分布式MIMO信道质量估计关键技术研究
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摘要
分布式MIMO信道质量，如信道衰落程度、接收信干噪比、载波间干扰等，是空时解码、纠错码译码以及自适应编码调制的必备参数，其估计的准确性将直接影响系统链路的吞吐率，是无线通信系统进行资源分配和管理的重要参考量。
在下一代移动通信系统如LTE-A中，用于信道质量表征和状态估计的参考量，其设计优化以及估计质量提升还有很大的空间。概括起来主要包括以下几个方面：第一，发射天线数目越多，用于信道估计的导引符号占用的频谱资源越高；第二，对于信干噪比估计，实际工程中需要一种高精度低复杂度的估计方法；第三，在天线分布部署的LTE-A场景中，存在异种多普勒成为可能，因此需要重新考虑载波间干扰的计算。
为了进一步提高频谱利用率，论文围绕上述系统存在的不足，对分布式MIMO信道质量的估计和优化展开研究，具体包括：导引符号位置设计、天线数目选择、信干噪比估计以及载波间干扰分析。
首先，在分布式MIMO下行链路中，提出了为实现满频率复用的导引设计方法：利用分布式信道大尺度衰落的不平衡特性，安排相邻天线的导引符号在时频域上相互正交，相隔较远天线的导引符号复用；基于最小化信道估计均方误差准则，对导引密度进行了优化。在三发两收，天线间距500米以及多径瑞利衰落信道条件下进行仿真，结果表明，当信道估计的区域平均均方误差为102时，与基于集中式MIMO的导引位置安排方法相比，论文方法有1.2dB的信噪比增益。
其次，在线形小区分布式天线系统的下行链路，给出了发射天线数目选择方法：在不同的接收位置上，比较了单天线满功率发射波形与双天线Alamouti发射波形的性能，基于最小化误比特率准则选择发射天线数目。仿真结果表明，在发射天线间距500米，阴影标准差8dB以及移动台与发射天线距离小于80米条件下，当链路的区域平均误比特率为102时，发射天线数目经优化后，发射功率可以减少1.5dB。
再次，在频率选择性瑞利衰落信道中，针对LTE-A提出一种利用频域相关性的信干噪比估计方法：利用子载波之间的相关性构造降秩矩阵，提取其协方差矩阵的最小特征值估计信干噪比。仿真结果表明，当信干噪比小于30dB时，该方法只需要利用连续4个导引符号载波，便可实现估计误差小于0.2dB，且该方法对多普勒频移不敏感。
最后，在分布式MIMO上行链路中，各接收天线地理位置分布的不同可能导致其多普勒功率谱类型的不同。针对这一场景，分析了多普勒扩展对载波间干扰的影响：先给出在迫零检测下的瞬时接收信干噪比，然后分析了系统链路的载干比性能。在两发两收、子载波个数为256以及子载波间隔7.81kHz条件下进行数值分析，结果表明，平坦谱相对两径谱的载干比性能有4.8dB的增益。
针对分布式环境下的信道质量估计问题，论文研究了导引符号位置设计、天线数目选择、信干噪比估计以及载波间干扰分析，研究成果可用于基于分布式多天线的宽带接入、数字广播、移动通信等无线通信系统中。
The channel quality in multiple input multiple output (MIMO) with distributedantennas, such as the extent of channel fading, the received signal to interference plusnoise ratio (SINR) and the inter-carrier interference (ICI), etc., are the essentialparameters of space-time decoding, error correction code decoding and adaptive codedmodulation. The accuracy of the channel quality estimation have a direct impact on thethroughput of the system link, thus the channel quality are the key reference of thewireless resource allocation and management.
There are a lot of room for improvement on channel quality estimation andoptimization in the next generation mobile communication systems such as LTE-A. Themainly aspects are summed up. Firstly, the larger the number of transmit antennas, themore the spectrum resources occupied by pilot symbols. Secondly, a high precision andlow complexity method for the SINR estimation is needed in the actual project. Thirdly,in the LTE-A scenarios with distribted antennas, the existence of heterogeneous Dopplerbecomes possible, therefore the calculation of ICI need to be reconsidered.
In order to further improve the spectrum utilization, around the shortcomingsdescribed above, this thesis focuses on the study of estimation and optimizationmethods for channel quality in distributed MIMO, including: location design for pilotsymbols, antenna number selection, SINR estimation, and ICI analysis.
