基于MR-MC的传感器网络架构及相关算法研究
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摘要
无线传感器网络因其低功耗、低成本、分布式和自组织的特点,在学术研究和军事领域引起了高度重视。随着无线通信技术、计算机技术和大规模集成电路技术的发展,传感器节点的成本已经大大降低,这不但减小了价格因素对传感器网络发展的不利影响,而且也为研究人员提供了一种新的思路和方法。近年来,随着物联网产业的兴起,传感器网络被广泛应用于数字制造和工业控制等领域,同时也对传感器网络性能提出了更高的要求。
传感器网络与应用背景高度相关,现有的研究成果不完全适用于制造环境下的传感器网络；单射频单信道传感器网络无法从根本上解决暴露和隐藏终端的问题,而且随着传感器节点数目的增多,会加剧对无线信道的竞争；另外,制造环境对网络实时性和可靠性有着较高的要求,这对传感器网络来说是一个很大的挑战。因此,研究多射频多信道(MR-MC, Multi-Radio Multi-Channel)传感器网络架构及相关算法有着重要的理论价值和应用前景。
本文从传感器网络架构、数据链路层和网络层的相关算法三个方面入手,深入研究了对网络实时性和可靠性要求较高的传感器网络的关键技术。所做的主要工作如下：
第一,研究了MR-MC蜂窝分层网络架构。针对单射频单信道传感器网络无线信道竞争激烈和系统处理能力不强的问题,提出了一种基于MR-MC的蜂窝分层网络架构。通过子网划分和引入MR-MC技术,从物理和逻辑两个层面减少了传感器节点对无线信道的竞争,降低了传感器节点之间的通信干扰,增强了传感器网络的通信容量,改善了传感器网络的实时性能,提高了无线信道的利用效率
第二,研究了无线信道的访问控制方法。针对CSMA/CA协议在无线信道接入延时方面的不确定性,提出了一种基于协商机制的虚拟令牌无线MAC协议。利用子网中传感器节点地址的连续性,通过虚拟令牌的方式实现对无线信道的访问控制,从而有效减少了因令牌维护带来的网络管理报文的数量,提高了无线信道的有效利用率,降低了传感器节点的能量消耗,增强了传感器网络的实时性能。
第三,研究了多信道与网络带宽分配算法。针对传感器网络信道资源静态分配的特点,提出了一种基于最小干扰代价的多信道分配算法。信道复用提高了网络的通信容量,干扰半径的划定减少了信道之间的相互干扰,信道池预警机制的启用降低了信道分配失败的风险；针对令牌环网络带宽固定分配的现状,提出了一种基于优先级和负载感知的网络带宽分配算法。根据单个节点和整个网络的通信负载以及报文的优先级,动态调整虚拟令牌在子网中的传递顺序和传感器节点在持有令牌时能够发送的最大报文数目,使得整个网络的带宽分配趋于合理,从而满足高优先级和重节点的带宽需求。
第四,研究了传感器节点定位算法。针对目前传感器节点定位算法精度不高和主要集中在二维空间的现状,提出了一种基于RSSI的参数匹配三维精确定位算法。在每一对信标节点和未知节点之间进行信号衰减模型的参数匹配,减轻了个体差异和环境因素对定位精度造成的影响；利用理论和经验模型对无线信号在障碍物中的衰减进行补偿,进一步提高了定位精度；信标节点与未知节点之间的角色转换,能够有效减小因信标节点分布不均带来的影响；实时改变节点的发射功率和定位时间间隔,可以有效减少传感器节点的能量消耗。
第五,研究了传感器网络路由协议。针对传感器节点资源受限的特点和地理位置路由算法的优势,充分利用三维定位算法得到的坐标信息,提出了一种基于坐标信息的三维地理位置路由算法。通过结合理想最小能耗模型和最少跳数模型,均衡了单跳距离和节点能耗之间的关系；利用两个模型交叉区域中与源节点和目的节点之间空间直线距离最近的节点进行路由,有效缩短了数据转发路径的长度；当路由过程中遭遇“空洞”时,随机选择负向邻居节点为下一跳节点,能够减少再次遭遇“空洞”的概率,而始终沿着正向传递有效避免了回环现象的发生。
Wireless sensor network has been paid high attention in the academic and military areas as its low-power, low-cost, distribution and self-organization characteristics. With the development of wireless communication, computer technology and large-scale IC technology, the cost of sensor node has been reduced greatly, and this not only lessens the bad impact of price on the development of sensor network, but also provides a new method for researcher. Recently, with the arising of Internet of Things, sensor network has been widely used in the area of digital manufacturing and industry control, and meanwhile this will put forward higher requirement on its performance.
