单洞对向交通公路隧道火灾安全对策研究
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摘要
在高速公路飞快发展的同时，二级公路也取得了较大的发展，单洞对向交通的长大隧道日益增多。单洞对向交通隧道的特点是交通量较小，行车速度慢，火灾隐患大，火灾疏散、救援难度高。火灾一旦发生，将造成巨大的经济损失和严重的社会影响，国内外长大公路隧道单洞对向交通火灾安全研究还处于初级阶段。因此，如何解决单洞对向交通隧道的防灾救援难题显得日益重要。
本文针对单洞对向行车的火灾安全问题，依托云南省交通科技计划项目“双向交通隧道运营通风、照明与安全技术研究”开展火灾安全对策研究。通过分析火灾的成因与分类，提出对向交通隧道火灾规模分类，在单洞对向交通隧道中，火灾规模可按3MW、10MW、20MW设防，分别对应级别为小型火灾、中型火灾、大型火灾。
隧道发生火灾后的烟雾场、温度场、压力场的分布情况异常复杂。本文采用数值模拟分析了火灾稳态场和瞬态场的特点，得出火灾初期6分钟内为逃生的黄金时间；隧道发生火灾时，通风组织安排应根据不同因素综合分析、具体确定，司乘人员的疏散要根据火灾点所处的位置；火灾规模的大小；火风压的方向及其对隧道内风流的影响；发生火灾、发现灾情、风机调整所需要的时间；火灾情况下，隧道内烟流的扩散速度以及温度传播速度；烟流的回流距离等因素综合考虑疏散救援方案，在纵向通风中尽量通过最短的路径排出有毒烟气。在横向和半横向通风的隧道内，以控制排烟风速为主。
在火灾安全对策研究中，把建筑物性能化防灾概念引入到隧道防灾设计中，将隧道火灾对策分为性能化对策和结构化对策，使得防灾思路更为清晰。在性能化防灾对策研究中，针对对向交通公路隧道不同通风方式，分别就火灾工况时的气流组织、救援逃生模式进行了分析，给出了不同通风方式下不同工况点的通风救援模式。在结构化防灾对策研究中，提出人烟分离模式和人火分离模式。在人烟分离模式中，提出单侧检修道封闭的防灾模式和隧道火灾烟气模糊控制法。在人火分离模式中，提出设单侧轨道车救援模式和对向交通隧道单洞双车道变双洞单向单车道的防灾救援模式，同时给出了单洞双车道隧道变单车道上下两层隧道的防灾救援方案。
针对火灾规模分类中大于20MW的火灾和危险品，给出了其通过单洞对向交通的合理化建议。
With the fast development of the highway, the second-class highway has also got substantial progress, and the extra long single-tunnel for subtended traffic has also increased gradually. The characteristic of single-tunnel for subtended traffic is small traffic, low-speed,big fire hidden trouble, higher difficulty evacuating and succoring. Once a fire happened in the Single-tunnel for subtended traffic, it will bring about gigantic economic losses and grave social influence, and study on fire safety countermeasure in single-tunnel for subtended traffic at home and abroad is still in the junior stage. Therefore, how to resolve the disaster prevention and rescue of the single-tunnel for subtended traffic becomes more and more important.
This article is for the problem of fire safety countermeasure in Single-tunnel for subtended traffic, relying on the project "Operating ventilation, lighting and security technology research of tunnel for subtended traffic" of Yunnan Province traffic science and technology plans carrying out fire safety measures research. By analyzing the causes and clsssification of fires, the security for fire scale of single-tunnel for subtended traffic can be classed 3MW, 10MW, 20MW, and the corresponding level is mini-scale fire, medium-scale fire, large-scale fire.
After the fire occurred in the tunnel, the distribution of smoke, temperature and pressure field is very complex. In this paper, with the finite element numerical simulation analysis of characteristics of fire's steady-state and transient field, the result is got that six minutes at the beginning of the fire is the prime time to escape. When the tunnel get a fire, tunnel ventilation organizational arrangements should be comprehensive analyzed and specifically determined based on different factors, the evacuation of passengers and drivers should accord to the location of fire points; the scale of the fire, the direction of the fire wind pressure; the airflow impacted by the pressure inside the tunnel; the time when the fire happens, is found and wind machine is adjusted; the speed of the smoke flow and temperature spread inside the tunnel under fire condition; the back-flow of the smoke and so on. Rescue plan should be considered according to the factors above, toxic smoke should be exhausted through the path as short as possible in the vertical ventilation. Controlling the smoke-exhaust wind speed is prime in the tunnel with the horizontal and semi-transverse ventilation.
In the study of fire safety countermeasure, the concept of building performance-based disaster prevention is introduced into the design of the tunnel, and the tunnel fire prevention countermeasures are divided into performance-based countermeasures and structured countermeasures, making a more clear idea of prevention. According to the performance-based countermeasures, different modes of ventilation for the subtended traffic tunnel, analysis of the air-flow organization and the model of escape and rescue at the time of fire conditions are carried out and the rescue modes of ventilation under different conditions in different points are given.According to the structured countermeasures, the separation model between men and smoke and the separation model between men and fire are put forward. The prevention disaster model of closed single maintenance of tunnel and the fuzzy control method of fire disaster of tunnel are brought out in the separation model between men and smoke. The single track vehicles model and the subtended traffic single-tunnel two-way turned into two-hole single lane one-way model are given. Simultaneously, the disaster prevention and rescue mode with single-hole two-lane tunnels turned into upper and lower levels of single lane tunnel is proposed.
