语言形式与认知：英语平行结构风格性的关联阐释
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摘要
本文旨在通过对英语平行结构风格性的关联阐释揭示语言形式的认知机制，并试图探索语言形式与认知的内在联系。
通过对英语平行结构的详细分析，我们发现了其背后的认知因素。因此，我们运用法国学者斯珀伯(Sperber)和英国学者威尔逊(Wilson)提出的关联理论(属于认知语用学理论范畴)，从认知角度对英语平行结构的风格性进行了详细阐释。所有这些努力意在探索语言形式与认知的内在联系。
我们首先简要介绍了关联理论的主要观点，尤其是其关于风格与修辞的论述。通过运用这些理论，我们对英语平行结构的认知基础进行了详细分析。关联理论的风格观认为：风格即关系；风格产生于寻求关联性的过程；显著风格性产生于对一系列弱暗含的处理，而不同于普通的寻求关联性的过程。关联理论的修辞观则认为：“与关联原则一致”贯穿于所有话语的理解过程。利用这些理论，我们围绕关联性这一基本定义对英语平行结构的风格性进行了详尽的分析，以严谨的论证方式证明了英语平行结构具备极强的风格性，同时结合英语平行结构在公众演讲及广告运用中的实例说明其在实际运用中的特点。所有这些论证都进一步证明语言形式具备认知基础，而人类认知则受关联性支配。在此基础上，我们进一步推导出结论：尽管命题一样，不同的语言形式可以产生不同的关联性；选择恰当的语言形式有助于增强话语的关联性；我们应当揭示语言形式背后的认知机制，而不是仅限于将语言形式的解释形式化。
简而言之，关联理论从认知角度对语言形式的风格性进行了很好的阐释，并为揭示语言形式与认知的内在联系提供了一个强有力的理论框架。
This thesis aims to expound the cognitive basis of linguistic form through a relevance-theoretic interpretation of the style of English Parallelism, with an attempt to explore the correlation between linguistic form and cognition.
After a careful analysis of English Parallelism, we find the cognitive basis underlying the linguist form of English Parallelism. As such, we employ Sperber & Wilson's Relevance Theory to make a detailed interpretation of the style of English Parallelism through a cognitive point of view. All these efforts are devoted to a greater attempt: to explore the correlation between linguistic form and cognition.
We first make a general introduction of the key notions of relevance theory, in particular the relevance-theoretic view on style and rhetoric, and we use these theories to explain to full extent the cognitive basis of English Parallelism. The relevance-theoretic view on style boils down to the following: style is the relationship; style arises in the pursuit of relevance; poetic effects result from the accessing of a large array of very weak implicatures in the otherwise ordinary pursuit of relevance. By employing these theories, together with the relevance-theoretic view on rhetoric, which claims that "consistency with the principle of relevance" is the only principle in the comprehension procedure, we then expound in great detail the strong style of English Parallelism, with focus on the definition of relevance. These ideas are further supported by our careful illustration of its stylistic use in pubic speaking and advertising. All these interpretations prove that linguistic form is based on cognition, which is governed by the search for relevance. On this basis, we further conclude: different linguistic forms can produce relevance of differing degrees regardless of the same prepositional forms; choosing efficient linguistic forms can facilitate the search for relevance and thus greater contextual effects are achieved; instead of interpreting linguistic form in rigid formal features, we shall try to expose to the fullest extent the cognitive basis of linguistic form.
In brief, relevance theory can interpret quite convincingly the style of linguistic form through the perspective of cognition, and thus provides a very good framework for better exploring the correlation between linguistic form and cognition.
通过对英语平行结构的详细分析，我们发现了其背后的认知因素。因此，我们运用法国学者斯珀伯(Sperber)和英国学者威尔逊(Wilson)提出的关联理论(属于认知语用学理论范畴)，从认知角度对英语平行结构的风格性进行了详细阐释。所有这些努力意在探索语言形式与认知的内在联系。
我们首先简要介绍了关联理论的主要观点，尤其是其关于风格与修辞的论述。通过运用这些理论，我们对英语平行结构的认知基础进行了详细分析。关联理论的风格观认为：风格即关系；风格产生于寻求关联性的过程；显著风格性产生于对一系列弱暗含的处理，而不同于普通的寻求关联性的过程。关联理论的修辞观则认为：“与关联原则一致”贯穿于所有话语的理解过程。利用这些理论，我们围绕关联性这一基本定义对英语平行结构的风格性进行了详尽的分析，以严谨的论证方式证明了英语平行结构具备极强的风格性，同时结合英语平行结构在公众演讲及广告运用中的实例说明其在实际运用中的特点。所有这些论证都进一步证明语言形式具备认知基础，而人类认知则受关联性支配。在此基础上，我们进一步推导出结论：尽管命题一样，不同的语言形式可以产生不同的关联性；选择恰当的语言形式有助于增强话语的关联性；我们应当揭示语言形式背后的认知机制，而不是仅限于将语言形式的解释形式化。
简而言之，关联理论从认知角度对语言形式的风格性进行了很好的阐释，并为揭示语言形式与认知的内在联系提供了一个强有力的理论框架。
This thesis aims to expound the cognitive basis of linguistic form through a relevance-theoretic interpretation of the style of English Parallelism, with an attempt to explore the correlation between linguistic form and cognition.
