重庆嘉陵江流域水中有毒重金属铅、铬的研究
摘要
嘉陵江是长江水系中流域面积最大的支流,流经重庆市主城区,于朝天门码头汇入长江。嘉陵江流域水质对于重庆市经济发展和水资源的保护具有重要影响。本研究于2006年6月至2007年5月一年中,每月分别在重庆嘉陵江流域上游至下游16个采样点采集表层水样,2007年4月采集生物样品(鱼样),研究和探讨了嘉陵江水环境中有毒重金属元素Pb、Cr的污染状况和迁移、转化规律。主要内容如下:
1.原子荧光法测定水中痕量铅的分析方法研究
建立了水中铅的氢化物发生原子荧光分析方法,优化了铁氰化钾、KBH_4、氢氧化钠、草酸钠及盐酸浓度,获得了满意的分析条件。在优化的实验条件下,原子荧光强度在0-10μg/L范围内与铅浓度呈现良好的线性关系,方法检出限为0.045μg/L,对4.00μg/L的铅标准溶液进行11次平行测定,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.63%。将本法用于嘉陵江水中铅的测定,获得满意结果。
2.嘉陵江表层水中铅、铬的环境行为研究
(1)嘉陵江表层水中溶解态金属Pb含量低于国家地表水环境质量标准GB3838-2002中的Ⅰ类标准,溶解态Cr的含量属于Ⅱ-Ⅳ类标准。个别采样点水中溶解态Cr含量的属于Ⅴ类标准,超出了饮用水标准的限值。
(2)重金属Pb无明显的岸边污染源,而Cr存在点污染源。
(3)丰水期溶解态金属Pb、Cr含量均大于枯水期。雨水对江边土壤和城市的冲刷使大量含Pb和Cr的污染物随着雨水及城市污水流入江水中,对水体中Pb和Cr的含量产生较大影响。
(4)金属Pb的形态分布与悬浮物密切相关。金属Pb主要以颗粒态形态存在,占总量的60%以上。溶解态金属Pb的含量与SS含量存在显著线性相关性(p＜0.01)。
(5)溶解态金属Pb与Cr含量随时间或空间变化的规律相似。
3.嘉陵江鱼类样品中铅、铬的分析
鱼肉中金属Pb、Cr的含量均未超过淡水鱼卫生标准,出现个别鱼肉中铬超标现象。鱼肉中Cr的含量高于截留前和其他流域的数值。不同组织中Pb含量的关系为鱼鳃＞鱼肝＞鱼肉。重金属元素在鱼体内的富集系数顺序为Pb＞Cr。
As the largest tributary in the Yangtze River basin,Jialing River is located in the Chongqing City and merged into Yangtze River in Chaotianmen dock.The water quality of the Jialing River has important significance for the development of the Chongqing city and the protection of water resource in the Jialing River basin.The surface Water samples were taken monthly from June 2006 to May 2007 at 16 sites distributed following the stream flow direction of the river.Fish samples were collected in April 2007.The fate of toxic heavy metals(Pb,Cr)in Jialing River was studied.The major contents are described as follows:
1.Study on determination of trace lead in water samples by hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry
A hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometric detection method has been developed for the determination of lead in water samples.The effect of potassium ferricyanide,KBH_4,sodium hydroxide,sodium oxalate and hydrochloric acid were investigated and their concentations were optimized.The experimental results show that the atomic fluorescence intensity was linear with lead concentration in the range of 0-10μg/L and the detection limit(3s)for lead was 0.045μg/L under optimized conditions.The relative standard deviation was 1.63%(n=11)for 4.00μg/L lead standard solution.The proposed method has been applied successfully to the analysis of lead in Jialing River water.
2.Concentration and fate of the dissolved trace elements(Pb,Cr)in surface water of the Jialing River
(1)The concentrations of the studied metals were found to be below the international guideline and acceptable concentration for drinking water except some value for Cr.
(2)No obvious Pb pollution resources exist in the studied area,whereas potential Cr pollution resources do.
(3)The concentration of Pb and Cr in dry season is lower than that in wet season.This can be attributed to runoff from the city and the soil loss into the rivers in the wet reason.
(4)The species of the trace metals were influenced by the SS concentration.Pb was found predominantly to exist in the particulate phase with more than 60%fraction.The concentration of dissolved Pb is well correlated with the content of SS(p<0.01).
(5)Both the spatial variations and temporal trends between Pb and Cr are similar.
3.Concentration of Pb and Cr in fish samples
The content of Pb and Cr in fish muscles is below the national standard,except one sample for Cr.Compared with the values of before-impoundment of Three Gorges and other rivers,the content of Cr in fish muscles is higher.The content of Pb in different organs decreased in the order:fish gills> fish liver> fish.Enrichment factor for the fish muscles decreased in the order:Pb>Cr.
