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我国住房抵押贷款方式的设计思路
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摘要
住房抵押贷款作为一种重要的金融工具,在我国已实行了十余年,但至今都没有发挥其应有的作用。虽然个人住房公积金贷款与个人住房商业性贷款的规模扩张极其迅速,但我国住房抵押贷款抵借比率过小、贷款期限过短、首付款过大、还款方式单一,已不能适应不同层次购房者的贷款要求,对其进行创新设计已成为当务之急。丰富的住房抵押贷款产品不仅可以满足更多借款人的需求,也可以提高金融机构的综合竞争力,并完善我国住房抵押贷款市场,进而扩大住宅市场的有效需求。
    笔者首先详细介绍了国外住房抵押贷款设计的历史进程,并分析了它们的产生原因、设计要素、利率特征、目标客户以及现金流特点。在借鉴这些成功经验的同时,剖析国内现有住房抵押贷款的发放现状,产生了我国住房抵押贷款方式的设计思路。笔者以“如何设计符合本国国情的新型住房抵押贷款方式”为论文主线,从贷款客户风险承受能力、生命周期理论、灵活还款趋势、规避通货膨胀风险等四个方面对我国住房抵押贷款进行了一个全方位的设计。在深入分析FRM利率确定与风险控制、ARM合同条款、ARM定价与付款机制、FRM与ARM相互融合与转化之后,提出建立我国利率多元化的住房抵押贷款市场;在阐述生命周期理论以及生命周期内购房还款最优现金流之后,建议住房抵押贷款设计人员应根据处于不同生命周期阶段借款人的收入状况、预期收入、行为特征、消费结构、消费心理等因素,有针对性的设计满足不同客户群体的住房抵押贷款方式,并详细分析了递增与递减住房抵押贷款、逆向年金住房抵押贷款的设计思路;在论述自由借贷组合以追求住房消费效用最大化原理之后,参考国外金融机构提供借款人节省开支、提前还款、续签贷款、贷款展期、间断还款以及附加贷款等还款便利条件,提出了计划还本型与灵活还款型住房抵押贷款的设计思路;在研究通货膨胀引起的月付款倾斜效应之后,着重介绍了即提高借款人支付能力又不牺牲贷款人利益,也不需要政府提供过多补贴的双指数住房抵押贷款的设计思路。
As an important financial instrument, residential mortgage has gone into effect for ten years in China. But financial institution hasn't still brought it into full play so far. Though residential accumulation fund load and commercial load develop rapidly, there are many problems including smaller loan-to-value ratio, shorter loan terms, more initial payments and simple mortgage lending patterns needed to be solved in mortgage innovation. Residential mortgage doesn't meet the needs of all groups of home buyers, so it has been a urgent matter to innovate it. Abundant mortgage products may meet the needs of more and more borrowers, improve the comprehensive competitive power of financial institution, increase mortgage market efficiency, and expand the effective demand in housing market.
    The paper firstly presents a historical overview of traditional mortgages design in detail. Thereafter it analyses their emerging intention, designing factors, rate characters, fixed consumers and cash flow. At the same time that the author draws lessons from the above successful experience, he dissects the state of the art of mortgage market in china, therefore produces the thought of mortgage instruments design. "How to design the new mortgage products corresponding with Chinese conditions?" is the main thread of this study. Centralizing on it, the author makes the systematic design for Chinese mortgage instruments from four aspects including borrowers' risk bearablity, life-span theory, tendency of flexible payment and dodge inflation risk. After deeply analyzing FRM's rate determination and risk control, ARM's contract terms, ARM's price making and paying mechanism, the paper sets forth building multiple-rate mortgage market in china; After explaining life-span theory and optimal paying cash flow in life-span, it suggests that the mortgage products should be tailored to different market segments of borrowers. Designers should attempt to stern borrowers defaults result from payment shock and to make mortgages more affordable according to borrowers' present income, expected income, lending environment, behavioral characteristics, consumptive structure and consumptive psychology etc. Afterwards, the paper analyses the designing thought about increasing mortgage, decreasing mortgage and reverse mortgage at length; After discussing the theory of realizing the maximal housing consumptive effectiveness from free loan, and referring to the paying facility including expenditure saving, prepayment, maintaining loan, loan renewal, adjusting the payment to circumstances, additional loan etc. that the foreign financial institutions offer borrowers, the paper gives us the designing thought about
    
    arranged amortization mortgage and flexible payment mortgage; After studying the payment tilt, the paper places emphasis on the designing thought about dual indexes mortgage that can not only improve borrowers' paying ability, protect all sides' interest, but also increase government subsidy.
引文
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    1 参见Kearl, J. R. , Inflation Mortgage and Housing, Journal of Political Economy, 1979, Vol. 87, No.5.
    2 中国人民银行颁布的《个人住房抵押贷款管理方法》第14条规定:“(个人住房)贷款期限在1年以上的,遇法定利率调整,于下年初开始,按相应利率档次执行新的利率规定”
    3 也有采用将月付款额与居民实际工资增长速度相挂钩,并以此作定期调整。
    4 参见丰雷,谭琼.建立我国住房抵押贷款市场的初步研究〔J〕.财会研究,2000(4)
    5 计算金融机构营运住房抵押贷款的成本与收益时,应当同时考虑金融机构的营运成本、各项风险溢价等因素,在此为了方便起见,将所有影响因素都纳入到存款利率之中。
    6 在此暂忽略征收“贷款手续费”、借款人提前还款等情况,因此住房抵押贷款的贷款利率(合同利率)就等于金融机构实际所征收的利率(实际利率)。
    7 参见威廉姆.B.布鲁格曼,杰夫瑞.D.费雪.房地产金融与投资〔M〕.大连:东北财经大学出版社,2000
    8 参见威廉姆.B.布鲁格曼,杰夫瑞.D.费雪.房地产金融与投资〔M〕.大连:东北财经大学出版社,2000
    9 参见威廉姆.B.布鲁格曼,杰夫瑞.D.费雪.房地产金融与投资〔M〕.大连:东北财经大学出版社,2000
    10 贷款期利率调整上下限与调整期期利率调整上下限对借贷双方风险和初始利率的影响作用相似。
    11 月付款调整上下限、月付款上下限的调整幅度大小与利率调整上下限、利率上下限的调整幅度大小对借贷双方风险和初始利率的影响作用相似。
    12 表3.2中利率数值无实际意义,仅用于更直观地对住房抵押贷款方式利率特征进行比较说明。
    13 参见冯晶.生命周期理论与个人住房抵押贷款方式创新〔J〕.浙江社会科学,1999(4)
    14 参见Kent W. Colton, Donald R. Lessard, Arthur P. Solomon, Borrower Attitudes Toward Alternative Mortgage Instruments, AREUEA JOURNAL,1979, Vol.7
    15 参见Kent W. Colton, Donald R. Lessard, Arthur P. Solomon, Borrower Attitudes Toward Alternative Mortgage Instruments, AREUEA JOURNAL,1979, Vol.7
    16 1999年10月建设银行上海市分行已经推出了面向大学以上学历年轻人的渐进递增付款式住房抵押贷款。
    17 参见武文博 严广乐,住房抵押贷款还贷结构设计,上海理工大学学报,2000,Vol22,No.1
    18 参见吴莉.储蓄周期理论与我国居民储蓄〔J〕.城市金融论坛,1999(6)
    19 等额还本与非等额还本还款计算方法相同,唯一不同的是前者p1=p2=pk=...=pn,后者p1≠p2≠pk≠...≠pn.
    
    20 参见龙永胜.房地产金融与投资〔M〕.北京:高等教育出版社,1998
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