船载有源相控阵天线与通信天线的研究
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摘要
论文结合科研项目进行选题研究，文中研究了船载有源相控阵天线与通信天线的设计问题。在研究船载有源相控阵天线中，分析了船体平台对船载有源相控阵天线电特性的影响，依据分析结果给出了降低天线雷达散射截面（Radar CrossSection，简写为RCS）的有效方法；在研究通信天线设计中，改进了原天线的设计方案，针对不同的使用用途，改进后的天线具有宽带、高增益、波束扫描等特点。
论文的主要研究工作分为两个部分。第一部分研究工作为船载有源相控阵天线的设计与研制；第二部分研究工作为通信天线的设计与研制，其中包括了防洪减灾点对点通信天线、直升机搜救通信天线、无线通信的超宽带终端天线以及弹载宽带高增益阵列天线。作者的主要研究工作和成果为：
1.在船载有源相控阵天线的设计与研制中，第一个研究成果为研制了外围具有金属背腔的新型天线单元，实现了对天线单元的波束控制，同时提高了天线单元及单元子阵间的隔离度。所设计的阵列天线具有大于21.3dB的扫描增益，实现了方位面-450~450的波束扫描；第二个研究成果为降低了天线阵面的RCS。文中改进了常规的安装方式，采用倾斜安装的方式有效地降低了天线阵面的RCS，使原来的RCS从10000m2降到100m2；第三个研究成果为天线外表面与船体完全共形。为此采用了平行四边形截面的安装嵌槽结构，一方面有效地降低了阵列天线的RCS，同时实现了阵列天线与载体平台的共形。在此研究基础上，加工了天线单元和单元子阵的实验样机，并对该样机进行了电性能测试，测试结果表明天线工作频段为UHF波段，扫面范围为-450~450，扫描增益大于21.3dB，阵列天线在X波段的RCS为50m2，满足设计指标要求并已在工程中得到了应用。
2.提出了基片集成波导（Substrate Integrated Waveguide，简写为SIW）馈电的单缝隙耦合圆极化椭圆介质谐振天线形式。针对防洪减灾微波点对点通信系统的要求，天线应具有宽带圆极化的特点。文中采用最新的SIW馈电方法，设计了单缝隙耦合馈电圆极化椭圆介质谐振天线。采用HFSS仿真软件对阵列天线进行了一体化仿真设计。设计结果表明，在9.4GHz±350MHz频率范围内，天线增益大于18.5dB，轴比小于3.3dB，在设计的基础上，加工了天线实验样机，实测结果表明阵列天线的增益大于18.2dB，轴比小于3dB，满足通信系统的设计需求并在实际工程得到了应用。
3.基于SIW，提出了馈电方式简单的宽带频率扫描微带阵列天线的新的设计方法。针对直升机搜救通信系统的设计要求，天线方向图波束应具有电扫描的特点。文中采用SIW馈电技术，设计了宽带频率扫描微带阵列天线。在仿真设计满足要求的基础上，加工制作了实验样机。实测结果表明，阵列天线在8.5GHz~12GHz的频带内，在方位面实现了-160~160的波束扫描特性，扫描增益大于12.7dB，满足工程要求。
4.提出了边缘渐变小型化超宽带印刷天线的新形式；基于窄缝隙、半模SIW和SIW三种类型的谐振结构，提出了三种具有陷波特性的超宽带印刷天线。采用HFSS仿真软件对这些天线进行了设计仿真，在此基础上，加工了实验样机，实测结果表明天线的工作频带大于3个倍频程，因此具有超宽带特性。天线在陷波频段内电压驻波比的峰值分别达到了11.7、9.8和28.9。
5.提出了基于SIW的改进型超宽带径向波导功分器，改进后的相对工作带宽达到了62%（改进前为5.7%）。并将该成果应用于弾载定向天线（最大辐射方向指向弹尾）的研制，采用HFSS仿真软件对四单元弹载微带阵列天线进行了天馈一体化仿真设计，加工了实验样机，实测结果表明天线在8.7GHz~11.3GHz频带内，增益大于11dB，波束覆盖大于310，满足了弹载通信系统的技术指标要求并在实际工程中得到了应用。
The research works are based on scientific projects. This dissertation discusses thedesign of the shipborne active phased array antenna and the communication antenna. Inthe research on the shipborne active phased array antenna, the effect of the hull platformon the electrical characteristics of the shipborne active phased array antenna, and aneffective method of reducing the Radar Cross Section (RCS) is given based on theanalysis results. In the study of the communication antenna, the design of the originalantenna is improved. As to different purposes, the improved antennas are characterizedby wideband, high gain, beam scanning, and so on.