1.原子荧光法测定水中痕量铅的分析方法研究
建立了水中铅的氢化物发生原子荧光分析方法,优化了铁氰化钾、KBH_4、氢氧化钠、草酸钠及盐酸浓度,获得了满意的分析条件。在优化的实验条件下,原子荧光强度在0-10μg/L范围内与铅浓度呈现良好的线性关系,方法检出限为0.045μg/L,对4.00μg/L的铅标准溶液进行11次平行测定,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.63%。将本法用于嘉陵江水中铅的测定,获得满意结果。
2.嘉陵江表层水中铅、铬的环境行为研究
(1)嘉陵江表层水中溶解态金属Pb含量低于国家地表水环境质量标准GB3838-2002中的Ⅰ类标准,溶解态Cr的含量属于Ⅱ-Ⅳ类标准。个别采样点水中溶解态Cr含量的属于Ⅴ类标准,超出了饮用水标准的限值。
(2)重金属Pb无明显的岸边污染源,而Cr存在点污染源。
(3)丰水期溶解态金属Pb、Cr含量均大于枯水期。雨水对江边土壤和城市的冲刷使大量含Pb和Cr的污染物随着雨水及城市污水流入江水中,对水体中Pb和Cr的含量产生较大影响。
(4)金属Pb的形态分布与悬浮物密切相关。金属Pb主要以颗粒态形态存在,占总量的60%以上。溶解态金属Pb的含量与SS含量存在显著线性相关性(p＜0.01)。
(5)溶解态金属Pb与Cr含量随时间或空间变化的规律相似。
3.嘉陵江鱼类样品中铅、铬的分析
鱼肉中金属Pb、Cr的含量均未超过淡水鱼卫生标准,出现个别鱼肉中铬超标现象。鱼肉中Cr的含量高于截留前和其他流域的数值。不同组织中Pb含量的关系为鱼鳃＞鱼肝＞鱼肉。重金属元素在鱼体内的富集系数顺序为Pb＞Cr。
As the largest tributary in the Yangtze River basin,Jialing River is located in the Chongqing City and merged into Yangtze River in Chaotianmen dock.The water quality of the Jialing River has important significance for the development of the Chongqing city and the protection of water resource in the Jialing River basin.The surface Water samples were taken monthly from June 2006 to May 2007 at 16 sites distributed following the stream flow direction of the river.Fish samples were collected in April 2007.The fate of toxic heavy metals(Pb,Cr)in Jialing River was studied.The major contents are described as follows:
1.Study on determination of trace lead in water samples by hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry
A hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometric detection method has been developed for the determination of lead in water samples.The effect of potassium ferricyanide,KBH_4,sodium hydroxide,sodium oxalate and hydrochloric acid were investigated and their concentations were optimized.The experimental results show that the atomic fluorescence intensity was linear with lead concentration in the range of 0-10μg/L and the detection limit(3s)for lead was 0.045μg/L under optimized conditions.The relative standard deviation was 1.63%(n=11)for 4.00μg/L lead standard solution.The proposed method has been applied successfully to the analysis of lead in Jialing River water.
2.Concentration and fate of the dissolved trace elements(Pb,Cr)in surface water of the Jialing River
(1)The concentrations of the studied metals were found to be below the international guideline and acceptable concentration for drinking water except some value for Cr.
(2)No obvious Pb pollution resources exist in the studied area,whereas potential Cr pollution resources do.
(3)The concentration of Pb and Cr in dry season is lower than that in wet season.This can be attributed to runoff from the city and the soil loss into the rivers in the wet reason.
(4)The species of the trace metals were influenced by the SS concentration.Pb was found predominantly to exist in the particulate phase with more than 60%fraction.The concentration of dissolved Pb is well correlated with the content of SS(p<0.01).
(5)Both the spatial variations and temporal trends between Pb and Cr are similar.
3.Concentration of Pb and Cr in fish samples
The content of Pb and Cr in fish muscles is below the national standard,except one sample for Cr.Compared with the values of before-impoundment of Three Gorges and other rivers,the content of Cr in fish muscles is higher.The content of Pb in different organs decreased in the order:fish gills> fish liver> fish.Enrichment factor for the fish muscles decreased in the order:Pb>Cr.
引文
[1]戴树桂.环境化学.北京:高等教育出版社,2000.
[2]廖自基.环境中微量重金属元素的污染危害与迁移转化.科学出版社,1989.
[3]U弗斯特纳,G T W维特曼.水环境的金属污染.北京:海洋出版社,1987.