For the fires and dangerous goods, which are greater than 20MW in the fire scale classification, rationalization proposals of transport to single-hole subtended traffic are given.
本文针对单洞对向行车的火灾安全问题，依托云南省交通科技计划项目“双向交通隧道运营通风、照明与安全技术研究”开展火灾安全对策研究。通过分析火灾的成因与分类，提出对向交通隧道火灾规模分类，在单洞对向交通隧道中，火灾规模可按3MW、10MW、20MW设防，分别对应级别为小型火灾、中型火灾、大型火灾。
隧道发生火灾后的烟雾场、温度场、压力场的分布情况异常复杂。本文采用数值模拟分析了火灾稳态场和瞬态场的特点，得出火灾初期6分钟内为逃生的黄金时间；隧道发生火灾时，通风组织安排应根据不同因素综合分析、具体确定，司乘人员的疏散要根据火灾点所处的位置；火灾规模的大小；火风压的方向及其对隧道内风流的影响；发生火灾、发现灾情、风机调整所需要的时间；火灾情况下，隧道内烟流的扩散速度以及温度传播速度；烟流的回流距离等因素综合考虑疏散救援方案，在纵向通风中尽量通过最短的路径排出有毒烟气。在横向和半横向通风的隧道内，以控制排烟风速为主。
在火灾安全对策研究中，把建筑物性能化防灾概念引入到隧道防灾设计中，将隧道火灾对策分为性能化对策和结构化对策，使得防灾思路更为清晰。在性能化防灾对策研究中，针对对向交通公路隧道不同通风方式，分别就火灾工况时的气流组织、救援逃生模式进行了分析，给出了不同通风方式下不同工况点的通风救援模式。在结构化防灾对策研究中，提出人烟分离模式和人火分离模式。在人烟分离模式中，提出单侧检修道封闭的防灾模式和隧道火灾烟气模糊控制法。在人火分离模式中，提出设单侧轨道车救援模式和对向交通隧道单洞双车道变双洞单向单车道的防灾救援模式，同时给出了单洞双车道隧道变单车道上下两层隧道的防灾救援方案。
针对火灾规模分类中大于20MW的火灾和危险品，给出了其通过单洞对向交通的合理化建议。
With the fast development of the highway, the second-class highway has also got substantial progress, and the extra long single-tunnel for subtended traffic has also increased gradually. The characteristic of single-tunnel for subtended traffic is small traffic, low-speed,big fire hidden trouble, higher difficulty evacuating and succoring. Once a fire happened in the Single-tunnel for subtended traffic, it will bring about gigantic economic losses and grave social influence, and study on fire safety countermeasure in single-tunnel for subtended traffic at home and abroad is still in the junior stage. Therefore, how to resolve the disaster prevention and rescue of the single-tunnel for subtended traffic becomes more and more important.
This article is for the problem of fire safety countermeasure in Single-tunnel for subtended traffic, relying on the project "Operating ventilation, lighting and security technology research of tunnel for subtended traffic" of Yunnan Province traffic science and technology plans carrying out fire safety measures research. By analyzing the causes and clsssification of fires, the security for fire scale of single-tunnel for subtended traffic can be classed 3MW, 10MW, 20MW, and the corresponding level is mini-scale fire, medium-scale fire, large-scale fire.
After the fire occurred in the tunnel, the distribution of smoke, temperature and pressure field is very complex. In this paper, with the finite element numerical simulation analysis of characteristics of fire's steady-state and transient field, the result is got that six minutes at the beginning of the fire is the prime time to escape. When the tunnel get a fire, tunnel ventilation organizational arrangements should be comprehensive analyzed and specifically determined based on different factors, the evacuation of passengers and drivers should accord to the location of fire points; the scale of the fire, the direction of the fire wind pressure; the airflow impacted by the pressure inside the tunnel; the time when the fire happens, is found and wind machine is adjusted; the speed of the smoke flow and temperature spread inside the tunnel under fire condition; the back-flow of the smoke and so on. Rescue plan should be considered according to the factors above, toxic smoke should be exhausted through the path as short as possible in the vertical ventilation. Controlling the smoke-exhaust wind speed is prime in the tunnel with the horizontal and semi-transverse ventilation.
In the study of fire safety countermeasure, the concept of building performance-based disaster prevention is introduced into the design of the tunnel, and the tunnel fire prevention countermeasures are divided into performance-based countermeasures and structured countermeasures, making a more clear idea of prevention. According to the performance-based countermeasures, different modes of ventilation for the subtended traffic tunnel, analysis of the air-flow organization and the model of escape and rescue at the time of fire conditions are carried out and the rescue modes of ventilation under different conditions in different points are given.According to the structured countermeasures, the separation model between men and smoke and the separation model between men and fire are put forward. The prevention disaster model of closed single maintenance of tunnel and the fuzzy control method of fire disaster of tunnel are brought out in the separation model between men and smoke. The single track vehicles model and the subtended traffic single-tunnel two-way turned into two-hole single lane one-way model are given. Simultaneously, the disaster prevention and rescue mode with single-hole two-lane tunnels turned into upper and lower levels of single lane tunnel is proposed.
For the fires and dangerous goods, which are greater than 20MW in the fire scale classification, rationalization proposals of transport to single-hole subtended traffic are given.
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