The research works involved can be divided into two parts: the design anddevelopment of the shipborne active phased array antenna constitute the first part; thesecond part represents the design and development of communication antennasincluding the point-point communication antenna for flood control and calamityreducing, the helicopter search and rescue communication antenna, the ultra-wideband(UWB) wireless communication terminal antennas and the broadband high gainmissile-borne antenna array. The main research works and contributions of the authorare outlined as follows:
1. In the study of the shipborne active phased array antenna, a novel antennaradiating element with a metal back cavity is introduced to realize beam control of theantenna radiating element and improvement of the isolation between subarrays. Theproposed antenna array has a scanning gain of greater than21.3dB and a beam scanningrange of-450~450in the azimuth plane. Second, the RCS of the antenna array is reduced.The RCS of the antenna array is effectively reduced from10000m2to100m2throughslanting installation. Third, the outside surface of the antenna is completely conformalwith the hull. For this, an embedded groove structure with parallelogram section in sidesof boats is proposed. The RCS of the array antenna is effectively improved and theantenna array is conformal with the carrier platform. Based on these studies, theprototypes of the antenna radiating element and subarray are fabricated and measured.The operating frequency of the proposed antenna is UHF band. The proposed antennaarray has a beam scanning range of-450~450and a scanning gain of greater than21.3dB.The RCS of the proposed antenna is50m2. These measured results show that theproposed antenna can satisfy the design requirements and it has been applied in the engineering.
2. A circularly polarized substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) feeding ellipticdielectric resonant antenna with a single-slot coupling structure is proposed. In view ofthe design requirements of the point-to-point communication system for flood controland calamity reducing, the antenna should be broadband and circularly polarized. Thelatest SIW feeding method is used to design the circularly polarized elliptic dielectricresonant antenna with a single-slot feeding coupling structure. The integral design of theantenna is conducted with the simulating software HFSS. The design results show thatthe antenna has a gain of greater than18.5dB and an axial ratio of less than3.3dBwithin9.4GHz±350MHz. On the basis of design, the prototype of the antenna array isfabricated and measured. The measured results show that the proposed antenna achievesa gain of greater than18.2dB and an axial ratio of less than3dB, which can meet thedesign requirements of the communication system and has been applied in theengineering.
3. Based on SIW, a new design method of the broadband frequency scanningmicrostrip antenna array with a simple feeding structure is proposed. In view of thedesign requirements of the helicopter search and rescue communication system, theantenna should have electric scanning radiation patterns. A broadband frequencyscanning microstrip antenna array is proposed with SIW feeding technology. Theprototype is fabricated on the simulation design basis. The measured results show thatthe proposed antenna array achieves a beam scanning range of-160~160in the azimuthplane and a scanning gain of greater than12.7dB ranging from8.5GHz to12GHz,which can satisfy the engineering requirements.
4. A novel edge gradient miniature UWB printed antenna is proposed. Based on thenarrow slot resonant structure, the half-mode SIW resonant structure and the SIWresonant structure, three kinds of band-notched UWB antennas are proposed. Theseantennas are simulated with the simulating software HFSS. The prototypes arefabricated and measured. The measured results show that the proposed antennas havefrequency bands of greater than3octave band, indicating the broadband feature. Themaximum VSWR at the notched bands are11.7,9.8and28.9, respectively.
5. A modified UWB radial waveguide power divider based on SIW is proposed,which has a relative bandwidth of62%, compared with that of the original (5.7%).These achievements are applied to the development of a missile-borne directionalantenna with the direction of maximum radiation pointing at the missile tail. The integral design of the4-element missile-borne microstrip antenna array with theproposed SIW radial waveguide power divider is conducted with Ansoft HFSS. Theprototype is fabricated and measured. The measured results show that the proposedantenna array achieves a gain of greater than11dB and beam coverage of greater than310, which can satisfy the requirements of the missile-borne communication system andhas been applied in the engineering.