Sensor network is high related with its application background, the existing research results can not be used for the manufacturing sensor network; single radio and single channel sensor network can not solve the problem of hidden terminal and exposed terminal radically, and with the increasing of sensor nodes, the competition on wireless channel will be aggravated; in addition, manufacturing network has high demand on network real-time performance and reliability, and this is a big challenge for sensor network. So research on the MR-MC (Multi-Radio Multi-Channel) sensor network architecture and the related algorithms is of great academic and application value.
This thesis researches deeply on the key technologies of sensor network which has high demand on network real-time performance and reliability from three aspects: network architecture, the related algorithms of datalink and network layer. The main work is shown as follows:
Firstly, research on the MR-MC cellular and hierarchical network architecture. As the problem of intense competition on wireless channel and poor system processing ability in SR-SC (Single-Radio Single-Channel) sensor network, a cellular and hierarchical network architecture basd on MR-MC has been proposed. By introducing MR-MC technology and subnetting, the competition on wireless channel and communication interference between sensor nodes have been reduced from physical and logistic layers, and the network capacity and the real-time performance of sensor network, as well as the utilization ratio of wireless channel have been improved.
Secondly, research on the wireless channel access and control method. Because CSMA/CA protocol has uncertainty in the aspect of wireless channel access delay, a virtual token wireless MAC protocol based on consultation mechanism has been proposed. By making use of the continuity of sensor node address in subnet, virtual token is used to access and control wireless channel, and the number of network management messages brought by token maintenance and the energy consumption of sensor node have been reduced effectively, the effective utilization ratio of wireless channel and the real-time performance of sensor network have been improved.
Thirdly, research on the multi-channel and network bandwidth allocation algorithm. As the characteristic of static allocation of channel resource in sensor network, a multi-channel allocation algorithm based on minimum interference cost has been proposed. Channel reuse has improved the network capacity, the choose of interference radius has reduced the interference between channel, the use of alarm mechanism in channel pool has decreased the risk of failure; as the fixed bandwidth allocation method in token ring network, a network bandwidth allocation algorithm based on priority and load-aware has been proposed. The order of virtual token passing in subnet and the number of messages sensor node can send when holding token will be adjusted dynamically according to the traffic load of single node and whole network and the priority of messages, and make the bandwidth allocation more reasonable and meet the bandwidth requirement of high and heavy node.
Fourthly, research on the sensor node location algorithm. Because the existing sensor node location algorithms are mainly focus on 2D space and they have poor accuracy, a parameter matching 3D accurate location algorithm based on RSSI has been proposed. The parameter matching of signal attenuation model between every pair of unknown node and beacon node has reduced the effect on location accuracy as individual difference and environment factor; by making use of theoretical and empirical model to compensate the attenuation of wireless signal in obstacle, the location accuracy has been improved further; the change of role between unknown node and beacon node can reduce the effect brought by the unbalanced distribution of beacon nodes; change the transmitting power of sensor node and the time interval of positioning can effectively reduce the energy consumption of sensor node.
Fifth, research on the sensor network routing protocol. As the limitation of resources in sensor node and the advantages of geographical routing algorithm, by making use of the coordinate information got from 3D location algorithm, a 3D geographical routing algorithm based on coordinate information has been proposed, which combines the ideal minimum energy model and the hop number model, and balanced the relationship between single hop distance and energy consumption; choose the sensor node in their cross area which is nearest to the space straight line between the source node and the destination node for routing, and this has shorten the distance of data transmission; when encountering "empty" during the routing, randomly choose the minus neighbouring node as the next hop node, and this can reduce the possibility of encountering "empty" again, while always transmitting along forward direction has avoided the happening of circle phenomenon.
