短期频率稳定度时域测量方法及实现
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摘要
随着现代通信技术的发展,在很宽的频率范围内对非标准信号需要具有较高的测量精度。然而在测量精度与仪器的成本,复杂程度和应用条件之间存在着矛盾,具有高精度,低成本,和简单结构的测量仪器备受欢迎。我们的主要目的也就是研究满足这样一种要求的测量系统,具有较高测试精度,较宽测试范围,同时系统结构简单,成本较低,方便应用的短期频率稳定度测试仪。
本论文针对目前国内外短期频率稳定度的测量技术的发展,对这个领域进行了探索和初步的研究:
首先简要介绍了频率源输出噪声模型,及其在时域频域不同的表示形式;短期频率稳定度的物理意义及其表征,包括在时域和频域的表征,以及这两种表征之间的联系和换算方法;接着阐述了阿伦方差的定义和计算方法;介绍了短期频率稳定度时域频域测量的常用方法,主要介绍了差频周期法,频差倍增法等;以及这些方案在电路中引入相位噪声的情况。
然后根据具体给出的指标,我们用一个具体的实例来说明测量短期频率稳定度的方法和过程。选用频差倍增法,分三个部分:频率发生部分,频差倍增部分和混频调制部分,设计完整的硬件电路,整机自校精度达到10 ?1 3/s量级。并对其噪声性能做了比较详细地说明和分析。
针对频差倍增方案实现中存在的问题,提出改进方案;选用另一种短期频率稳定度的时域测量方法,双混频时差法再次实现短稳的测量,详细论述了双混频方案的测量原理,并对公共源引入噪声的影响做了说明和推导;实现硬件电路;在软件设计上,设计了相应保障其测量计算可信度的算法。
最后总结和比对这两种不同的方案,根据测试结果分析其优缺点,指出各自适用的范围。
Nowadays, for the development of the communication technology, high precision measurement of the nonstandard signal were needed in very wide frequency spectrum. But it was a contradiction between the high precision and the cost of instrument, so the instruments of high precision, low cost and simple structure were very popular. The aim of us is to work over this system accord the above, the short-term frequency stability measurement system accord with high precision, simple structure, low cost and convenient to use.
Research had been done in this article:
First, the output noise model of frequency source and its behave form had been instructed; the physical meaning of the short-term frequency stability and its performance in the time domain and frequency domain. Then the measurement method, main the frequency difference period measurement, the frequency difference multiply measurement had been instructed.
Second, an example of given target which use the frequency difference multiply measurement had been performed. This project contains three main parts: the part of frequency produce, the part of frequency difference multiplier, the part of frequency mix and modulation. The circuits had been realized and the precision achieve 10 ?1 3/sin time domain. Then the noise performance had been discussed in this article. Third, because of the shortage of the project mentioned above, a new realization, the double mixer time difference measurement had been brought forward. The measurement theory and the noise performance had been discussed. The circuit and the software had been realized.
Last, the two realization had been summarized and these application range had been discussed.
本论文针对目前国内外短期频率稳定度的测量技术的发展,对这个领域进行了探索和初步的研究:
首先简要介绍了频率源输出噪声模型,及其在时域频域不同的表示形式;短期频率稳定度的物理意义及其表征,包括在时域和频域的表征,以及这两种表征之间的联系和换算方法;接着阐述了阿伦方差的定义和计算方法;介绍了短期频率稳定度时域频域测量的常用方法,主要介绍了差频周期法,频差倍增法等;以及这些方案在电路中引入相位噪声的情况。
然后根据具体给出的指标,我们用一个具体的实例来说明测量短期频率稳定度的方法和过程。选用频差倍增法,分三个部分:频率发生部分,频差倍增部分和混频调制部分,设计完整的硬件电路,整机自校精度达到10 ?1 3/s量级。并对其噪声性能做了比较详细地说明和分析。
针对频差倍增方案实现中存在的问题,提出改进方案;选用另一种短期频率稳定度的时域测量方法,双混频时差法再次实现短稳的测量,详细论述了双混频方案的测量原理,并对公共源引入噪声的影响做了说明和推导;实现硬件电路;在软件设计上,设计了相应保障其测量计算可信度的算法。
最后总结和比对这两种不同的方案,根据测试结果分析其优缺点,指出各自适用的范围。
Nowadays, for the development of the communication technology, high precision measurement of the nonstandard signal were needed in very wide frequency spectrum. But it was a contradiction between the high precision and the cost of instrument, so the instruments of high precision, low cost and simple structure were very popular. The aim of us is to work over this system accord the above, the short-term frequency stability measurement system accord with high precision, simple structure, low cost and convenient to use.
