英语脑筋急转弯的理想认知模型研究
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摘要
作为一种特殊的语言现象,英语脑筋急转弯长久以来一直受到众多学者的关注。迄今为止,修辞学、心理学以及语言学视角的对英语脑筋急转弯的研究成果可谓林林总总,不一而足。但是,值得指出,这些研究均不能有效揭示英语脑筋急转弯的机制。有鉴于此,本文试图结合近年来发展的认知语言学的理想认知模型理论来分析并阐释脑筋急转弯的机制。
本文在理想认知模型内,基于理论以及收集的语料,将英语脑筋急转弯分为两类:基于模型拓展的脑筋急转弯和基于模型凸显的脑筋急转弯。通过对例子的详细分析,本文证明了理想认知模型理论能够对英语脑筋急转弯提供更深更好的解释。因此,这项研究在理论和实践方面都有很大意义。
本文主要关注英语脑筋急转弯的内部机制,为研究英语脑筋急转弯提供了新的理论视角和切入点,是对英语脑筋急转弯研究的一次有益尝试,但愿能够抛砖引玉。
As a fascinating phenomenon, English conundrum has attracted the attention of scholars of various persuasions. So far, a multitude of studies of English conundrums have been made in rhetoric, psychology and linguistics. But none of them have proved to be effective for revealing the mechanism of English conundrums. In view of this, this thesis attempts to make a tentative study to analyze and explore the internal mechanism of conundrums in the light of Idealized Cognitive Model Theory developed in cognitive linguistics in recent years.
In the present research, English conundrums are analyzed within the framework of Idealized Cognitive Models. Based on this theory and natural observation of the data, the conundrums can be divided into two kinds: conundrums based on ICM-extending and conundrums based on ICM-highlighting. Through examples each kind is discussed and interpreted in detail to reveal that ICM theory offers a better and deeper understanding of conundrums. Thus this research is of great importance in both theoretical and practical aspects.
As has been discussed throughout the thesis, the present study provides a new approach for conundrums in English. Unlike the previous studies, this study focuses its attention on the inner mechanism of conundrums. Needless to say, in spite of limitations in the research per se, observing and addressing English conundrums by virtue of Idealized Cognitive Models is a good point of departure.
本文在理想认知模型内,基于理论以及收集的语料,将英语脑筋急转弯分为两类:基于模型拓展的脑筋急转弯和基于模型凸显的脑筋急转弯。通过对例子的详细分析,本文证明了理想认知模型理论能够对英语脑筋急转弯提供更深更好的解释。因此,这项研究在理论和实践方面都有很大意义。
本文主要关注英语脑筋急转弯的内部机制,为研究英语脑筋急转弯提供了新的理论视角和切入点,是对英语脑筋急转弯研究的一次有益尝试,但愿能够抛砖引玉。
As a fascinating phenomenon, English conundrum has attracted the attention of scholars of various persuasions. So far, a multitude of studies of English conundrums have been made in rhetoric, psychology and linguistics. But none of them have proved to be effective for revealing the mechanism of English conundrums. In view of this, this thesis attempts to make a tentative study to analyze and explore the internal mechanism of conundrums in the light of Idealized Cognitive Model Theory developed in cognitive linguistics in recent years.
In the present research, English conundrums are analyzed within the framework of Idealized Cognitive Models. Based on this theory and natural observation of the data, the conundrums can be divided into two kinds: conundrums based on ICM-extending and conundrums based on ICM-highlighting. Through examples each kind is discussed and interpreted in detail to reveal that ICM theory offers a better and deeper understanding of conundrums. Thus this research is of great importance in both theoretical and practical aspects.
As has been discussed throughout the thesis, the present study provides a new approach for conundrums in English. Unlike the previous studies, this study focuses its attention on the inner mechanism of conundrums. Needless to say, in spite of limitations in the research per se, observing and addressing English conundrums by virtue of Idealized Cognitive Models is a good point of departure.
引文
[1] Augarde, T. The Oxford Guide to Word Games [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press,1986.
[2] Bryant, M. Dictionary of Riddles [M]. Rutledge Publishing House, 1990.
[3] Chiaro, D. The Language of Jokes: Analysis Verbal Play [M]. London: Routledge, 1992.
[4] Collis, H. 101 American English Riddles [M]. Chicago: NTC Publishing Group, 1996.
[5] Cudden, J. A. The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory, 3rd edition [M]. London: Penguin, 1992.
[6] Dienhart, J. M. A Linguistic Look at Riddles [J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 1998: 95-125.
[7] Fauconnier, Mappings in Thought and Language [M] .Cambridge University Press,1997.
