吉林省农业标准化问题研究
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摘要
改革开放以来,我国经济得到了高速发展,尤其是农业综合生产能力有了明显提高,市场供求格局和市场条件已发生根本性改变。人们越来越追求健康、高品质的生活方式,对农产品质量标准要求不断提高。但现实情况却不尽人意,农产品安全基础薄弱,安全管理责任落实不够、监管工作不到位等问题还比较突出,多年来违法行为时有发生,农产品质量安全事件层出不穷。解决这一问题,必须要实行农产品“从农田到餐桌”全过程的质量控制,推行农业标准化生产。
农业标准化是遵循“统一、简化、协调、优选”的原则,通过制定和实施农业生产过程各个环节的标准,为农业产业建立健全规范的工艺流程,使先进的科学技术和经验能够在不同农业生产单位中推广和普及。农业标准化是农业市场化和农产品品牌化的重要基础,通过实施标准化,可以将先进的技术和良好的操作规范固定下来,有利于培育优质名牌的农产品,提高农产品质量和市场竞争能力,引导农民走向市场,增加收入。农业标准化是农业国际化的必要前提,只有建立和完善农业标准体系,生产出高标准的农产品,才能在国际市场上有立足之地。农业标准化是农业产业化的基本保证,农业标准化是农业产业化的基础,农业产业化又会推动农业标准化。农业标准化是建设现代农业的关键环节,农业标准化的实施可以加快科技成果与先进技术的推广和应用,也可以促进农业劳动者素质的提高。
论文在对农业标准化基本理论及相关理论进行阐述的基础上,分析了我国及吉林省农业标准化发展的状况及存在的问题,并提出了新时期发展农业标准化的总体思路及对策措施。
论文第一部分为概念界定和基础理论。在辨析农业标准化、农业标准化体系概念的基础上,阐述标准化原理、外部性理论,为农业标准化研究提供理论基础。
第二部分我国和吉林省农业标准化发展历程和现状分析。将我国农业标准化历程分为起步阶段(1949-1978年)、逐步展开阶段(1978-1996年)、快速提升阶段(1996年一)三个阶段,并描述了目前发展的现状：农业标准体系基本形成、初步形成了标准化的法律体系、加强了农业标准化管理体制建设、建立了农产品质量检测与监管体系框架、农产品质量认证体系开始起步、农业标准化推广体系基本形成。与此同时,也分析了吉林省农业标准化的发展历程以及目前吉林省农业标准化组织机构和工作机制状况、政策支持和投入运行机制现状、农业标准体系、质量认证体系、监管及检验检测体系、农业标准化信息体系建设情况及农业标准化推广情况,在此基础上指出吉林省农业标准化过程中存在着思想观念不适应、农业标准化检验检测体系的基础建设尚待加强、监管的长效机制还没有建立、质量认证机构认证能力弱、信息平台建设还任重道远、标准的推广手段不适应,人才队伍整体短缺的问题。
第三部分为吉林省农业标准化推广模式分析。结合案例研究了吉林省农业标准化推广过程中三种主要模式：政府主导型、龙头企业带动型、农民专业合作经济组织拉动型推广模式的特点、优势及局限性,研究政府、龙头企业、农村经济合作组织在农业标准化推广过程中的角色作用。分析各种模式的适用条件,并结合吉林省的实际情况提出模式选择建议。
第四部分影响生产者实施农业标准化行为的因素分析。首先根据农户户主和家庭特征、农产品类型、农产品市场特征、农业标准化认知度、农业生产决策方式、政府支持等影响因素,构建相应的实证分析框架。然后,通过相关分析以及二元Logisti回归模型,分析农业生产者标准化实施行为与影响因素之间的关系,以及农户标准化意愿的影响因素。
第五部分案例分析。以吉林省人参生产为例,分析其标准化现状、存在问题,并提出解决对策。
第六部分吉林省农业标准化工作的总体构思及推进对策。首先提出吉林省农业标准化的工作目标和基本思路。并提出新时期农业标准化的重点任务：实施农业标准体系建设、农业质量安全检测体系建设、优质安全特色农产品认证体系建设与品牌创建建设、放心农产品标准化批发市场建设、农业质量安全监管体系建设、农产品质量安全服务体系建设行动计划。其次提出推进吉林省农业标准化的对策建议。
Since reforming and opening, our country economy got rapid development, especially the agricultural comprehensive production ability had rise apparently, pattern of market supply and demand and market condition already produced essential sex to change. More and more people the pursuit of health, quality of life, to the agricultural product quality standards and continuously improve. But the reality is not satisfactory, the weak foundation of agricultural products safety, safety management responsibility, enough to implement the supervision is not in place and other issues are more outstanding, over the years violations occur from time to time, the quality and safety of agricultural products emerge in an endless stream of events. To solve this problem, must execute produce" from farm to table" the whole process of quality control, the implementation of agricultural standardization production.