Research had been done in this article:
First, the output noise model of frequency source and its behave form had been instructed; the physical meaning of the short-term frequency stability and its performance in the time domain and frequency domain. Then the measurement method, main the frequency difference period measurement, the frequency difference multiply measurement had been instructed.
Second, an example of given target which use the frequency difference multiply measurement had been performed. This project contains three main parts: the part of frequency produce, the part of frequency difference multiplier, the part of frequency mix and modulation. The circuits had been realized and the precision achieve 10 ?1 3/sin time domain. Then the noise performance had been discussed in this article. Third, because of the shortage of the project mentioned above, a new realization, the double mixer time difference measurement had been brought forward. The measurement theory and the noise performance had been discussed. The circuit and the software had been realized.
Last, the two realization had been summarized and these application range had been discussed.
引文
[1]张慧君.高精度时间频率信号测量与分析平台的设计.中国科学院研究生院硕士学位论文,2003,5
[2]于建国.优于皮秒(ps)量级的频标比对技术和高精度频率测量方法的研究.西北工业大学博士学位论文,2003.9
[3] L. Sojdr, J. Cermak, G. Brida. Comparison of high precision frequency stability measurement systems. IEEE 17th European Frequency and Time Forum,2003:44-62
[4]王志田.频率源的短期频率稳定度及相位噪声测量.宇航计测技术,1995,6
[5]高树廷,高峰,徐盛旺等.频率源工程设计与分析.成都联帮微波通信工程有限公司,中国兵器工业集团第206研究所内部资料,2007,10
[6]朱长清,张金池.频标比对器频差倍增系数的合理取用.军械工程学院学报,1994,1:217-220
[7] Cesar A. Mancini, Mark F. Bocko. Short-term frequency stability of clock generators for multigigagertz rapid single flux quantum digital circuits. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, Vol.13, No.1, March,2003:75-86
[8] Donald B. Percival. Characterization of frequency stability: frequency-domain estimation of stability measures. IEEE, Vol.79, No.6, June 1991:252-280
[9]臧其源,林时昌.振荡器的频率稳定度及其对电子系统的影响.宇航出版社,1990第一版
[10]张晖,金玉雯,李延.频率稳定度的时域表征-阿伦方差.计量测量,2001年增刊
[11]包志华,曹培培.双混频时差测量系统中公共源与阿化方差精度.苏州大学学报,1995,1:105-110
[12] Paul Lesage. Characterization of frequency stability: bias due to the juxtaposition of time-interval measurements. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. Vol. IM-32, No.1, March 1983:784-801
[13] F. L. Walls, David W. Allan. Measurements of frequency stability. Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 74, No.1, January 1986:215-225
[14]边玉敬.双混频时差测量系统中的理论和技术问题.电子测量技术,1994,7:1-4
[15]沈季良,蔡勇,马南雪.用双混频时差测量频率的相位差和频率稳定度.中国科学院上海天文台年刊2000年第21期:153-156
[16] Stefano Bregni, Marco Carbonelli, Domenico De Seta, etc. Clock stability measure dependence on time error sampling period. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, Vol.15, No.1, April 1994:554-562
[17] Charles A. Greenhall. A method for using a time interval counter to measure frequency stability. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics and Frequency Control. Vol. 36, No.5, September 1989:455-476
[18] David W. Allan, Macr A. Weiss. A Frequency–domain view of time domain charactreiza of clocks and time and frequency distribution systems. 45th Annual Symposium on Frequency Control:667-686
[19] Asad A.Abidi. Analog circuit design-RF analog to digital converters; sensor and actuator interfaces; low-noise oscillators, PLLs and synthesizers. published by kluwer academic publishers, Boston, November 1997,428pp.