[4]Yang RQ,Yao TD,Xu BQ,et al.Accumulation features of organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals in fish from high mountain lakes and Lhasa River in the Tibetan Plateau.Environ.Int.;2007,33(2):151-156.
[5]Nicolau R,Galera-Cunha A,Lucas Y.Transfer o.f nutrients and labile metals from the continent to the sea by a small Mediterranean river.Chemosphere,2006,63:469-476.
[6]Cunningham WP,Saigo BW编著,戴树桂主译.环境科学:全球关注(下).北京:科学出版社,2004.
[7]Wang CY,Wang XL.Spatial distribution of dissolved Pb,Hg,Cd,Cu and As in the Bohai Sea.J.Environ.Sci.,2007,19:1061-1066.
[8]Okonkwo JO,Mothiba M.Physico-chemical characteristics and pollution levels of heavy metals in the rivers in Thohoyandou,South Africa.Journal of Hydrology,2005,308:122-127.
[9]Masato I,Tadashi S.Long-term variations in dissolved trace elements in the Sagami River and its tributaries.(upstream area),Japan.Sci.Total.Environ.,2003,312:167-179.
[10]Shiller AM.Dissolved trace elements in the Mississippi River:seasonal,interannual,and decadal variability.Geochim.Cosmochim.Acta,1997,61(20):4321-4330;
[11]Cenci RM,Martin JM.Concentration and fate of trace metals in Mekong River Delta.,Sci.Total.Environ.,2004,332:167-182.
[12]Alonso E,Santos A,Calléjon M,et al.Speciation as a screening tool for the determination of heavy metal surface water pollution in the Guadiamar river basin.Chemosphere,2004,56:561-570.
[13]Velasquez IB,Jacinto GS,Valera FS.The sp,eciation of dissolved copper,cadmium and zinc in Manila Bay,Philippines.Mar Pollut Bull.,2002,45:210-217.
[14]Gundersen P,Steinnes E.Influence of pH and TOC concentration On Cu,Zn,Cd and Al speciation in rivers.Water.Res.,2003,37:307-318.
[15] Milovanovic M. Water quality assessment and determination of pollution sources along the Axios/Vardar River, Southeastern Europe. Desalination, 2007, 213:159-173.
[16] Masson M, Blanc G, Schafer J. Geochemical signals and source contributions to heavy metal (Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu) fluxes into the Gironde Estuary via its major tributaries. Sci. Total. Environ., 2006,370:133-146.
[17] Meybeck M, Lestel L, Bonte P, et al. Historical perspective of heavy metals contamination (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn) in the Seine River basin (France) following a DPSIR approach (1950-2005). Sci. Total. Environ., 2007, 375:204-231.
[18] Bortoli A, Dell'Andrea E, Gerotto M, et al. Soluble and Particulate Metals in the Adige River. Microchem. J., 1998,59:19-31.
[19] Buccolieri A, Buccolieri G, Gardellicchio N, et al. Heavy metals in marine sediments of Taranto Gulf (Ionian Sea, Southern Italy). Mar. Chem., 2006, 99: 227-235.
[20] John JGZ, Bert TMVE, Cornelis HVDW. Geochemistry of dissolved trace metals (cadmium, copper, zinc) in the Scheldt estuary,southwestem Netherlands: Impact of seasonal variability. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1997, 61(8): 1635-1652.
[21] Wang ZL, Liu CQ. Distribution and partition behavior of heavy metals between dissolved and acid-soluble fractions along a salinity gradient in the Changjiang Estuary, eastern China. Chem. Geol., 2003, 202: 383- 396.
[22] Terrado M, Barcelo D, Tauler R. Identification and distribution of contamination sources in the Ebro river basin by chemometrics modelling coupled to geographical information systems. Talanta, 2006, 70: 691-704.
[23] Demirak A , Yilmaz F, Levent Tuna A, et al. Heavy metals in water, sediment and tissues of Leuciscus cephalus from a stream in southwestern Turkey. Chemosphere, 2006, 63:1451-1458.
[24] Peterson SA, Herlihy JVSAT, Hughes RM. Mercury concentration in fish from streams and rivers throughout the western United States. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2007, 41(1): 58-65.
[25] Arribere MA, Ribeiro Guevara S, Sanchez RS, et al. Heavy metals in the vicinity of a chlor-alkali factory in the upper Negro River ecosystem, Northern Patagonia, Argentina.Sci.Total.Environ,2003,301:187-203.
[26]陈静生,周家义.中国水环境重金属研究.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1992.
[27]万金保,闫伟伟,谢婷.鄱阳湖流域乐安河重金属污染水平.湖泊科学,2007,19(4):421-427.
[28]卢宏玮,曾光明等.洞庭湖流域水体污染物变化趋势及风险分析.水土保持通报,2004,24(2):12-16.