Agricultural standardization is to follow the "unity, coordination, simplification, optimization" principle, through the development and implementation of agricultural production process each link standard, for agricultural industry to establish a standardized process, make advanced science and technology and experience in different agricultural production units in the promotion and popularization of. Agricultural standardization is agriculture commercialize and the agricultural product brand is the important foundation, through the implementation of standardized, will be advanced technology and good operation standard fixed, is conducive to cultivating high quality and famous brand of agricultural products, improve the quality of agricultural products and market competition ability, guide a farmer to move toward the market, increase income. Agricultural standardization is agriculture internationalization is necessary premise, only the establishment and improvement of agricultural standard system, to produce a high standard of agricultural product, ability in the international market has a place to live in. Agricultural standardization is the basic guarantee of agricultural industrialization, agricultural standardization is the foundation of agricultural industrialization, agricultural industrialization and promote the agricultural standardization. Agricultural standardization is the key link in the construction of modern agriculture, agricultural standardization implementation can accelerate the scientific and technological achievements and advanced technology popularization and application, but also can promote the agricultural laborer quality rise.
Research on agricultural standardization basic theory and relevant theory on the basis of the discussion, has analyzed our country and Jilin province agriculture standardizes the development situation and existing problems, and put forward the development of new period agriculture standardization of the overall train of thought and countermeasure measure.
The first part of the thesis for the concept and the basic theory. On the discrimination of the agriculture standardization, agriculture system of standardization on the basis of the concept, the principle of standardization, the external theory and the theory of induced institutional change, agricultural standardization research provides theoretical foundation.
The second part of our country and Jilin province agriculture standardizes the development process and current situation analysis. China's agricultural standardization process is divided into the initial stage (1949-1978), spread out stage by stage stage (1978-1996), rapid phase of ascension (1996-) three stage, and describes the current status of development of agricultural standard system:basic form, the initial formation of the standardization of the legal system, strengthen the agricultural standardization the construction of management system, establish the quality of agricultural products inspection and supervision system, agricultural products quality certification system started, the standardization of agricultural extension system in basic form. At the same time, also analyzed the agricultural standardization in Jilin province's development process and the current Jilin saves agriculture to standardize the organization and working mechanism, policy support and investment operating mechanism, agricultural standard system, quality certification system, supervision and inspection system, standardization of agricultural information system construction and the promotion of agricultural standardization, this the basis that agricultural standardization in Jilin province exists in the process of idea idea is incommensurate, agricultural standardization inspection system construction should be strengthened, control mechanism has not been established, quality certification ability is weak, information platform construction still shoulder heavy responsibilities, to promote the standard method are incommensurate, personnel overall shortage.
The third part is the standardization of Jilin province agriculture promotion mode analysis. Combined with the case study of agricultural standardization in Jilin province to promote the process of three kind of main patterns:government leading, bibcock enterprise is driven model, organization of economy of farmer major collaboration pull extension pattern characteristics, advantages and limitations, research government, enterprises, rural economic cooperation organization in the promotion of agricultural standardization in the process of role. Analysis of various models applied to the conditions, and combining the actual situation of Jilin province put forward suggestions on the selection of mode.
The fourth part affect producers to carry out agricultural standardization behavior factor analysis. The first farmer household and family characteristics, agricultural products, agricultural products market characteristics, types of agricultural standardization awareness, agricultural production decision, government support and other factors, to construct the framework of empirical analysis. Then, through the relevant analysis and regression model analysis of Logisti two yuan, agricultural producers standardization behavior and the factors affecting the relationship between.
The fifth part of case analysis. With Jilin province ginseng production is exemple, analyse its to standardize the current situation, existing problems, and puts forward some solving countermeasures.
