走向完整的生存
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摘要
艾丽丝·沃克是当代美国文坛最有影响的作家之一，她所倡导的妇女主义思想，不仅代表了她的哲学立场，也促成了她具有特色的妇女主义文学创作艺术的形成。艾丽丝·沃克妇女主义文学创作的特征，就在于作家致力于表达的妇女主义思想和与此相关的文学表达方式。本文的研究以艾丽丝·沃克的主要作品为依据，对艾丽丝·沃克的妇女主义文学创作特征进行梳理和分析，并从社会历史意义和艺术审美价值两方面对艾丽丝·沃克的妇女主义文学创作做出评价。
本文认为追求人类的完整生存，是艾丽丝·沃克所宣扬的妇女主义之灵魂，它不仅贯穿于艾丽斯·沃克的整个文学创作，而且渗透进了作家的创作艺术之中，使其作品体现出独具特色的艺术风格和美学意蕴。本文指出，妇女主义思想构建了沃克文学作品的主题模式。这一主题模式具体表现为一种破碎——缝合——完整的结构。沃克的创作重在揭示黑人妇女在种族主义和性别主义双重压迫下的破碎的生存状态，但它更强调呼唤黑人妇女自我意识的觉醒，树立黑人妇女的自尊自信，探索将黑人妇女破碎的灵魂缝合以实现完整生存的途径。同时，沃克的作品还体现了对所有人民，包括男人和女人、有色人和白人的生存关怀，和对完整的人类社会的憧憬，表达了妇女主义超越二元对立和对抗，追求人类社会多元共存、平等和谐、共同繁荣的思想。
艾丽丝·沃克的创作思想与创作艺术一脉相承，都以阐发妇女主义理想为宗旨。本文认为百衲被象征了沃克妇女主义文学的艺术形式，其主要特征就在于以碎片化的形式呈现完整的艺术效果。沃克的作品常常采取多元叙述视角，多声部叙述声音的叙事形式，并将美国黑人传统文化中特有的表述方式，如：布鲁斯音乐、黑人土语等，直接运用到艺术创作中，既弘扬了美国黑人文化的审美价值，又丰富了文学的表现手段，使其作品体现出独特的美学意蕴和艺术价值。经由这些方式，沃克将妇女主义的思想内容与艺术形式完美地结合在了一起，构建了妇女主义的文学模式。
Alice Walker is one of the most influential contemporary American writers. The womanist thoughts that she initiated not only represent her philosophical stance, but also help to produce her literary writings with womanist characteristics, which are embodied by her devoted womanist thoughts and the related literary mode of expression. Based on Walker's major works, the present dissertation attempts to sort out and analyze her womanist writings and to make an assessment of them from the aspects of social historical significance and aesthetical values.
The present dissertation holds that the pursuit of "the survival and wholeness of entire people " is the essence of Walker's womanism, which is not only the central theme of the whole of Walker's literary works, but also permeates all of her writings so that her literary production demonstrates a unique artistic style and aesthetic implications. The author of the present dissertation points out that womanist ideology constructs the thematic mode of Alice Walker's literary works, which is represented by the clearly outlined structure of" patches - piecing— wholeness". Walker's literary productions are basically delineations of the fragmentary living conditions endured by the Black women with the double oppression of racialism and sexism, and at the same time it also lays great emphasis on the importance of awakening the self consciousness of the Black women via artistic productions, on the cultivation of their self esteem and confidence, and on the exploration into the way by which they could stitch "the patched" souls for "spiritual survival and survival whole". Meanwhile, Walker's writings are also the embodiments of the concerns about the existence of all people, including men and women, the Colored and White and of their aspirations; and they are also expressions of the ideals of womanism that aim at going beyond the antagonism of dualism for the wholeness of survival, a harmonious co-existence, and a prosperous human society.
Alice Walker's ideology and art of her writings are in direct line with each other, both of which are explications of womanism. The present dissertation concludes that the patched quilt is a symbol of the artistic form of Walker's womanist writings, the
本文认为追求人类的完整生存，是艾丽丝·沃克所宣扬的妇女主义之灵魂，它不仅贯穿于艾丽斯·沃克的整个文学创作，而且渗透进了作家的创作艺术之中，使其作品体现出独具特色的艺术风格和美学意蕴。本文指出，妇女主义思想构建了沃克文学作品的主题模式。这一主题模式具体表现为一种破碎——缝合——完整的结构。沃克的创作重在揭示黑人妇女在种族主义和性别主义双重压迫下的破碎的生存状态，但它更强调呼唤黑人妇女自我意识的觉醒，树立黑人妇女的自尊自信，探索将黑人妇女破碎的灵魂缝合以实现完整生存的途径。同时，沃克的作品还体现了对所有人民，包括男人和女人、有色人和白人的生存关怀，和对完整的人类社会的憧憬，表达了妇女主义超越二元对立和对抗，追求人类社会多元共存、平等和谐、共同繁荣的思想。
艾丽丝·沃克的创作思想与创作艺术一脉相承，都以阐发妇女主义理想为宗旨。本文认为百衲被象征了沃克妇女主义文学的艺术形式，其主要特征就在于以碎片化的形式呈现完整的艺术效果。沃克的作品常常采取多元叙述视角，多声部叙述声音的叙事形式，并将美国黑人传统文化中特有的表述方式，如：布鲁斯音乐、黑人土语等，直接运用到艺术创作中，既弘扬了美国黑人文化的审美价值，又丰富了文学的表现手段，使其作品体现出独特的美学意蕴和艺术价值。经由这些方式，沃克将妇女主义的思想内容与艺术形式完美地结合在了一起，构建了妇女主义的文学模式。
Alice Walker is one of the most influential contemporary American writers. The womanist thoughts that she initiated not only represent her philosophical stance, but also help to produce her literary writings with womanist characteristics, which are embodied by her devoted womanist thoughts and the related literary mode of expression. Based on Walker's major works, the present dissertation attempts to sort out and analyze her womanist writings and to make an assessment of them from the aspects of social historical significance and aesthetical values.