[29]张曼华,申德君,吴晓林等.红枫湖水体中重金属污染的现状分析.贵州大学学报(自然科学版),2007,24(3):327-330.
[30]王莉红,汤福隆,胡岭等.杭州西湖水中四种重金属的形态分布和交换过程研究.环境科学学报,1998,18(2):147-152.
[31]王小庆,郑乐平,孙为民.淀山湖沉积物孔隙水中重金属元素分布特征.中国环境科学,2004,24(4):400-404.
[32]蒋萏芳,郑乐平,孙为民.淀山湖上覆水与沉积物孔隙水中重金属的分布特征.环境化学,2003,22(4):318-323.
[33]姚云,王海涛,孙成.长荡湖水环境的重金属多元分析.污染防治技术,2005,18(5):8-10.
[34]陈学庆,苏春利.武汉市墨水湖重金属污染现状分析.资源环境与工程,2006,20(4):470-474.
[35]倪倩,蒋敬业等.城市工业区湖泊重金属污染状况-以武汉墨水湖为例.安全与环境工程,2005,12(1):13-16.
[36]王海,王春霞,王子健.太湖表层沉积物中重金属的形态分析.环境化学,2002,21(9):430-435.
[37]袁旭音,王爱华,许乃政.太湖沉积物中重金属的地球化学形态及特征分析.地球化学,2004,33(6):611-618.
[38]刘恩峰,沈吉,朱育新.重金属元素BCR提取法及在太湖沉积物研究中的应用.环境科学研究,2005,18(2):57-60.
[39]朱广伟,秦伯强,高光等.太湖近代沉积物中重金属元素的积累.湖泊科学,2005,17(2):143-150.
[40]王宁,朱颜明.松花湖水源地重金属非点源污染调查.中国环境科学,2000,20(5):419-421.
[41]曹德菊等.巢湖水体Pb,Cu,Fe污染的环境质量评价.中国环境科学,2004,24(4):509-512.
[42]徐晓达,林振宏,李绍全.胶州湾的重金属污染.海洋科学,2005,29(1):48-53.
[43]丘耀文,颜文,王肇鼎等.大亚湾海水、沉积物和生物体中重金属分布及其生态危害.热带海洋学报,2005,24(5):69-76.
[44]蔡清海,杜琦,钱小明等,福建三沙湾海洋沉积物中重金属和过渡元素来源分析.地质学报,2007,81(10):1444-1448.
[45]阮金山,李秀珠,罗冬莲.深沪湾海水、沉积物及贝类体内重金属的含量与评价.福建水产,2002,2:14-20.
[46]韦蔓新,何本茂.钦州湾近20a来水环境指标的变化趋势.海洋环境科学,2004,23(1):29-32.
[47]张恩仁,张经.长江河口悬浮物对几种金属吸附的pH效应.海洋与湖沼,2003,34(3):267-273.
[48]孟翊,刘苍字,程江.长江口沉积物重金属元素地球化学特征及其底质环境评价.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2003,23(3):37-43.
[49]胡雪峰,方圣琼.长江口南槽水域污染物迁移和分布规律.环境污染与防治,2004,26(3):179-181.
[50]方圣琼,胡雪峰等.长江口污染物累积运移规律的初步研究.环境科学研究,2004,17(4):14-17.
[51]蓝先洪.中国主要河口沉积物的重金属地球化学研究.海洋地质动态,2004,20(12):1-4.
[52]车越,何青,林卫青.高浊度河口颗粒态重金属分布特性.海洋环境科学,2003,22(1):58-62.
[53]霍文冕,暨卫东,许昆灿.南海表层水中的溶解态Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd.海洋学报,2002,24(4):44-50.
[54]于涛.南海海水中溶解态铜、铅、锌、镉环境背景值的初步研究.台湾海峡,2003,22(3):329-333.
[55]张远辉,杜俊民.南海表层沉积物中主要污染物的环境背景值.海洋学报,2005,27(4):161-166.
[56]王增焕,林钦,李纯厚等.珠江口重金属变化特征与生态评价.中国水产科学,2004,11(3):214-219.
[57]王增焕,林钦,李纯厚.珠江口表层沉积物铜铅锌镉的分布与评价.环境科学研究,2004,17(4):5-9.
[58]杨宏伟,焦小宝,王晓丽.黄河(清水河段)沉积物中重金属的存在形式.环 境科学与技术,2002,25(3):24-27.
[59]张朝生,章申,王立军等.长江与黄河沉积物金属元素地球化学特征及其比较.地理学报,1998,53(4):314-322.
[60]郝向英,赵慧,刘卫.黄河中游主要重金属污染物的迁移转化.内蒙古环境保护,2000,12(3):27-28.