传感器网络与应用背景高度相关,现有的研究成果不完全适用于制造环境下的传感器网络；单射频单信道传感器网络无法从根本上解决暴露和隐藏终端的问题,而且随着传感器节点数目的增多,会加剧对无线信道的竞争；另外,制造环境对网络实时性和可靠性有着较高的要求,这对传感器网络来说是一个很大的挑战。因此,研究多射频多信道(MR-MC, Multi-Radio Multi-Channel)传感器网络架构及相关算法有着重要的理论价值和应用前景。
本文从传感器网络架构、数据链路层和网络层的相关算法三个方面入手,深入研究了对网络实时性和可靠性要求较高的传感器网络的关键技术。所做的主要工作如下：
第一,研究了MR-MC蜂窝分层网络架构。针对单射频单信道传感器网络无线信道竞争激烈和系统处理能力不强的问题,提出了一种基于MR-MC的蜂窝分层网络架构。通过子网划分和引入MR-MC技术,从物理和逻辑两个层面减少了传感器节点对无线信道的竞争,降低了传感器节点之间的通信干扰,增强了传感器网络的通信容量,改善了传感器网络的实时性能,提高了无线信道的利用效率
第二,研究了无线信道的访问控制方法。针对CSMA/CA协议在无线信道接入延时方面的不确定性,提出了一种基于协商机制的虚拟令牌无线MAC协议。利用子网中传感器节点地址的连续性,通过虚拟令牌的方式实现对无线信道的访问控制,从而有效减少了因令牌维护带来的网络管理报文的数量,提高了无线信道的有效利用率,降低了传感器节点的能量消耗,增强了传感器网络的实时性能。
第三,研究了多信道与网络带宽分配算法。针对传感器网络信道资源静态分配的特点,提出了一种基于最小干扰代价的多信道分配算法。信道复用提高了网络的通信容量,干扰半径的划定减少了信道之间的相互干扰,信道池预警机制的启用降低了信道分配失败的风险；针对令牌环网络带宽固定分配的现状,提出了一种基于优先级和负载感知的网络带宽分配算法。根据单个节点和整个网络的通信负载以及报文的优先级,动态调整虚拟令牌在子网中的传递顺序和传感器节点在持有令牌时能够发送的最大报文数目,使得整个网络的带宽分配趋于合理,从而满足高优先级和重节点的带宽需求。
第四,研究了传感器节点定位算法。针对目前传感器节点定位算法精度不高和主要集中在二维空间的现状,提出了一种基于RSSI的参数匹配三维精确定位算法。在每一对信标节点和未知节点之间进行信号衰减模型的参数匹配,减轻了个体差异和环境因素对定位精度造成的影响；利用理论和经验模型对无线信号在障碍物中的衰减进行补偿,进一步提高了定位精度；信标节点与未知节点之间的角色转换,能够有效减小因信标节点分布不均带来的影响；实时改变节点的发射功率和定位时间间隔,可以有效减少传感器节点的能量消耗。
第五,研究了传感器网络路由协议。针对传感器节点资源受限的特点和地理位置路由算法的优势,充分利用三维定位算法得到的坐标信息,提出了一种基于坐标信息的三维地理位置路由算法。通过结合理想最小能耗模型和最少跳数模型,均衡了单跳距离和节点能耗之间的关系；利用两个模型交叉区域中与源节点和目的节点之间空间直线距离最近的节点进行路由,有效缩短了数据转发路径的长度；当路由过程中遭遇“空洞”时,随机选择负向邻居节点为下一跳节点,能够减少再次遭遇“空洞”的概率,而始终沿着正向传递有效避免了回环现象的发生。
Wireless sensor network has been paid high attention in the academic and military areas as its low-power, low-cost, distribution and self-organization characteristics. With the development of wireless communication, computer technology and large-scale IC technology, the cost of sensor node has been reduced greatly, and this not only lessens the bad impact of price on the development of sensor network, but also provides a new method for researcher. Recently, with the arising of Internet of Things, sensor network has been widely used in the area of digital manufacturing and industry control, and meanwhile this will put forward higher requirement on its performance.