[8] Freud, S. Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious [M]. London: The Hogarth Press, 1981.
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[16] Lyons, J. Linguistic Semantics: An Introduction [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
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[18] Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, extended 4th edition [M].Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
[19] Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, 6 th edition [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
[20] The Oxford English Dictionary, vol.Ⅲ[M]. Oxford: Clarendon, 1989.
[21] Pepicello, W. J. Linguistic Strategies in Riddling [J]. Western Folklore, 1980 (39): 1-16.
[22] Pepicello, W. J. Bryant, M. Riddles Ancient and Modern [M]. Hutchinson Publishing House, 1983.
[23] Pepicello, W. J. and Thomas A. Green. The Language of Riddles: New Perspective[M]. Columbus, OH: agmatics of Humorous Language [J]. International Journal of the Society of Language, 1987 (65): 27-35.
[24] Raskin, V. Semantic Mechanisms of Humor [M]. Dordrecht: Reidel, 1985.
[25] Redfern, W. Puns [M]. Oxford: Blackwell, 1984.
[26] Saussure, F. Course in General Linguistics [M]. Gerald Duckworth, 1983.
[27] Scott, C. New Evidence of American Indian Riddles [J]. Journal of American Folklore, 1963 (76): 236-241.
[28] Stern, H. H. Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983.
[29] Taylor, A. Bibliography of Riddles [M]. Helsinki, 1939.
[30] Taylor, A. American Indian Riddles [J]. Journal of American Folklore, 1944 (57): 1-15.
[31] Taylor, A. The Literary Riddle before 1600 [M]. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1948.
[32] Taylor, A. English Riddles from Oral Tradition [M]. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1951.
[33]陈希茹,《英语脑筋急转弯》[M],上海:上海世界图书出版公司,2001。
[34]董眉君,《英语谜语一千则》[M],北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1985。
[35]冯翠华,《英语修辞大全》[M],北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1995。
[36]何自然,《认知语用学》[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2006。
[37]何兆熊,《新编语用学概要》[M],上海:上海外语教育出版社,1999。
[38]胡振东,英语谜语及其修辞法探析[J],《岳阳职业技术学院学报》,2005 (1) 68-71。
[39]惠宇,《新世纪汉英大词典》[M],北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2004。
[40]李媛,英语脑筋急转弯的语义研究[D],吉林大学,2006。
[41]刘开富,《趣味英语集锦》[M],北京:国防工业出版社,2006。
[42]陆振勋,歇后语和脑筋急转弯功能及类型的语言学透视[J],《广西大学学报》,2001 (2):99-104。
[43]孟淑娟,脑筋急转弯的游戏规则[J],《语文建设》,2001 (1):41-43。
[44]王晶,脑筋急转弯——言语交际行为阐释[D],吉林大学,2006。
[45]王寅,《认知语言学》[M],上海外语教育出版社,2007。
[46]汪榕培,《英语谜语诗300首》[M],北京:中国广播电视出版社,1993。
[47]汪榕培,《英语谜语集锦》[M],大连:大连理工大学出版社,1999。
[48]汪榕培,《智力趣味谜语》[M],大连:大连理工大学出版社,1996。
[49]肖利华、周瑞英,英语谜语研究及教学[J],《云梦学刊》,2003 (1):121-123。
[50]晓林,《英语笑话谜语集(中级)》[M],上海:上海世界图书出版公司,2000。
[51]晓林,《英语笑话谜语集(初级)》[M],上海:上海世界图书出版公司,2001。
[52]宋韵声,《英语脑筋急转弯》[M],沈阳:辽宁少年儿童出版社,2005。
[53]于洁,英语双关与谜语研究[J],《云梦学刊》2000 (1):89-92。
[54]张先华,制作“脑筋急转弯”的方法[J],《思维与智慧》2002(8):6。
[2] Bryant, M. Dictionary of Riddles [M]. Rutledge Publishing House, 1990.
[3] Chiaro, D. The Language of Jokes: Analysis Verbal Play [M]. London: Routledge, 1992.
[4] Collis, H. 101 American English Riddles [M]. Chicago: NTC Publishing Group, 1996.
[5] Cudden, J. A. The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory, 3rd edition [M]. London: Penguin, 1992.
[6] Dienhart, J. M. A Linguistic Look at Riddles [J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 1998: 95-125.
[7] Fauconnier, Mappings in Thought and Language [M] .Cambridge University Press,1997.
[8] Freud, S. Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious [M]. London: The Hogarth Press, 1981.
[9] Green, T. A and W. J. Pepicello. Sight and Spelling Riddles [J]. The Journal of American Folklore, 1980 (93): 23-34.