[61]何江,王新伟等.黄河包头段水-沉积物系统中重金属的污染特征.环境科学学报,2003,23(1):53-57.
[62]王新伟,何江,李朝生.黄河包头段沉积物中生物可给态重金属分布研究.环境科学研究,2002,15(1):20-23.
[63]马百文,盛骅寅,蒋惠忠.伊通河长春段地表水重金属含量的调查与评价.山西科技,2007,(3):78-80.
[64]董德明,李海龙,李鱼等.伊通河(长春市区段)沉积物重金属元素化学形态分布特征.水土保持研究,2004,11(1):95-96.
[65]从溧,周萍,方访.嘉陵江广元段流域水污染防治对策.四川环境,2002,21(2):79-82.
[66]李其林,黄昀等.嘉陵江与乌江重要渔业功能区水生态环境质量研究.中国生态农业学,2003,11(3):269-171.
[67]曾艳,陈中兰等.南充境内嘉陵江水生态系统中五种重金属的分布.西华师范大学学报,2004,1(1):86-88.
[68]罗国钧.鲫鱼体内重金属的分布和积累规律研究.渝州大学学报,2000,17(1):56-61.
[69]张朝生,章申,何建邦.长江水系沉积物重金属含量空间分布特征研究-地统计学方法.地理学报,1997,52(2):184-192.
[70]方涛,张晓华,肖邦定.水体悬移质对重金属吸附规律研究-以长江宜昌段为例.长江流域资源与环境,2001,10(2):187-192.
[71]张敏,王德淑.长江铜陵段表层水中重金属含量及存在形态分布研究.安全与环境学报,2003,3(6):61-64.
[72]陈亚雄,李柳琼,乔庆霞.批江水体中铅镉锌的化学形态及其迁移转化.有色金属,1998,50(1):90-96.
[73]乔庆霞,黄小凤.批江表层底泥中重金属化学形态的研究.昆明理工大学学报,1999,24(2):195-198.
[74]周永章,宋书巧,张澄博等.河流对矿山及矿山开发的水环境地球化学响应-以广西刁江水系为例.地质通报,2005,24(10-11):940-944.
[75]梁文俊,李坚,赵春绿等.汾河太原段沉积物中重金属Ni和Zn的释放规律.北京工业大学学报,2005,31(2):174-178.
[76]祁俊生,傅川,黄秀山等.微量元素在三峡库区水域生态系统中的迁移.重庆大学学报(自然科学版),2002,25(1):17-20.
[77]张晓华等.三峡库区香溪河中重金属元素的分布特征,长江流域资源与环境,2002,1(3):269-273.
[78]徐小清等.三峡库区汞污染的化学生态效应.水生生物学报,1999,23(3):197-203.
[79]徐小清,邓冠强,惠嘉玉等.长江三峡库区江段沉积物的重金属污染特征.水生生物学报,1999,23(1):1-10.
[80]赵建忠.红河流域红河州段微量重金属污染及其防治.云南环境科学,2001,20(3):47-49.
[81]梁涛,陶澍,贾振邦等.香港河流及近海表层沉积物和孔隙水的毒性研究.环境科学学报,2001,21(5):557-562.
[82]丁振华,王文华,刘彩娥等.黄浦江江水和沉积物中汞的分布和形态特征.环境科学,2005,26(5):62-66.
[83]陈静生.水环境化学.高等教育出版社,1987.
[84]张立成,章申等.长江河源区水环境地球化学.中国环境科学出版社,1992.
[85]周建民,党志等.大宝山矿区污染水体中重金属的形态分布及迁移转化.环境科学研究,2005,18(3):5-10.
[86]王小庆.水环境条件对重金属迁移转换的影响.洛阳工业高等专科学校学报,2006,16(1):3-4.
[87]董德明,路永正等.吉林省部分河流与湖泊表层沉积物中重金属的分布规律.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2005,35(1):91-96.
[88]王文雄,潘进芬.重金属在海洋食物链中的传递.生态学报,2004,24(3):599-604.
[89]Maiti P,Banerjee S,Maiti P,et al.Accumulation of heavy metals in different tissues of the fish Oreochromis nilotica exposed to waste water.Environ.Ecol.,1999,17(4):895-898.
[90]章申等.化学元素水环境背景值研究.北京:测绘出版社.1990.
[91]张立诚等.水环境化学元素研究.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1996.
[92]Zacharia A,Gucer S,lzgi.B,et al.Direct atomic absorption spectrometry determination of tin,lead,cadmium and zinc in high-purity graphite with flame furnace atomizer.Talanta,2007,72(2):825-830.