Part sixth the work of agricultural standardization in Jilin overall conception and improving countermeasures. First put forward the standardization of agriculture in Jilin province working target and basic train of thought. Put forward new period agriculture standardization key tasks: the implementation of agricultural standardization system construction, agricultural quality and safety inspection system, quality and safety of construction of characteristic agricultural products certification system construction and brand construction, assured the standardization of agricultural products wholesale market construction, agriculture, quality and safety supervision system construction of agricultural product quality safety service system construction plan of action. Secondly, put forward to advance the standardization of agriculture in Jilin province and the countermeasures.
农业标准化是遵循“统一、简化、协调、优选”的原则,通过制定和实施农业生产过程各个环节的标准,为农业产业建立健全规范的工艺流程,使先进的科学技术和经验能够在不同农业生产单位中推广和普及。农业标准化是农业市场化和农产品品牌化的重要基础,通过实施标准化,可以将先进的技术和良好的操作规范固定下来,有利于培育优质名牌的农产品,提高农产品质量和市场竞争能力,引导农民走向市场,增加收入。农业标准化是农业国际化的必要前提,只有建立和完善农业标准体系,生产出高标准的农产品,才能在国际市场上有立足之地。农业标准化是农业产业化的基本保证,农业标准化是农业产业化的基础,农业产业化又会推动农业标准化。农业标准化是建设现代农业的关键环节,农业标准化的实施可以加快科技成果与先进技术的推广和应用,也可以促进农业劳动者素质的提高。
论文在对农业标准化基本理论及相关理论进行阐述的基础上,分析了我国及吉林省农业标准化发展的状况及存在的问题,并提出了新时期发展农业标准化的总体思路及对策措施。
论文第一部分为概念界定和基础理论。在辨析农业标准化、农业标准化体系概念的基础上,阐述标准化原理、外部性理论,为农业标准化研究提供理论基础。
第二部分我国和吉林省农业标准化发展历程和现状分析。将我国农业标准化历程分为起步阶段(1949-1978年)、逐步展开阶段(1978-1996年)、快速提升阶段(1996年一)三个阶段,并描述了目前发展的现状：农业标准体系基本形成、初步形成了标准化的法律体系、加强了农业标准化管理体制建设、建立了农产品质量检测与监管体系框架、农产品质量认证体系开始起步、农业标准化推广体系基本形成。与此同时,也分析了吉林省农业标准化的发展历程以及目前吉林省农业标准化组织机构和工作机制状况、政策支持和投入运行机制现状、农业标准体系、质量认证体系、监管及检验检测体系、农业标准化信息体系建设情况及农业标准化推广情况,在此基础上指出吉林省农业标准化过程中存在着思想观念不适应、农业标准化检验检测体系的基础建设尚待加强、监管的长效机制还没有建立、质量认证机构认证能力弱、信息平台建设还任重道远、标准的推广手段不适应,人才队伍整体短缺的问题。
第三部分为吉林省农业标准化推广模式分析。结合案例研究了吉林省农业标准化推广过程中三种主要模式：政府主导型、龙头企业带动型、农民专业合作经济组织拉动型推广模式的特点、优势及局限性,研究政府、龙头企业、农村经济合作组织在农业标准化推广过程中的角色作用。分析各种模式的适用条件,并结合吉林省的实际情况提出模式选择建议。
第四部分影响生产者实施农业标准化行为的因素分析。首先根据农户户主和家庭特征、农产品类型、农产品市场特征、农业标准化认知度、农业生产决策方式、政府支持等影响因素,构建相应的实证分析框架。然后,通过相关分析以及二元Logisti回归模型,分析农业生产者标准化实施行为与影响因素之间的关系,以及农户标准化意愿的影响因素。
第五部分案例分析。以吉林省人参生产为例,分析其标准化现状、存在问题,并提出解决对策。
第六部分吉林省农业标准化工作的总体构思及推进对策。首先提出吉林省农业标准化的工作目标和基本思路。并提出新时期农业标准化的重点任务：实施农业标准体系建设、农业质量安全检测体系建设、优质安全特色农产品认证体系建设与品牌创建建设、放心农产品标准化批发市场建设、农业质量安全监管体系建设、农产品质量安全服务体系建设行动计划。其次提出推进吉林省农业标准化的对策建议。
Since reforming and opening, our country economy got rapid development, especially the agricultural comprehensive production ability had rise apparently, pattern of market supply and demand and market condition already produced essential sex to change. More and more people the pursuit of health, quality of life, to the agricultural product quality standards and continuously improve. But the reality is not satisfactory, the weak foundation of agricultural products safety, safety management responsibility, enough to implement the supervision is not in place and other issues are more outstanding, over the years violations occur from time to time, the quality and safety of agricultural products emerge in an endless stream of events. To solve this problem, must execute produce" from farm to table" the whole process of quality control, the implementation of agricultural standardization production.