Firstly, pilot design for achieving full frequency reuse is proposed in downlinkdistributed MIMO systems. Using the imbalance of the large-scale fading of distributedchannel, the pilot symbols of adjacent antennas are orthogonal in time and frequencydomains, and the pilot symbols of distant antennas are multiplexed. Based onminimizing the mean squared error of channel estimation, the pilot density is optimized.Under the condition of orthogonal space-time block coding with three transmit and tworeceive antennas, multipath Rayleigh fading channels, and antenna spacing of500meters, at the area averaged mean square error of102, the proposed methodoutperforms the centralized MIMO based method by1.2dB in signal to noise ratio.
Secondly, a method for antenna number selection is presented in the line-shaped cell downlink distributed antenna systems. In the different position, the performance iscompared between single transmit antenna with full power and the Alamouti scheme.The antenna number is selected based on minimizing the bit error probability. Under thecondition of distance between transmit antennas500meters and standard deviation ofshadowing8dB, when the distance between mobile station and transmit antenna is lessthan80meters, at the area averaged bit error probability of102, the transmit power canbe reduced by1.5dB after optimization for antenna number selection.
Thirdly, a SINR estimation method is proposed for LTE-A over frequency-selectiveRayleigh fading channels. A reduced-rank matrix is constructed utilizing the correlationbetween subcarriers, and the smallest eigenvalue of the covariance matrix is extracted toestimate SINR. The simulation results show that, when SINR is less than30dB, theproposed method requires only continuous four pilot subcarriers for realizing estimationerror is less than0.2dB, and that the proposed method is insensitive to the Doppler shift.
Finally, the different locations of receiving antennas may lead to different types ofDoppler power spectrum in uplink distributed MIMO. For this scene, the efforts ofDoppler spreading on ICI are analyzed. The instantaneous SINR is presented usingzero-forcing detector at first, and then the carrier-to-interference ratio (CIR) expressionis derived. The numerical results show that, under the conditions of two transmit andtwo received antennas,256subcarriers and subcarrier spacing of7.81kHz, the CIRperformance of the flat spectrum has4.8dB gains relative two-path spectrum.
This thesis studies the location design for pilot symbols, antenna number selection,SINR estimation, and ICI analysis for the channel quality estimation problem indistributed channel envirenment. The research results can be used in the broadbandaccess based on a distributed multi-antenna, the mobile communications and thewireless communication systems.
在下一代移动通信系统如LTE-A中，用于信道质量表征和状态估计的参考量，其设计优化以及估计质量提升还有很大的空间。概括起来主要包括以下几个方面：第一，发射天线数目越多，用于信道估计的导引符号占用的频谱资源越高；第二，对于信干噪比估计，实际工程中需要一种高精度低复杂度的估计方法；第三，在天线分布部署的LTE-A场景中，存在异种多普勒成为可能，因此需要重新考虑载波间干扰的计算。
为了进一步提高频谱利用率，论文围绕上述系统存在的不足，对分布式MIMO信道质量的估计和优化展开研究，具体包括：导引符号位置设计、天线数目选择、信干噪比估计以及载波间干扰分析。
首先，在分布式MIMO下行链路中，提出了为实现满频率复用的导引设计方法：利用分布式信道大尺度衰落的不平衡特性，安排相邻天线的导引符号在时频域上相互正交，相隔较远天线的导引符号复用；基于最小化信道估计均方误差准则，对导引密度进行了优化。在三发两收，天线间距500米以及多径瑞利衰落信道条件下进行仿真，结果表明，当信道估计的区域平均均方误差为102时，与基于集中式MIMO的导引位置安排方法相比，论文方法有1.2dB的信噪比增益。
其次，在线形小区分布式天线系统的下行链路，给出了发射天线数目选择方法：在不同的接收位置上，比较了单天线满功率发射波形与双天线Alamouti发射波形的性能，基于最小化误比特率准则选择发射天线数目。仿真结果表明，在发射天线间距500米，阴影标准差8dB以及移动台与发射天线距离小于80米条件下，当链路的区域平均误比特率为102时，发射天线数目经优化后，发射功率可以减少1.5dB。
再次，在频率选择性瑞利衰落信道中，针对LTE-A提出一种利用频域相关性的信干噪比估计方法：利用子载波之间的相关性构造降秩矩阵，提取其协方差矩阵的最小特征值估计信干噪比。仿真结果表明，当信干噪比小于30dB时，该方法只需要利用连续4个导引符号载波，便可实现估计误差小于0.2dB，且该方法对多普勒频移不敏感。
最后，在分布式MIMO上行链路中，各接收天线地理位置分布的不同可能导致其多普勒功率谱类型的不同。针对这一场景，分析了多普勒扩展对载波间干扰的影响：先给出在迫零检测下的瞬时接收信干噪比，然后分析了系统链路的载干比性能。在两发两收、子载波个数为256以及子载波间隔7.81kHz条件下进行数值分析，结果表明，平坦谱相对两径谱的载干比性能有4.8dB的增益。
针对分布式环境下的信道质量估计问题，论文研究了导引符号位置设计、天线数目选择、信干噪比估计以及载波间干扰分析，研究成果可用于基于分布式多天线的宽带接入、数字广播、移动通信等无线通信系统中。
The channel quality in multiple input multiple output (MIMO) with distributedantennas, such as the extent of channel fading, the received signal to interference plusnoise ratio (SINR) and the inter-carrier interference (ICI), etc., are the essentialparameters of space-time decoding, error correction code decoding and adaptive codedmodulation. The accuracy of the channel quality estimation have a direct impact on thethroughput of the system link, thus the channel quality are the key reference of thewireless resource allocation and management.