[93]Filiz Senkal B,Ince M,Yavuz E,et al.The synthesis of new polymeric sorbent and its application in preconcentration of cadmium and lead in water samples.Talanta,2007,72(3):962-967.
[94]Alonso E,Santos A,Callejon M;et aI.Speciation as a screening tool for the determination of heavy metal surface water pollution in the Guadiamar river basin.Chemosphere,2004(56):561-570.
[95]王丹,罗红群,李念兵等.碘化物-甲基紫体系共振瑞利散射法测定痕量铅.西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2004,29(6):1005-1008.
[96]范晓燕,董杰.Pb(Ⅱ)-双硫腙-PAR水相光度法测定样品中铅.理化检验-化学分册,2001,37(6):258-260.
[97]Blum U,Schwedt G.Inhibition behavior of acid phosphatase,phosphodiesterase I and adenosine deaminase as tools for trace metal analysis and speciation,Anal.Chim.Acta,1998(360):101-108.
[98]Tuzen M,Soylak M,Elci L.Multi-element pre-concentration of heavy metal ions by solid phase extraction on Chromosorb 108.Anal.Chim.Acta,2005,548:101-108.
[99]Bolormaa O,Baasansuren J,Kawasaki K,et al.PIXE analysis of heavy metals in water samples from a mining area in Mongolia.Nuclear Instruments & Methods B,2006,243:161-166.
[100]D'ulivo A,Papoff P.Non-dispersive atomic-fluorescence spectrometric determination of lead by the hydride-generation technique.Talanta,1985,32(5):383-386.
[101]高舸,陶锐.氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定铅的研究进展.中国卫生检验杂志,2005,15(4):509-512.
[102]孙汉文,锁然.氢化物原子荧光法测定中草药中的痕量铅.理化检验-化学分册,2002,38(10):506-508.
[103]程祥圣,秦晓光等.流动注射-氢化物-原子荧光法测定海洋生物样品中铅的研究.光谱实验室,2004,21(5):955-958.
[104]翟毓秀,郝林华.氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定食品和饲料中的铅.分析化学,2000,28(4):176-179.
[105]李静娜,肖永华等.原子荧光法测定食品中的铅.中国卫生检验杂志,2005,15(2):179-180.
[106]李锋格,全晓盾等.氢化物原子荧光法测定食品中痕量铅.理化检验-化学分册.2006,42(4):260-264.
[107]陈秀娟,洪涛等.氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定土壤中的铅.光谱实验室,2005,22(15):1098-1101.
[108]程祥圣,秦晓光等.流动注射-氢化物发生原子荧光法测定海洋沉积物样品中痕量铅.海洋学报,2005,27(6):177-179.
[109]张晟,刘景红等.三峡水库成库初期丰水期水环境化学特征.水土保持学报,2005,19(3):118-120.
[110]虞孝感.长江流域可持续发展研究.北京:科学出版社,2003.
[111]尹军,刘志生,赵可等.饮用水中无机成分与氧化还原电位的关系.环境与健康杂志,2006,23(2):148-15.
[112]张征,何力,倪朝辉等.三峡库区鱼体组织残毒分析.吉首大学学报(自然科学版),2 006,1(27):101-104.
[113]黄玉瑶.水生生物中的重金属含量.中国地理学会.环境中污染物及其生态效应研究文集.北京:科学出版社,1992.
[2]廖自基.环境中微量重金属元素的污染危害与迁移转化.科学出版社,1989.
[3]U弗斯特纳,G T W维特曼.水环境的金属污染.北京:海洋出版社,1987.
[4]Yang RQ,Yao TD,Xu BQ,et al.Accumulation features of organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals in fish from high mountain lakes and Lhasa River in the Tibetan Plateau.Environ.Int.;2007,33(2):151-156.
[5]Nicolau R,Galera-Cunha A,Lucas Y.Transfer o.f nutrients and labile metals from the continent to the sea by a small Mediterranean river.Chemosphere,2006,63:469-476.
[6]Cunningham WP,Saigo BW编著,戴树桂主译.环境科学:全球关注(下).北京:科学出版社,2004.
[7]Wang CY,Wang XL.Spatial distribution of dissolved Pb,Hg,Cd,Cu and As in the Bohai Sea.J.Environ.Sci.,2007,19:1061-1066.
[8]Okonkwo JO,Mothiba M.Physico-chemical characteristics and pollution levels of heavy metals in the rivers in Thohoyandou,South Africa.Journal of Hydrology,2005,308:122-127.
[9]Masato I,Tadashi S.Long-term variations in dissolved trace elements in the Sagami River and its tributaries.(upstream area),Japan.Sci.Total.Environ.,2003,312:167-179.
