商业助学贷款中的信用与担保问题研究
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摘要
为了保证公民接受大学教育的公平性,推行商业助学贷款势在必行。通过本案,对商业助学贷款运行机制和體系中存在的问题进行了分析,对商业助学贷款进行机制和體系的完善与发展的相关策略提出了建议。主要内容如下。
1、针对商业助学贷款信用體系建设中存在的问题及原因,构建了商业助学贷款信用體系的基本框架。这一基本框架包括：完善商业助学贷款信用法律法规体系、建立商业助学贷款的信用资料技术支撑體系、建立大学生信用评价體系、建立政府信用市埸管理體系建立全社会诚信教育體系、建立商业助学贷款失信惩戒机制。
2、至于如何完善助学贷款信用體系,可以探取这些措施：加快助学贷款征信管理體系的建设,对助学贷款进行立法,建设助学贷款信用担保机构的有关法律,构建大学生个人信用评价體系,完善助学贷款资讯系统,设立商业助学贷款风险补偿机制,建立商业助学贷款「风险补偿专项资金」。
3、建立了大学生助学贷款信用評价體系,构建了商业助学贷款借贷人信用评价分析框架。依靠品德、能力、资本、担保品、环境这五个要素,对大学生个人信用进行评价。该信用評价體系的功能在于,通过商业助学贷款評价模型的设计,把政府职能部门和学校结合起来了,对大学生的学习表现、家庭收入情况、个人消费情况、是否恶意拖欠学费、经济社会活动方面、同学间认可的诚信度等各种信用活动都纳入評价范围。
4、建立了商业助学贷款失信(拖欠、逾期还款)与信贷风险控制机制。降低助学贷款拖欠的措施主要是：一是建立和完善各银行之间的资讯共用机制,将提高处罚违约者的机会；二是加大对违约者的处罚力度：三是延长还款期限、降低每期还款额。四是提高政府对贷款的贴息。五是提高借款学生信用意识,加快信用體系建立
5、为了完善商业助学贷款信用體系,需要借鉴境外商业助学贷款和信用担保的经验,结合实際情况,建议采取这些切实可行的对策。(1)对大学生加强诚信教育。(2)积极推动学生属地贷款。(3)设立和增大商业助学贷款风险基金,以分散银行的风险。(4)建立健全全国范围的个人征信系统。(5)尽快出台商业助学贷款的法律法规。(6)不断加强政府、银行、学校在商业助学贷款方面的合作。政府为商业助学贷款项目的实施提供良好的政策环境和进行环境学校、银行则负责具體工作的落实。
6、通过建立政策性信用担保机构为贫困大学生的贷款提供担保,从而建立起商业助学贷款信用担保體系。运用资讯经济学中的委託——代理理论,指出商业助学贷款信用担保體系中参与主体之间存在的委託——代理关系,通过分析委託——代理关系,建立委託方与代理方的激励和约束政策,从而确立了各参与者主體之间良好的运行关系。商业助学贷款信用担保體系最终的良好运行,可以调动起参与各方的积极性,可以使各方都获得相应的利益,可以促进商业助学贷款的可持续发展。
It is imperative to implement commercial student loan to ensure citizens'fairness of receiving university education. This research analyzes issues exist in operation mechanism & system of commercial student loan, and correspondently, proposes relevant strategies which would perfect and develop them. The major elements are set as follows:
1. In view of problems and reasons present in credit system construction of commercial student loan, the paper builds the basic framework of credit system, which includes consummation of credit laws and regulations for commercial student loan, establishment of credit data technical support system, creation of credit evaluation system for university students, construction of government credit market management system, building-up of whole social credit education system, constitution of dishonesty disciplinary mechanism for commercial student loan.
2. As for how to improve the student loan credit system, we can take these measures:speed up the construction of credit management system, promulgate legislations for student loan, construct related laws of student loan credit guarantee agencies, build personal credit evaluation system for university students, improve the information system, set up risk compensation mechanism, found risk compensation special funds.