The present dissertation holds that the pursuit of "the survival and wholeness of entire people " is the essence of Walker's womanism, which is not only the central theme of the whole of Walker's literary works, but also permeates all of her writings so that her literary production demonstrates a unique artistic style and aesthetic implications. The author of the present dissertation points out that womanist ideology constructs the thematic mode of Alice Walker's literary works, which is represented by the clearly outlined structure of" patches - piecing— wholeness". Walker's literary productions are basically delineations of the fragmentary living conditions endured by the Black women with the double oppression of racialism and sexism, and at the same time it also lays great emphasis on the importance of awakening the self consciousness of the Black women via artistic productions, on the cultivation of their self esteem and confidence, and on the exploration into the way by which they could stitch "the patched" souls for "spiritual survival and survival whole". Meanwhile, Walker's writings are also the embodiments of the concerns about the existence of all people, including men and women, the Colored and White and of their aspirations; and they are also expressions of the ideals of womanism that aim at going beyond the antagonism of dualism for the wholeness of survival, a harmonious co-existence, and a prosperous human society.
Alice Walker's ideology and art of her writings are in direct line with each other, both of which are explications of womanism. The present dissertation concludes that the patched quilt is a symbol of the artistic form of Walker's womanist writings, the
引文
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1．艾丽丝·沃克，《寻找母亲的花园》，汪义群译《外国文艺》，1994年，第6期
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46．张京媛主编，《当代女性主义文学批评》，北京：北京大学出版社，1992年出版，
47．张冰岩，《女权主义文论》，济南：山东教育出版社，1998年
48．张中载等编《文本·文论——英美文学名著重读》，外语教学与研究出版社，2004年
49．曾竹青，《寻找母亲花园的黑人女性主义传统——兼谈爱丽丝·沃克的黑人女性主义观》，《湖南大学学报》2002年第5期
50．赵毅衡编选：《“新批评”文集》，中国社会科学出版社，1988年
51．修树新，《当代美国黑人女权主义文学批评理论》，《学术交流》，2003年12月
52．西蒙娜·德·波伏瓦，《第二性》，桑竹影等译，湖南文艺出版社，1986年
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31. Moi, Toril. Sexual/Textual Politicas: Feminist Literary Theory. New York: Routledge, 1985.
32. Hooks, Bell "Writing the Subject: Reading the Color Purple", in Harold Bloom, ed., Alice Walker, Modern Critical Views, New York: Chelsea House, 1989, p215
33. Howard, Lillie. Alice Walker and Zorn Neale Hurton: The Common Bond. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1993.