[10] Green, T. A and W. J. Pepicello. The Riddle Process [J]. The Journal of American Folklore, 1984 (97): 189-203.
[11] Hamnett, I. Ambiguity, Classification and Change: The Function of Riddles [J]. Man, 1967 (2): 379-392.
[12] Harries, L. The Riddle in Africa [J]. Journal of American Folklore, 1971 (84): 377-393.
[13] Koestler, A. The Action of Creation [M]. New York: Macmillan, 1964.
[14] Lakoff & Johnson, Metaphors We Live by[M].Chicago: University of ChicagoPress, 1980..
[15] Lakoff, G. 1987. Women, Fire and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind [M]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Langacker. 1991. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar[M]. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
[16] Lyons, J. Linguistic Semantics: An Introduction [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
[17] Norrick, N. A Frame-theoretical Analysis of Verbal Humor: Bisociation as Schema Conflict [J]. Semiotica, 1986 (60): 225-245.
[18] Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, extended 4th edition [M].Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
[19] Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, 6 th edition [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
[20] The Oxford English Dictionary, vol.Ⅲ[M]. Oxford: Clarendon, 1989.
[21] Pepicello, W. J. Linguistic Strategies in Riddling [J]. Western Folklore, 1980 (39): 1-16.
[22] Pepicello, W. J. Bryant, M. Riddles Ancient and Modern [M]. Hutchinson Publishing House, 1983.
[23] Pepicello, W. J. and Thomas A. Green. The Language of Riddles: New Perspective[M]. Columbus, OH: agmatics of Humorous Language [J]. International Journal of the Society of Language, 1987 (65): 27-35.
[24] Raskin, V. Semantic Mechanisms of Humor [M]. Dordrecht: Reidel, 1985.
[25] Redfern, W. Puns [M]. Oxford: Blackwell, 1984.
[26] Saussure, F. Course in General Linguistics [M]. Gerald Duckworth, 1983.
[27] Scott, C. New Evidence of American Indian Riddles [J]. Journal of American Folklore, 1963 (76): 236-241.
[28] Stern, H. H. Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983.
[29] Taylor, A. Bibliography of Riddles [M]. Helsinki, 1939.
[30] Taylor, A. American Indian Riddles [J]. Journal of American Folklore, 1944 (57): 1-15.
[31] Taylor, A. The Literary Riddle before 1600 [M]. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1948.
[32] Taylor, A. English Riddles from Oral Tradition [M]. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1951.
[33]陈希茹,《英语脑筋急转弯》[M],上海:上海世界图书出版公司,2001。
[34]董眉君,《英语谜语一千则》[M],北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1985。
[35]冯翠华,《英语修辞大全》[M],北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1995。
[36]何自然,《认知语用学》[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2006。
[37]何兆熊,《新编语用学概要》[M],上海:上海外语教育出版社,1999。
[38]胡振东,英语谜语及其修辞法探析[J],《岳阳职业技术学院学报》,2005 (1) 68-71。
[39]惠宇,《新世纪汉英大词典》[M],北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2004。
[40]李媛,英语脑筋急转弯的语义研究[D],吉林大学,2006。
[41]刘开富,《趣味英语集锦》[M],北京:国防工业出版社,2006。
[42]陆振勋,歇后语和脑筋急转弯功能及类型的语言学透视[J],《广西大学学报》,2001 (2):99-104。
[43]孟淑娟,脑筋急转弯的游戏规则[J],《语文建设》,2001 (1):41-43。
[44]王晶,脑筋急转弯——言语交际行为阐释[D],吉林大学,2006。
[45]王寅,《认知语言学》[M],上海外语教育出版社,2007。
[46]汪榕培,《英语谜语诗300首》[M],北京:中国广播电视出版社,1993。
[47]汪榕培,《英语谜语集锦》[M],大连:大连理工大学出版社,1999。
[48]汪榕培,《智力趣味谜语》[M],大连:大连理工大学出版社,1996。
[49]肖利华、周瑞英,英语谜语研究及教学[J],《云梦学刊》,2003 (1):121-123。
[50]晓林,《英语笑话谜语集(中级)》[M],上海:上海世界图书出版公司,2000。
[51]晓林,《英语笑话谜语集(初级)》[M],上海:上海世界图书出版公司,2001。
[52]宋韵声,《英语脑筋急转弯》[M],沈阳:辽宁少年儿童出版社,2005。
[53]于洁,英语双关与谜语研究[J],《云梦学刊》2000 (1):89-92。
[54]张先华,制作“脑筋急转弯”的方法[J],《思维与智慧》2002(8):6。