[20] S. Stein, D. Glaze. Performance of an automated high accuracy phase measurement system.. 36th Annual Frequency Control Symposium-1982:314-320
[21] David W. Allan. Statistics of atomic frequency standards. Proceedings of the IEEE,vol.54,NO.2:221-225
[22] David W. Allan. Picosecond time difference measurement system . Proceedings of the IEEE :404-411
[23] Erich Hafner. The effects of noise in Oscillators. Proceedings of the IEEE,vol.54,NO.2:179-198
[24] R. Barillet, J,Y.Richard .Application of dual-mixer time difference multiplication in accurate time-delay measurements. 2004 IEEE International Ultrasonics , ferroelectrics, and frequency control joint 50th anniversary conference:729-733
[2]于建国.优于皮秒(ps)量级的频标比对技术和高精度频率测量方法的研究.西北工业大学博士学位论文,2003.9
[3] L. Sojdr, J. Cermak, G. Brida. Comparison of high precision frequency stability measurement systems. IEEE 17th European Frequency and Time Forum,2003:44-62
[4]王志田.频率源的短期频率稳定度及相位噪声测量.宇航计测技术,1995,6
[5]高树廷,高峰,徐盛旺等.频率源工程设计与分析.成都联帮微波通信工程有限公司,中国兵器工业集团第206研究所内部资料,2007,10
[6]朱长清,张金池.频标比对器频差倍增系数的合理取用.军械工程学院学报,1994,1:217-220
[7] Cesar A. Mancini, Mark F. Bocko. Short-term frequency stability of clock generators for multigigagertz rapid single flux quantum digital circuits. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, Vol.13, No.1, March,2003:75-86
[8] Donald B. Percival. Characterization of frequency stability: frequency-domain estimation of stability measures. IEEE, Vol.79, No.6, June 1991:252-280
[9]臧其源,林时昌.振荡器的频率稳定度及其对电子系统的影响.宇航出版社,1990第一版
[10]张晖,金玉雯,李延.频率稳定度的时域表征-阿伦方差.计量测量,2001年增刊
[11]包志华,曹培培.双混频时差测量系统中公共源与阿化方差精度.苏州大学学报,1995,1:105-110
[12] Paul Lesage. Characterization of frequency stability: bias due to the juxtaposition of time-interval measurements. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. Vol. IM-32, No.1, March 1983:784-801
[13] F. L. Walls, David W. Allan. Measurements of frequency stability. Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 74, No.1, January 1986:215-225
[14]边玉敬.双混频时差测量系统中的理论和技术问题.电子测量技术,1994,7:1-4
[15]沈季良,蔡勇,马南雪.用双混频时差测量频率的相位差和频率稳定度.中国科学院上海天文台年刊2000年第21期:153-156
[16] Stefano Bregni, Marco Carbonelli, Domenico De Seta, etc. Clock stability measure dependence on time error sampling period. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, Vol.15, No.1, April 1994:554-562
[17] Charles A. Greenhall. A method for using a time interval counter to measure frequency stability. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics and Frequency Control. Vol. 36, No.5, September 1989:455-476
[18] David W. Allan, Macr A. Weiss. A Frequency–domain view of time domain charactreiza of clocks and time and frequency distribution systems. 45th Annual Symposium on Frequency Control:667-686
[19] Asad A.Abidi. Analog circuit design-RF analog to digital converters; sensor and actuator interfaces; low-noise oscillators, PLLs and synthesizers. published by kluwer academic publishers, Boston, November 1997,428pp.
[20] S. Stein, D. Glaze. Performance of an automated high accuracy phase measurement system.. 36th Annual Frequency Control Symposium-1982:314-320
[21] David W. Allan. Statistics of atomic frequency standards. Proceedings of the IEEE,vol.54,NO.2:221-225
[22] David W. Allan. Picosecond time difference measurement system . Proceedings of the IEEE :404-411
[23] Erich Hafner. The effects of noise in Oscillators. Proceedings of the IEEE,vol.54,NO.2:179-198
[24] R. Barillet, J,Y.Richard .Application of dual-mixer time difference multiplication in accurate time-delay measurements. 2004 IEEE International Ultrasonics , ferroelectrics, and frequency control joint 50th anniversary conference:729-733