Sensor network is high related with its application background, the existing research results can not be used for the manufacturing sensor network; single radio and single channel sensor network can not solve the problem of hidden terminal and exposed terminal radically, and with the increasing of sensor nodes, the competition on wireless channel will be aggravated; in addition, manufacturing network has high demand on network real-time performance and reliability, and this is a big challenge for sensor network. So research on the MR-MC (Multi-Radio Multi-Channel) sensor network architecture and the related algorithms is of great academic and application value.
This thesis researches deeply on the key technologies of sensor network which has high demand on network real-time performance and reliability from three aspects: network architecture, the related algorithms of datalink and network layer. The main work is shown as follows:
Firstly, research on the MR-MC cellular and hierarchical network architecture. As the problem of intense competition on wireless channel and poor system processing ability in SR-SC (Single-Radio Single-Channel) sensor network, a cellular and hierarchical network architecture basd on MR-MC has been proposed. By introducing MR-MC technology and subnetting, the competition on wireless channel and communication interference between sensor nodes have been reduced from physical and logistic layers, and the network capacity and the real-time performance of sensor network, as well as the utilization ratio of wireless channel have been improved.
Secondly, research on the wireless channel access and control method. Because CSMA/CA protocol has uncertainty in the aspect of wireless channel access delay, a virtual token wireless MAC protocol based on consultation mechanism has been proposed. By making use of the continuity of sensor node address in subnet, virtual token is used to access and control wireless channel, and the number of network management messages brought by token maintenance and the energy consumption of sensor node have been reduced effectively, the effective utilization ratio of wireless channel and the real-time performance of sensor network have been improved.
Thirdly, research on the multi-channel and network bandwidth allocation algorithm. As the characteristic of static allocation of channel resource in sensor network, a multi-channel allocation algorithm based on minimum interference cost has been proposed. Channel reuse has improved the network capacity, the choose of interference radius has reduced the interference between channel, the use of alarm mechanism in channel pool has decreased the risk of failure; as the fixed bandwidth allocation method in token ring network, a network bandwidth allocation algorithm based on priority and load-aware has been proposed. The order of virtual token passing in subnet and the number of messages sensor node can send when holding token will be adjusted dynamically according to the traffic load of single node and whole network and the priority of messages, and make the bandwidth allocation more reasonable and meet the bandwidth requirement of high and heavy node.
Fourthly, research on the sensor node location algorithm. Because the existing sensor node location algorithms are mainly focus on 2D space and they have poor accuracy, a parameter matching 3D accurate location algorithm based on RSSI has been proposed. The parameter matching of signal attenuation model between every pair of unknown node and beacon node has reduced the effect on location accuracy as individual difference and environment factor; by making use of theoretical and empirical model to compensate the attenuation of wireless signal in obstacle, the location accuracy has been improved further; the change of role between unknown node and beacon node can reduce the effect brought by the unbalanced distribution of beacon nodes; change the transmitting power of sensor node and the time interval of positioning can effectively reduce the energy consumption of sensor node.
Fifth, research on the sensor network routing protocol. As the limitation of resources in sensor node and the advantages of geographical routing algorithm, by making use of the coordinate information got from 3D location algorithm, a 3D geographical routing algorithm based on coordinate information has been proposed, which combines the ideal minimum energy model and the hop number model, and balanced the relationship between single hop distance and energy consumption; choose the sensor node in their cross area which is nearest to the space straight line between the source node and the destination node for routing, and this has shorten the distance of data transmission; when encountering "empty" during the routing, randomly choose the minus neighbouring node as the next hop node, and this can reduce the possibility of encountering "empty" again, while always transmitting along forward direction has avoided the happening of circle phenomenon.
引文
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