After a careful analysis of English Parallelism, we find the cognitive basis underlying the linguist form of English Parallelism. As such, we employ Sperber & Wilson's Relevance Theory to make a detailed interpretation of the style of English Parallelism through a cognitive point of view. All these efforts are devoted to a greater attempt: to explore the correlation between linguistic form and cognition.
We first make a general introduction of the key notions of relevance theory, in particular the relevance-theoretic view on style and rhetoric, and we use these theories to explain to full extent the cognitive basis of English Parallelism. The relevance-theoretic view on style boils down to the following: style is the relationship; style arises in the pursuit of relevance; poetic effects result from the accessing of a large array of very weak implicatures in the otherwise ordinary pursuit of relevance. By employing these theories, together with the relevance-theoretic view on rhetoric, which claims that "consistency with the principle of relevance" is the only principle in the comprehension procedure, we then expound in great detail the strong style of English Parallelism, with focus on the definition of relevance. These ideas are further supported by our careful illustration of its stylistic use in pubic speaking and advertising. All these interpretations prove that linguistic form is based on cognition, which is governed by the search for relevance. On this basis, we further conclude: different linguistic forms can produce relevance of differing degrees regardless of the same prepositional forms; choosing efficient linguistic forms can facilitate the search for relevance and thus greater contextual effects are achieved; instead of interpreting linguistic form in rigid formal features, we shall try to expose to the fullest extent the cognitive basis of linguistic form.
In brief, relevance theory can interpret quite convincingly the style of linguistic form through the perspective of cognition, and thus provides a very good framework for better exploring the correlation between linguistic form and cognition.
引文
Blakemore,D. 1992. Understanding Utterances. Oxford: Blackwell.
Bradford R. 1997 Stylistics, London and New York: Routledge
Carston R. 1988. "Language and cognition" In: Newmeyer F.J.(eds), Linguistics: The Cambridge Survey Ⅲ. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp36-38
Carston,R.1999. "The relationship between generative grammar and relevance-theoretic pragmatics". UCL Working Papers in Linguistics Vol. 11:21-39
Covino W A. & Jolliffe D A. 1995 Rhetoric: concepts, definitions, boundaries, Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon.
Downes, W. 1998. Language and Society. Cambridge: CUP
Francis Bacon, The Essays. First published 1985. London: Penguin Books Ltd.
Grice, H.P. 1975. "Logic and conversation." In: Peter Cole (ed.), Syntax and Semantics, vol.9: Pragmatics. New York: academic Press.pp. 113-28
Grice, H.P. 1989. Studies in the Way of Words ( The William James Lectures). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Grundy, P. 1995/2000. Doing Pragmatics. London: Arnold.
Levinson, S. 1989. "A Review of Relevance" In: Journal of Linguistics Vol.25 No 2:455-471
Lund, J. V. 1947. Newspaper Advertising. New York: Prentice-Hall.
Mey, J. L. 2001. Pragmatics: An Introduction. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Oxford Advanced Learner's English-Chinese Dictionary,1997, Fourth edition, Oxford: OUP & Beijing: Commercial Press.
Podis, L.A., & Podis, J. M. 1984 Writing: invention, form, and style. Illinois: Scott, Foresman and Company. & London: Dallas, Tex. Oakland, N.J. Palo Alto, Calif. Tucker, Ga.
Richards, J. C. et al., 2000 Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Sperber, D.& Wilson, D. 1986/1995. Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Oxford: Blackwell.
Sperber D & Wilson D 1990, "Relevance and Rhetoric", In: David Wellbery and John Bender (eds.) The Ends of Rhetoric: History, Theory, Practice. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 140-155.