3. The establishment of student loan credit evaluation system for college students, and the constitution of credit rating analysis framework for loan borrowers. The credit evaluation system assesses personal credit rely on moral character, capacity, capital, collateral, environment these five elements. By devising evaluation model of commercial student loan, this appraisal system combines government's function departments with schools, and brings various integrity activities such as academic performance of college students, family income, personal consumption, whether maliciously default fees, economic and social activities, students-recognized credit degree in the scope of evaluation.
4. The establishment of bad credit (arrears, late payment) and credit risk control for commercial student loan. Measures to reduce student loan default are mainly:First, constitute and perfect the information sharing mechanism among banks, which will increase penalty opportunities for those violations; Second, strengthen penalties for breach of contract; Third is to extend the repayment period, reduce each repayment amount; Four, elevate government's loan interest subsidies; Five is to increase students' awareness of loan credit and accelerate the establishment of credit system.
5. In order to improve the commercial student loan credit system, we need to draw on experience of cross-border commercial student loan and credit guarantee, combined with the actual condition. And practical solutions as follows are recommended. (1) strengthen university students' integrity education. (2) promote actively the student dependencies loan. (3) establish and increase risk funds of commercial student loan to diversify their risks. (4) establish nationwide personal credit information system. (5) promulgate laws and regulations of commercial student loan as soon as possible. (6) unceasingly enhance co-operations of the government, banks, schools in commercial student loan fields. The government provides good policy and operating environment for the implementation of commercial student loan, while schools & banks are responsible for specific tasks.
6. It's the building-up of policy-oriented credit guarantee institutions, which supply guarantees for the poor college students loan, that the credit guarantee system for commercial student loan has been established. By use of principal-agent theory in information economics, this study figures out that the principal-agent relations present between the body involved in credit guarantee system. By analyzing the principal-agent relations, it proposes incentives for the commissioning party and restriction policy for the agent-side, thus, setting up a good relationship between the main parties involved in the operation. The ultimate well-run of credit guarantee system could mobilize enthusiasms of the parties involved, could make access to the corresponding interests of all parties, could promote the sustainable development of commercial student loan.
1、针对商业助学贷款信用體系建设中存在的问题及原因,构建了商业助学贷款信用體系的基本框架。这一基本框架包括：完善商业助学贷款信用法律法规体系、建立商业助学贷款的信用资料技术支撑體系、建立大学生信用评价體系、建立政府信用市埸管理體系建立全社会诚信教育體系、建立商业助学贷款失信惩戒机制。
2、至于如何完善助学贷款信用體系,可以探取这些措施：加快助学贷款征信管理體系的建设,对助学贷款进行立法,建设助学贷款信用担保机构的有关法律,构建大学生个人信用评价體系,完善助学贷款资讯系统,设立商业助学贷款风险补偿机制,建立商业助学贷款「风险补偿专项资金」。
3、建立了大学生助学贷款信用評价體系,构建了商业助学贷款借贷人信用评价分析框架。依靠品德、能力、资本、担保品、环境这五个要素,对大学生个人信用进行评价。该信用評价體系的功能在于,通过商业助学贷款評价模型的设计,把政府职能部门和学校结合起来了,对大学生的学习表现、家庭收入情况、个人消费情况、是否恶意拖欠学费、经济社会活动方面、同学间认可的诚信度等各种信用活动都纳入評价范围。
4、建立了商业助学贷款失信(拖欠、逾期还款)与信贷风险控制机制。降低助学贷款拖欠的措施主要是：一是建立和完善各银行之间的资讯共用机制,将提高处罚违约者的机会；二是加大对违约者的处罚力度：三是延长还款期限、降低每期还款额。四是提高政府对贷款的贴息。五是提高借款学生信用意识,加快信用體系建立
5、为了完善商业助学贷款信用體系,需要借鉴境外商业助学贷款和信用担保的经验,结合实際情况,建议采取这些切实可行的对策。(1)对大学生加强诚信教育。(2)积极推动学生属地贷款。(3)设立和增大商业助学贷款风险基金,以分散银行的风险。(4)建立健全全国范围的个人征信系统。(5)尽快出台商业助学贷款的法律法规。(6)不断加强政府、银行、学校在商业助学贷款方面的合作。政府为商业助学贷款项目的实施提供良好的政策环境和进行环境学校、银行则负责具體工作的落实。
6、通过建立政策性信用担保机构为贫困大学生的贷款提供担保,从而建立起商业助学贷款信用担保體系。运用资讯经济学中的委託——代理理论,指出商业助学贷款信用担保體系中参与主体之间存在的委託——代理关系,通过分析委託——代理关系,建立委託方与代理方的激励和约束政策,从而确立了各参与者主體之间良好的运行关系。商业助学贷款信用担保體系最终的良好运行,可以调动起参与各方的积极性,可以使各方都获得相应的利益,可以促进商业助学贷款的可持续发展。