Agricultural standardization is to follow the "unity, coordination, simplification, optimization" principle, through the development and implementation of agricultural production process each link standard, for agricultural industry to establish a standardized process, make advanced science and technology and experience in different agricultural production units in the promotion and popularization of. Agricultural standardization is agriculture commercialize and the agricultural product brand is the important foundation, through the implementation of standardized, will be advanced technology and good operation standard fixed, is conducive to cultivating high quality and famous brand of agricultural products, improve the quality of agricultural products and market competition ability, guide a farmer to move toward the market, increase income. Agricultural standardization is agriculture internationalization is necessary premise, only the establishment and improvement of agricultural standard system, to produce a high standard of agricultural product, ability in the international market has a place to live in. Agricultural standardization is the basic guarantee of agricultural industrialization, agricultural standardization is the foundation of agricultural industrialization, agricultural industrialization and promote the agricultural standardization. Agricultural standardization is the key link in the construction of modern agriculture, agricultural standardization implementation can accelerate the scientific and technological achievements and advanced technology popularization and application, but also can promote the agricultural laborer quality rise.
Research on agricultural standardization basic theory and relevant theory on the basis of the discussion, has analyzed our country and Jilin province agriculture standardizes the development situation and existing problems, and put forward the development of new period agriculture standardization of the overall train of thought and countermeasure measure.
The first part of the thesis for the concept and the basic theory. On the discrimination of the agriculture standardization, agriculture system of standardization on the basis of the concept, the principle of standardization, the external theory and the theory of induced institutional change, agricultural standardization research provides theoretical foundation.
The second part of our country and Jilin province agriculture standardizes the development process and current situation analysis. China's agricultural standardization process is divided into the initial stage (1949-1978), spread out stage by stage stage (1978-1996), rapid phase of ascension (1996-) three stage, and describes the current status of development of agricultural standard system:basic form, the initial formation of the standardization of the legal system, strengthen the agricultural standardization the construction of management system, establish the quality of agricultural products inspection and supervision system, agricultural products quality certification system started, the standardization of agricultural extension system in basic form. At the same time, also analyzed the agricultural standardization in Jilin province's development process and the current Jilin saves agriculture to standardize the organization and working mechanism, policy support and investment operating mechanism, agricultural standard system, quality certification system, supervision and inspection system, standardization of agricultural information system construction and the promotion of agricultural standardization, this the basis that agricultural standardization in Jilin province exists in the process of idea idea is incommensurate, agricultural standardization inspection system construction should be strengthened, control mechanism has not been established, quality certification ability is weak, information platform construction still shoulder heavy responsibilities, to promote the standard method are incommensurate, personnel overall shortage.
The third part is the standardization of Jilin province agriculture promotion mode analysis. Combined with the case study of agricultural standardization in Jilin province to promote the process of three kind of main patterns:government leading, bibcock enterprise is driven model, organization of economy of farmer major collaboration pull extension pattern characteristics, advantages and limitations, research government, enterprises, rural economic cooperation organization in the promotion of agricultural standardization in the process of role. Analysis of various models applied to the conditions, and combining the actual situation of Jilin province put forward suggestions on the selection of mode.
The fourth part affect producers to carry out agricultural standardization behavior factor analysis. The first farmer household and family characteristics, agricultural products, agricultural products market characteristics, types of agricultural standardization awareness, agricultural production decision, government support and other factors, to construct the framework of empirical analysis. Then, through the relevant analysis and regression model analysis of Logisti two yuan, agricultural producers standardization behavior and the factors affecting the relationship between.
The fifth part of case analysis. With Jilin province ginseng production is exemple, analyse its to standardize the current situation, existing problems, and puts forward some solving countermeasures.
Part sixth the work of agricultural standardization in Jilin overall conception and improving countermeasures. First put forward the standardization of agriculture in Jilin province working target and basic train of thought. Put forward new period agriculture standardization key tasks: the implementation of agricultural standardization system construction, agricultural quality and safety inspection system, quality and safety of construction of characteristic agricultural products certification system construction and brand construction, assured the standardization of agricultural products wholesale market construction, agriculture, quality and safety supervision system construction of agricultural product quality safety service system construction plan of action. Secondly, put forward to advance the standardization of agriculture in Jilin province and the countermeasures.
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