[10]Shiller AM.Dissolved trace elements in the Mississippi River:seasonal,interannual,and decadal variability.Geochim.Cosmochim.Acta,1997,61(20):4321-4330;
[11]Cenci RM,Martin JM.Concentration and fate of trace metals in Mekong River Delta.,Sci.Total.Environ.,2004,332:167-182.
[12]Alonso E,Santos A,Calléjon M,et al.Speciation as a screening tool for the determination of heavy metal surface water pollution in the Guadiamar river basin.Chemosphere,2004,56:561-570.
[13]Velasquez IB,Jacinto GS,Valera FS.The sp,eciation of dissolved copper,cadmium and zinc in Manila Bay,Philippines.Mar Pollut Bull.,2002,45:210-217.
[14]Gundersen P,Steinnes E.Influence of pH and TOC concentration On Cu,Zn,Cd and Al speciation in rivers.Water.Res.,2003,37:307-318.
[15] Milovanovic M. Water quality assessment and determination of pollution sources along the Axios/Vardar River, Southeastern Europe. Desalination, 2007, 213:159-173.
[16] Masson M, Blanc G, Schafer J. Geochemical signals and source contributions to heavy metal (Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu) fluxes into the Gironde Estuary via its major tributaries. Sci. Total. Environ., 2006,370:133-146.
[17] Meybeck M, Lestel L, Bonte P, et al. Historical perspective of heavy metals contamination (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn) in the Seine River basin (France) following a DPSIR approach (1950-2005). Sci. Total. Environ., 2007, 375:204-231.
[18] Bortoli A, Dell'Andrea E, Gerotto M, et al. Soluble and Particulate Metals in the Adige River. Microchem. J., 1998,59:19-31.
[19] Buccolieri A, Buccolieri G, Gardellicchio N, et al. Heavy metals in marine sediments of Taranto Gulf (Ionian Sea, Southern Italy). Mar. Chem., 2006, 99: 227-235.
[20] John JGZ, Bert TMVE, Cornelis HVDW. Geochemistry of dissolved trace metals (cadmium, copper, zinc) in the Scheldt estuary,southwestem Netherlands: Impact of seasonal variability. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1997, 61(8): 1635-1652.
[21] Wang ZL, Liu CQ. Distribution and partition behavior of heavy metals between dissolved and acid-soluble fractions along a salinity gradient in the Changjiang Estuary, eastern China. Chem. Geol., 2003, 202: 383- 396.
[22] Terrado M, Barcelo D, Tauler R. Identification and distribution of contamination sources in the Ebro river basin by chemometrics modelling coupled to geographical information systems. Talanta, 2006, 70: 691-704.
[23] Demirak A , Yilmaz F, Levent Tuna A, et al. Heavy metals in water, sediment and tissues of Leuciscus cephalus from a stream in southwestern Turkey. Chemosphere, 2006, 63:1451-1458.
[24] Peterson SA, Herlihy JVSAT, Hughes RM. Mercury concentration in fish from streams and rivers throughout the western United States. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2007, 41(1): 58-65.
[25] Arribere MA, Ribeiro Guevara S, Sanchez RS, et al. Heavy metals in the vicinity of a chlor-alkali factory in the upper Negro River ecosystem, Northern Patagonia, Argentina.Sci.Total.Environ,2003,301:187-203.
[26]陈静生,周家义.中国水环境重金属研究.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1992.
[27]万金保,闫伟伟,谢婷.鄱阳湖流域乐安河重金属污染水平.湖泊科学,2007,19(4):421-427.
[28]卢宏玮,曾光明等.洞庭湖流域水体污染物变化趋势及风险分析.水土保持通报,2004,24(2):12-16.
[29]张曼华,申德君,吴晓林等.红枫湖水体中重金属污染的现状分析.贵州大学学报(自然科学版),2007,24(3):327-330.
[30]王莉红,汤福隆,胡岭等.杭州西湖水中四种重金属的形态分布和交换过程研究.环境科学学报,1998,18(2):147-152.
[31]王小庆,郑乐平,孙为民.淀山湖沉积物孔隙水中重金属元素分布特征.中国环境科学,2004,24(4):400-404.
[32]蒋萏芳,郑乐平,孙为民.淀山湖上覆水与沉积物孔隙水中重金属的分布特征.环境化学,2003,22(4):318-323.
[33]姚云,王海涛,孙成.长荡湖水环境的重金属多元分析.污染防治技术,2005,18(5):8-10.
[34]陈学庆,苏春利.武汉市墨水湖重金属污染现状分析.资源环境与工程,2006,20(4):470-474.
[35]倪倩,蒋敬业等.城市工业区湖泊重金属污染状况-以武汉墨水湖为例.安全与环境工程,2005,12(1):13-16.
[36]王海,王春霞,王子健.太湖表层沉积物中重金属的形态分析.环境化学,2002,21(9):430-435.