It is imperative to implement commercial student loan to ensure citizens'fairness of receiving university education. This research analyzes issues exist in operation mechanism & system of commercial student loan, and correspondently, proposes relevant strategies which would perfect and develop them. The major elements are set as follows:
1. In view of problems and reasons present in credit system construction of commercial student loan, the paper builds the basic framework of credit system, which includes consummation of credit laws and regulations for commercial student loan, establishment of credit data technical support system, creation of credit evaluation system for university students, construction of government credit market management system, building-up of whole social credit education system, constitution of dishonesty disciplinary mechanism for commercial student loan.
2. As for how to improve the student loan credit system, we can take these measures:speed up the construction of credit management system, promulgate legislations for student loan, construct related laws of student loan credit guarantee agencies, build personal credit evaluation system for university students, improve the information system, set up risk compensation mechanism, found risk compensation special funds.
3. The establishment of student loan credit evaluation system for college students, and the constitution of credit rating analysis framework for loan borrowers. The credit evaluation system assesses personal credit rely on moral character, capacity, capital, collateral, environment these five elements. By devising evaluation model of commercial student loan, this appraisal system combines government's function departments with schools, and brings various integrity activities such as academic performance of college students, family income, personal consumption, whether maliciously default fees, economic and social activities, students-recognized credit degree in the scope of evaluation.
4. The establishment of bad credit (arrears, late payment) and credit risk control for commercial student loan. Measures to reduce student loan default are mainly:First, constitute and perfect the information sharing mechanism among banks, which will increase penalty opportunities for those violations; Second, strengthen penalties for breach of contract; Third is to extend the repayment period, reduce each repayment amount; Four, elevate government's loan interest subsidies; Five is to increase students' awareness of loan credit and accelerate the establishment of credit system.
5. In order to improve the commercial student loan credit system, we need to draw on experience of cross-border commercial student loan and credit guarantee, combined with the actual condition. And practical solutions as follows are recommended. (1) strengthen university students' integrity education. (2) promote actively the student dependencies loan. (3) establish and increase risk funds of commercial student loan to diversify their risks. (4) establish nationwide personal credit information system. (5) promulgate laws and regulations of commercial student loan as soon as possible. (6) unceasingly enhance co-operations of the government, banks, schools in commercial student loan fields. The government provides good policy and operating environment for the implementation of commercial student loan, while schools & banks are responsible for specific tasks.
6. It's the building-up of policy-oriented credit guarantee institutions, which supply guarantees for the poor college students loan, that the credit guarantee system for commercial student loan has been established. By use of principal-agent theory in information economics, this study figures out that the principal-agent relations present between the body involved in credit guarantee system. By analyzing the principal-agent relations, it proposes incentives for the commissioning party and restriction policy for the agent-side, thus, setting up a good relationship between the main parties involved in the operation. The ultimate well-run of credit guarantee system could mobilize enthusiasms of the parties involved, could make access to the corresponding interests of all parties, could promote the sustainable development of commercial student loan.
引文
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