论文的主要研究工作分为两个部分。第一部分研究工作为船载有源相控阵天线的设计与研制；第二部分研究工作为通信天线的设计与研制，其中包括了防洪减灾点对点通信天线、直升机搜救通信天线、无线通信的超宽带终端天线以及弹载宽带高增益阵列天线。作者的主要研究工作和成果为：
1.在船载有源相控阵天线的设计与研制中，第一个研究成果为研制了外围具有金属背腔的新型天线单元，实现了对天线单元的波束控制，同时提高了天线单元及单元子阵间的隔离度。所设计的阵列天线具有大于21.3dB的扫描增益，实现了方位面-450~450的波束扫描；第二个研究成果为降低了天线阵面的RCS。文中改进了常规的安装方式，采用倾斜安装的方式有效地降低了天线阵面的RCS，使原来的RCS从10000m2降到100m2；第三个研究成果为天线外表面与船体完全共形。为此采用了平行四边形截面的安装嵌槽结构，一方面有效地降低了阵列天线的RCS，同时实现了阵列天线与载体平台的共形。在此研究基础上，加工了天线单元和单元子阵的实验样机，并对该样机进行了电性能测试，测试结果表明天线工作频段为UHF波段，扫面范围为-450~450，扫描增益大于21.3dB，阵列天线在X波段的RCS为50m2，满足设计指标要求并已在工程中得到了应用。
2.提出了基片集成波导（Substrate Integrated Waveguide，简写为SIW）馈电的单缝隙耦合圆极化椭圆介质谐振天线形式。针对防洪减灾微波点对点通信系统的要求，天线应具有宽带圆极化的特点。文中采用最新的SIW馈电方法，设计了单缝隙耦合馈电圆极化椭圆介质谐振天线。采用HFSS仿真软件对阵列天线进行了一体化仿真设计。设计结果表明，在9.4GHz±350MHz频率范围内，天线增益大于18.5dB，轴比小于3.3dB，在设计的基础上，加工了天线实验样机，实测结果表明阵列天线的增益大于18.2dB，轴比小于3dB，满足通信系统的设计需求并在实际工程得到了应用。
3.基于SIW，提出了馈电方式简单的宽带频率扫描微带阵列天线的新的设计方法。针对直升机搜救通信系统的设计要求，天线方向图波束应具有电扫描的特点。文中采用SIW馈电技术，设计了宽带频率扫描微带阵列天线。在仿真设计满足要求的基础上，加工制作了实验样机。实测结果表明，阵列天线在8.5GHz~12GHz的频带内，在方位面实现了-160~160的波束扫描特性，扫描增益大于12.7dB，满足工程要求。
4.提出了边缘渐变小型化超宽带印刷天线的新形式；基于窄缝隙、半模SIW和SIW三种类型的谐振结构，提出了三种具有陷波特性的超宽带印刷天线。采用HFSS仿真软件对这些天线进行了设计仿真，在此基础上，加工了实验样机，实测结果表明天线的工作频带大于3个倍频程，因此具有超宽带特性。天线在陷波频段内电压驻波比的峰值分别达到了11.7、9.8和28.9。
5.提出了基于SIW的改进型超宽带径向波导功分器，改进后的相对工作带宽达到了62%（改进前为5.7%）。并将该成果应用于弾载定向天线（最大辐射方向指向弹尾）的研制，采用HFSS仿真软件对四单元弹载微带阵列天线进行了天馈一体化仿真设计，加工了实验样机，实测结果表明天线在8.7GHz~11.3GHz频带内，增益大于11dB，波束覆盖大于310，满足了弹载通信系统的技术指标要求并在实际工程中得到了应用。
The research works are based on scientific projects. This dissertation discusses thedesign of the shipborne active phased array antenna and the communication antenna. Inthe research on the shipborne active phased array antenna, the effect of the hull platformon the electrical characteristics of the shipborne active phased array antenna, and aneffective method of reducing the Radar Cross Section (RCS) is given based on theanalysis results. In the study of the communication antenna, the design of the originalantenna is improved. As to different purposes, the improved antennas are characterizedby wideband, high gain, beam scanning, and so on.
