policies and measures should be taken to control the solid number and protect the environment.
引文
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[9]徐中民,张志强等.中国1999年生态足迹计算与发展能力分析[J],应用生态学报,2003,14(2)：280-285.
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[13]Van Vuuren D P,Smeets E M W. Ecological footprints of Benin, Bhutan. Costa Rica and the Netherlands[J].Ecological Economics,2000,34.
[14]徐中民,张志强.可持续发展定量指标体系的分类和评价[J],西北师大学报(自),2000,36(4).
[15]陈易.城市可持续发展与生态基区理论[J],同济大学学报,2001,29(11).
[16]顾传辉,何晋勇,陈桂珠.可持续发展量化新方法,环境保护[J],2001,(8).
[17]王万茂,李俊梅.规划持续性的生态足迹分析方法[J],国土经济,2001,(6).
[18]刘德威,许树辉.生态足迹：测度可持续性的指标框架,湖南师范大学社会科学学报[J],2001,30(3).
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[20]徐中民,陈东景,张志强等.中国1999年的生态足迹分析[J],土壤学报,2002,39(3)：441～445.
[21]谢高地,鲁春霞等.中国的生态空间占用研究[J],资源科学,2001,23(6)：20～23.
[22]王青,刘建兴，顾晓薇等.中国2001年生态足迹计算与分析[J],生态经济学报,2004,2(2)：115～122.
[23]刘建兴.中国生态足迹的时间序列与地理分布[D],东北大学,2004，12.
[24]刘建兴,王青,顾晓薇等.中国经济发展与生态足迹的关系研究[J],资源科学,2005.5.
[25]顾晓薇,李广军,王青等.绿色大学建设中的生态足迹[J],环境科学,2005,26(4)：200-204.
[26]顾晓薇,李广军,王青等.高等教育的生态效率—大学校园生态足迹[J],冰川冻土,2005,27(3)：418-425.
[27]顾晓薇,李广军.沈阳市高校校园生态足迹研究[M],两岸环境资源与地区发展学术研讨会,2005,6.
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