There are a lot of room for improvement on channel quality estimation andoptimization in the next generation mobile communication systems such as LTE-A. Themainly aspects are summed up. Firstly, the larger the number of transmit antennas, themore the spectrum resources occupied by pilot symbols. Secondly, a high precision andlow complexity method for the SINR estimation is needed in the actual project. Thirdly,in the LTE-A scenarios with distribted antennas, the existence of heterogeneous Dopplerbecomes possible, therefore the calculation of ICI need to be reconsidered.
In order to further improve the spectrum utilization, around the shortcomingsdescribed above, this thesis focuses on the study of estimation and optimizationmethods for channel quality in distributed MIMO, including: location design for pilotsymbols, antenna number selection, SINR estimation, and ICI analysis.
Firstly, pilot design for achieving full frequency reuse is proposed in downlinkdistributed MIMO systems. Using the imbalance of the large-scale fading of distributedchannel, the pilot symbols of adjacent antennas are orthogonal in time and frequencydomains, and the pilot symbols of distant antennas are multiplexed. Based onminimizing the mean squared error of channel estimation, the pilot density is optimized.Under the condition of orthogonal space-time block coding with three transmit and tworeceive antennas, multipath Rayleigh fading channels, and antenna spacing of500meters, at the area averaged mean square error of102, the proposed methodoutperforms the centralized MIMO based method by1.2dB in signal to noise ratio.
Secondly, a method for antenna number selection is presented in the line-shaped cell downlink distributed antenna systems. In the different position, the performance iscompared between single transmit antenna with full power and the Alamouti scheme.The antenna number is selected based on minimizing the bit error probability. Under thecondition of distance between transmit antennas500meters and standard deviation ofshadowing8dB, when the distance between mobile station and transmit antenna is lessthan80meters, at the area averaged bit error probability of102, the transmit power canbe reduced by1.5dB after optimization for antenna number selection.
Thirdly, a SINR estimation method is proposed for LTE-A over frequency-selectiveRayleigh fading channels. A reduced-rank matrix is constructed utilizing the correlationbetween subcarriers, and the smallest eigenvalue of the covariance matrix is extracted toestimate SINR. The simulation results show that, when SINR is less than30dB, theproposed method requires only continuous four pilot subcarriers for realizing estimationerror is less than0.2dB, and that the proposed method is insensitive to the Doppler shift.
Finally, the different locations of receiving antennas may lead to different types ofDoppler power spectrum in uplink distributed MIMO. For this scene, the efforts ofDoppler spreading on ICI are analyzed. The instantaneous SINR is presented usingzero-forcing detector at first, and then the carrier-to-interference ratio (CIR) expressionis derived. The numerical results show that, under the conditions of two transmit andtwo received antennas,256subcarriers and subcarrier spacing of7.81kHz, the CIRperformance of the flat spectrum has4.8dB gains relative two-path spectrum.
This thesis studies the location design for pilot symbols, antenna number selection,SINR estimation, and ICI analysis for the channel quality estimation problem indistributed channel envirenment. The research results can be used in the broadbandaccess based on a distributed multi-antenna, the mobile communications and thewireless communication systems.
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