Sperber, D.& Wilson, D. 1993. "Linguistic Form and Relevance" In: Lingua 90. pp1-25
Sperber, D. 1995."How do we communicate?" In: John Brockman & Katinka Matson (eds) How things are: A science toolkit for the mind. New York: Morrow. Pp 191-199
Sperber, D.& Wilson, D. 2001 Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press & Oxford: Blackwell.
Taylor, T. J. 1992. Mutual Misunderstanding: Skepticism and the Theorizing of Language and Interpretation. Duke University Press
The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought, 1977, 2nd edn 1988
Thornborrow J. & Wareing S. 2001.Pattens in Language: Stylistics for Students of Language and Literature, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press& London: Taylor &Francis Limited
Trudgill, P. 1985. "Editor's Preface" In: Torben V. & Schroder, K. The language of Advertising. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publisher Ltd.
Vestergaard, T. & Schroder, K.1985. The Language of Advertising. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publisher Ltd.
Wales K. 1989 A Dictionary of Stylistics, London and New York: Longman
Wilson, D. 1994. Relevance and understanding[A]. In: Brown Gillian el. (eds) Language and Understanding. [c]. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Wilson, D. 2001 "Preface" in He Ziran & Ran Yongping (eds.) 2001 Pragmatics & Cognition: Relevance Theory. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Wilson,D. & Sperber, D (forthcoming), "Relevance Theory" .To appear in G. Ward and L. Hom (eds) Handbook of Pragmatics. Oxford : Blackwell.
Yule, G. 2000. Pragmatics. Shanghai: Foreign Language Education Press.
陈立平：“试论英语平行式在语篇中的修辞功能"，载《山东外语教学》1997年第2期，第1-5页。
陈新仁：“话语风格的认知模式”，载何自然等主编：《语用与认知---关联理论研究》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2001年版，第348-354页
冯翠华：《英语修辞大全》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1995年版
何善芬：《英汉语言对比研究》，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2002年版
何自然：《语用学与英语学习》，上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997年版
何自然：《语用学讲稿》，南京：南京师范大学出版社，2003年版
何自然、吴亚欣：“关联理论是一种‘因错而对’的理论吗?—关联理论是非谈”，载《现代外语》2004年第1期。第89-96页
黄衍：“Reflections on theoretical pragmatics'’载《外国语》2001年第一期，第2-14页
何兆熊等编：《新编语用学概要》，上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999年版
姜望琪：《语用学---理论及应用》，北京：北京大学出版社，2000年版
穆风英：“英语三联式透视”，载《外语与外语教学》2000年第1期，第38-41页
秦秀白：“导读”载Wright L. & Hope J. Stylistcs: A Practical Cousebook 外语教学与研究出版社2000年，劳特利奇出版社1996年
秦秀白：《英语语体和文体要略》，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2002年版
钱瑗：《实用英语文体学》(上)，北京：北京师范大学出版社，1991年版
申丹：《叙事学与小说文体学研究》，北京：北京大学出版社，2001年第二版
束定芳：《隐喻学研究》，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000年版
王守元：《英语文体学教程》，济南：山东教育出版社，1990年版
王佐良，丁往道编：《英语文体学引论》，北京：外语教学与研究出版1987年版。
熊学亮：《认知语用学概论》，上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999年版
赵艳芳，1998：“语境效果的特性与最佳相关”，载何自然等主编：《语用与认知---关联理论研究》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2001年版，第154-163页
赵艳芳：《认知语言学概论》，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000年版
Bradford R. 1997 Stylistics, London and New York: Routledge
Carston R. 1988. "Language and cognition" In: Newmeyer F.J.(eds), Linguistics: The Cambridge Survey Ⅲ. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp36-38
Carston,R.1999. "The relationship between generative grammar and relevance-theoretic pragmatics". UCL Working Papers in Linguistics Vol. 11:21-39
Covino W A. & Jolliffe D A. 1995 Rhetoric: concepts, definitions, boundaries, Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon.
Downes, W. 1998. Language and Society. Cambridge: CUP
Francis Bacon, The Essays. First published 1985. London: Penguin Books Ltd.
Grice, H.P. 1975. "Logic and conversation." In: Peter Cole (ed.), Syntax and Semantics, vol.9: Pragmatics. New York: academic Press.pp. 113-28
Grice, H.P. 1989. Studies in the Way of Words ( The William James Lectures). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Grundy, P. 1995/2000. Doing Pragmatics. London: Arnold.