34. Hurston, Zola Nel, Their Eyes Were Watching God, New York: Harper Perennial, 1998.
35. Lauret, Maria, Alice Walker, New York: Palgrave Publishers, 2000
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1．艾丽丝·沃克，《寻找母亲的花园》，汪义群译《外国文艺》，1994年，第6期
2．艾丽丝·沃克，《紫颜色》，陶洁译，南京：译林出版社，1998年
3．艾丽丝·沃克：《父亲的微笑之光》，周小英译，译林出版社，2003年
4．鲍晓兰主编，《西方女性主义研究评介》，三联书店，1995年
5．贝尔·胡克斯，《女权主义理论：从边缘到中心》，晓征、平林译，江苏人民出版社，2001年
6．芭芭拉·史密斯，《黑人女性主义评论的萌芽》，张京媛主编，《当代女性主义文学批评》，北京大学出版社，1992年
7．贝蒂·弗里丹，《女性的奥秘》，巫漪云等译，江苏人民出版社，1988年
8．程锡麟、王晓路：《当代美国小说理论》，外语教学与研究出版社，2001年
9．戴卫·赫尔曼主编《新叙事学》，马海良译，北京大学出版社，2002年
10．弗吉利亚·伍尔夫，《一间自己的房间》，刘炳善等译，《伍尔夫散文》，中国广播电 视出版社，2000年
11．格蕾·格林、考比利亚·库恩主编，《女性主义文学批评》，陈引驰译，台北：骆驼出版社，1995年
12．高齐：《艾丽丝·沃克颠覆西方中心论》，《中华读书报》，2003年3月5日
13．胡山林，《文学艺术与终极关怀》，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2005年1月
14．黄明哲，《梦想与尘世：二十世纪美国文化》，北京：东方出版社，1999年
15．黄必康：《建构叙述声音的女性主义理论》，《国外文学》2001年第2期
16．华莱士·马丁：《当代叙事学》，伍晓明译，北京大学出版社，1990年版
17．凯特·米利特，《性政治》，宋文伟译，江苏人民出版社，2000年
18．林树明，《多维视野中的女性主义文学批评》，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2004年
19．凌建娥，《爱与拯救：艾丽斯·沃克妇女主义的灵魂》，《湖南科技大学学报(社会科学版)》2005年第1期。
20．李洁平，《论艾利斯·沃克笔下女性形象的嬗变》，《齐齐哈尔大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)2004年7月
21．李洁平，《妇女主义在<紫颜色>主题中的构建作用》，外语与外语教学，2004
22．刘英，《被子与遗产——‘日用家当’赏析》，《名作欣赏》2000年3月
23．刘英，《论艾丽斯·沃克笔下女主人公形象的演变》，解放军外国语学院学报，2000，(05)
24．刘永安、王福田，《女权主义的新阶段——妇女主义——谈小说《紫色》的主题思想》中国科技信息，2005年03期
25．刘戈、韩子满，《艾丽丝·沃克与妇女主义》，《郑州大学学报》，2004年，第3期；
26．马可云，《论文学反讽的艺术形式与属性》，绍兴文理学院学报，2004年6月
27．翁德修，都岚岚，《美国黑人女性文学》，长春：吉林大学出版社，2000
28．乔国强，《艾丽丝·沃克和她的<紫色>》，中华女子学院山东分院学报，1990，(01)
29．宋素风，《多重主体策略的自我命名：女性主义文学理论研究》，济南：山东大学出版社，2002年
30．苏珊·S·兰瑟，《虚构的权威——女性作家与叙述声音》，黄必康译，北京：北京大学出版社，2002年。
31．苏珊·维利斯，“黑人女作家：一种批评的观点”，格蕾·格林、考比里亚·库恩著，陈引驰译，《女性主义文学批评》，台北：骆驼出版社，1995年，第188
32．申丹，《叙事形式与性别政治——女性主义叙事学评析》，《北京大学学报》2004年第1期
33．申丹，《叙述学与小说文体学研究》，北京：北京大学出版社，2004年
34．水彩琴，《妇女主义理论概述》，《甘肃行政学院学报》2004年第4期
35．孙薇、程锡麟，《解读艾丽丝·沃克的“妇女主义”——从<他们的眼睛望着上帝>和<紫色>看黑人女性文学传统》，《当代外国文学》，2004年第2期。
36．萨克文·伯科维奇主编，《剑桥美国文学史·散文作品1940—1990》，中央编译出版社，2005年1月
37．王守仁、吴新云，《性别、种族、文化》，北京大学出版社，1999年
38．王逢振，《访艾丽丝·沃克》，《读书》，1983，10
39．王泰来等编译：《叙事美学》，重庆出版社，1987年版
40．王成宇，《<紫色>与艾丽丝·沃克的非洲中心主义》，《外国文学研究》，2001年第4期
41．吴迪，《论艾丽丝·沃克<紫色>中的宗教思想》辽宁商务职业学院学报(社会科学版)2003年第2期
42．吴方，“小说思维与反讽形式”，《文艺报》，1984，4，11
43．夏桐枝，《艾丽丝·沃克的长篇小说创作及其艺术表现探析》，《张家口师专学报》，1997年第2期
44．杨仁敬，《美国黑人文学的新突破——评艾丽丝·沃克的<紫色>》，《外国文学研究》，1989，第1期
45．习传进，《论贝克的布鲁斯本土理论》，《华中师范大学学报》，2003年第2期，第92页
46．张京媛主编，《当代女性主义文学批评》，北京：北京大学出版社，1992年出版，
47．张冰岩，《女权主义文论》，济南：山东教育出版社，1998年
48．张中载等编《文本·文论——英美文学名著重读》，外语教学与研究出版社，2004年
49．曾竹青，《寻找母亲花园的黑人女性主义传统——兼谈爱丽丝·沃克的黑人女性主义观》，《湖南大学学报》2002年第5期
50．赵毅衡编选：《“新批评”文集》，中国社会科学出版社，1988年
51．修树新，《当代美国黑人女权主义文学批评理论》，《学术交流》，2003年12月
52．西蒙娜·德·波伏瓦，《第二性》，桑竹影等译，湖南文艺出版社，1986年