The research works involved can be divided into two parts: the design anddevelopment of the shipborne active phased array antenna constitute the first part; thesecond part represents the design and development of communication antennasincluding the point-point communication antenna for flood control and calamityreducing, the helicopter search and rescue communication antenna, the ultra-wideband(UWB) wireless communication terminal antennas and the broadband high gainmissile-borne antenna array. The main research works and contributions of the authorare outlined as follows:
1. In the study of the shipborne active phased array antenna, a novel antennaradiating element with a metal back cavity is introduced to realize beam control of theantenna radiating element and improvement of the isolation between subarrays. Theproposed antenna array has a scanning gain of greater than21.3dB and a beam scanningrange of-450~450in the azimuth plane. Second, the RCS of the antenna array is reduced.The RCS of the antenna array is effectively reduced from10000m2to100m2throughslanting installation. Third, the outside surface of the antenna is completely conformalwith the hull. For this, an embedded groove structure with parallelogram section in sidesof boats is proposed. The RCS of the array antenna is effectively improved and theantenna array is conformal with the carrier platform. Based on these studies, theprototypes of the antenna radiating element and subarray are fabricated and measured.The operating frequency of the proposed antenna is UHF band. The proposed antennaarray has a beam scanning range of-450~450and a scanning gain of greater than21.3dB.The RCS of the proposed antenna is50m2. These measured results show that theproposed antenna can satisfy the design requirements and it has been applied in the engineering.
2. A circularly polarized substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) feeding ellipticdielectric resonant antenna with a single-slot coupling structure is proposed. In view ofthe design requirements of the point-to-point communication system for flood controland calamity reducing, the antenna should be broadband and circularly polarized. Thelatest SIW feeding method is used to design the circularly polarized elliptic dielectricresonant antenna with a single-slot feeding coupling structure. The integral design of theantenna is conducted with the simulating software HFSS. The design results show thatthe antenna has a gain of greater than18.5dB and an axial ratio of less than3.3dBwithin9.4GHz±350MHz. On the basis of design, the prototype of the antenna array isfabricated and measured. The measured results show that the proposed antenna achievesa gain of greater than18.2dB and an axial ratio of less than3dB, which can meet thedesign requirements of the communication system and has been applied in theengineering.
3. Based on SIW, a new design method of the broadband frequency scanningmicrostrip antenna array with a simple feeding structure is proposed. In view of thedesign requirements of the helicopter search and rescue communication system, theantenna should have electric scanning radiation patterns. A broadband frequencyscanning microstrip antenna array is proposed with SIW feeding technology. Theprototype is fabricated on the simulation design basis. The measured results show thatthe proposed antenna array achieves a beam scanning range of-160~160in the azimuthplane and a scanning gain of greater than12.7dB ranging from8.5GHz to12GHz,which can satisfy the engineering requirements.
4. A novel edge gradient miniature UWB printed antenna is proposed. Based on thenarrow slot resonant structure, the half-mode SIW resonant structure and the SIWresonant structure, three kinds of band-notched UWB antennas are proposed. Theseantennas are simulated with the simulating software HFSS. The prototypes arefabricated and measured. The measured results show that the proposed antennas havefrequency bands of greater than3octave band, indicating the broadband feature. Themaximum VSWR at the notched bands are11.7,9.8and28.9, respectively.
5. A modified UWB radial waveguide power divider based on SIW is proposed,which has a relative bandwidth of62%, compared with that of the original (5.7%).These achievements are applied to the development of a missile-borne directionalantenna with the direction of maximum radiation pointing at the missile tail. The integral design of the4-element missile-borne microstrip antenna array with theproposed SIW radial waveguide power divider is conducted with Ansoft HFSS. Theprototype is fabricated and measured. The measured results show that the proposedantenna array achieves a gain of greater than11dB and beam coverage of greater than310, which can satisfy the requirements of the missile-borne communication system andhas been applied in the engineering.
引文
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