Levinson, S. 1989. "A Review of Relevance" In: Journal of Linguistics Vol.25 No 2:455-471
Lund, J. V. 1947. Newspaper Advertising. New York: Prentice-Hall.
Mey, J. L. 2001. Pragmatics: An Introduction. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Oxford Advanced Learner's English-Chinese Dictionary,1997, Fourth edition, Oxford: OUP & Beijing: Commercial Press.
Podis, L.A., & Podis, J. M. 1984 Writing: invention, form, and style. Illinois: Scott, Foresman and Company. & London: Dallas, Tex. Oakland, N.J. Palo Alto, Calif. Tucker, Ga.
Richards, J. C. et al., 2000 Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Sperber, D.& Wilson, D. 1986/1995. Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Oxford: Blackwell.
Sperber D & Wilson D 1990, "Relevance and Rhetoric", In: David Wellbery and John Bender (eds.) The Ends of Rhetoric: History, Theory, Practice. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 140-155.
Sperber, D.& Wilson, D. 1993. "Linguistic Form and Relevance" In: Lingua 90. pp1-25
Sperber, D. 1995."How do we communicate?" In: John Brockman & Katinka Matson (eds) How things are: A science toolkit for the mind. New York: Morrow. Pp 191-199
Sperber, D.& Wilson, D. 2001 Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press & Oxford: Blackwell.
Taylor, T. J. 1992. Mutual Misunderstanding: Skepticism and the Theorizing of Language and Interpretation. Duke University Press
The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought, 1977, 2nd edn 1988
Thornborrow J. & Wareing S. 2001.Pattens in Language: Stylistics for Students of Language and Literature, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press& London: Taylor &Francis Limited
Trudgill, P. 1985. "Editor's Preface" In: Torben V. & Schroder, K. The language of Advertising. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publisher Ltd.
Vestergaard, T. & Schroder, K.1985. The Language of Advertising. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publisher Ltd.
Wales K. 1989 A Dictionary of Stylistics, London and New York: Longman
Wilson, D. 1994. Relevance and understanding[A]. In: Brown Gillian el. (eds) Language and Understanding. [c]. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Wilson, D. 2001 "Preface" in He Ziran & Ran Yongping (eds.) 2001 Pragmatics & Cognition: Relevance Theory. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Wilson,D. & Sperber, D (forthcoming), "Relevance Theory" .To appear in G. Ward and L. Hom (eds) Handbook of Pragmatics. Oxford : Blackwell.
Yule, G. 2000. Pragmatics. Shanghai: Foreign Language Education Press.
陈立平：“试论英语平行式在语篇中的修辞功能"，载《山东外语教学》1997年第2期，第1-5页。
陈新仁：“话语风格的认知模式”，载何自然等主编：《语用与认知---关联理论研究》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2001年版，第348-354页
冯翠华：《英语修辞大全》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1995年版
何善芬：《英汉语言对比研究》，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2002年版
何自然：《语用学与英语学习》，上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997年版
何自然：《语用学讲稿》，南京：南京师范大学出版社，2003年版
何自然、吴亚欣：“关联理论是一种‘因错而对’的理论吗?—关联理论是非谈”，载《现代外语》2004年第1期。第89-96页
黄衍：“Reflections on theoretical pragmatics'’载《外国语》2001年第一期，第2-14页
何兆熊等编：《新编语用学概要》，上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999年版
姜望琪：《语用学---理论及应用》，北京：北京大学出版社，2000年版
穆风英：“英语三联式透视”，载《外语与外语教学》2000年第1期，第38-41页
秦秀白：“导读”载Wright L. & Hope J. Stylistcs: A Practical Cousebook 外语教学与研究出版社2000年，劳特利奇出版社1996年
秦秀白：《英语语体和文体要略》，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2002年版
钱瑗：《实用英语文体学》(上)，北京：北京师范大学出版社，1991年版
申丹：《叙事学与小说文体学研究》，北京：北京大学出版社，2001年第二版
束定芳：《隐喻学研究》，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000年版
王守元：《英语文体学教程》，济南：山东教育出版社，1990年版
王佐良，丁往道编：《英语文体学引论》，北京：外语教学与研究出版1987年版。
熊学亮：《认知语用学概论》，上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999年版
赵艳芳，1998：“语境效果的特性与最佳相关”，载何自然等主编：《语用与认知---关联理论研究》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2001年版，第154-163页
赵艳芳：《认知语言学概论》，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000年版