[37]袁旭音,王爱华,许乃政.太湖沉积物中重金属的地球化学形态及特征分析.地球化学,2004,33(6):611-618.
[38]刘恩峰,沈吉,朱育新.重金属元素BCR提取法及在太湖沉积物研究中的应用.环境科学研究,2005,18(2):57-60.
[39]朱广伟,秦伯强,高光等.太湖近代沉积物中重金属元素的积累.湖泊科学,2005,17(2):143-150.
[40]王宁,朱颜明.松花湖水源地重金属非点源污染调查.中国环境科学,2000,20(5):419-421.
[41]曹德菊等.巢湖水体Pb,Cu,Fe污染的环境质量评价.中国环境科学,2004,24(4):509-512.
[42]徐晓达,林振宏,李绍全.胶州湾的重金属污染.海洋科学,2005,29(1):48-53.
[43]丘耀文,颜文,王肇鼎等.大亚湾海水、沉积物和生物体中重金属分布及其生态危害.热带海洋学报,2005,24(5):69-76.
[44]蔡清海,杜琦,钱小明等,福建三沙湾海洋沉积物中重金属和过渡元素来源分析.地质学报,2007,81(10):1444-1448.
[45]阮金山,李秀珠,罗冬莲.深沪湾海水、沉积物及贝类体内重金属的含量与评价.福建水产,2002,2:14-20.
[46]韦蔓新,何本茂.钦州湾近20a来水环境指标的变化趋势.海洋环境科学,2004,23(1):29-32.
[47]张恩仁,张经.长江河口悬浮物对几种金属吸附的pH效应.海洋与湖沼,2003,34(3):267-273.
[48]孟翊,刘苍字,程江.长江口沉积物重金属元素地球化学特征及其底质环境评价.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2003,23(3):37-43.
[49]胡雪峰,方圣琼.长江口南槽水域污染物迁移和分布规律.环境污染与防治,2004,26(3):179-181.
[50]方圣琼,胡雪峰等.长江口污染物累积运移规律的初步研究.环境科学研究,2004,17(4):14-17.
[51]蓝先洪.中国主要河口沉积物的重金属地球化学研究.海洋地质动态,2004,20(12):1-4.
[52]车越,何青,林卫青.高浊度河口颗粒态重金属分布特性.海洋环境科学,2003,22(1):58-62.
[53]霍文冕,暨卫东,许昆灿.南海表层水中的溶解态Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd.海洋学报,2002,24(4):44-50.
[54]于涛.南海海水中溶解态铜、铅、锌、镉环境背景值的初步研究.台湾海峡,2003,22(3):329-333.
[55]张远辉,杜俊民.南海表层沉积物中主要污染物的环境背景值.海洋学报,2005,27(4):161-166.
[56]王增焕,林钦,李纯厚等.珠江口重金属变化特征与生态评价.中国水产科学,2004,11(3):214-219.
[57]王增焕,林钦,李纯厚.珠江口表层沉积物铜铅锌镉的分布与评价.环境科学研究,2004,17(4):5-9.
[58]杨宏伟,焦小宝,王晓丽.黄河(清水河段)沉积物中重金属的存在形式.环 境科学与技术,2002,25(3):24-27.
[59]张朝生,章申,王立军等.长江与黄河沉积物金属元素地球化学特征及其比较.地理学报,1998,53(4):314-322.
[60]郝向英,赵慧,刘卫.黄河中游主要重金属污染物的迁移转化.内蒙古环境保护,2000,12(3):27-28.
[61]何江,王新伟等.黄河包头段水-沉积物系统中重金属的污染特征.环境科学学报,2003,23(1):53-57.
[62]王新伟,何江,李朝生.黄河包头段沉积物中生物可给态重金属分布研究.环境科学研究,2002,15(1):20-23.
[63]马百文,盛骅寅,蒋惠忠.伊通河长春段地表水重金属含量的调查与评价.山西科技,2007,(3):78-80.
[64]董德明,李海龙,李鱼等.伊通河(长春市区段)沉积物重金属元素化学形态分布特征.水土保持研究,2004,11(1):95-96.
[65]从溧,周萍,方访.嘉陵江广元段流域水污染防治对策.四川环境,2002,21(2):79-82.
[66]李其林,黄昀等.嘉陵江与乌江重要渔业功能区水生态环境质量研究.中国生态农业学,2003,11(3):269-171.
[67]曾艳,陈中兰等.南充境内嘉陵江水生态系统中五种重金属的分布.西华师范大学学报,2004,1(1):86-88.
[68]罗国钧.鲫鱼体内重金属的分布和积累规律研究.渝州大学学报,2000,17(1):56-61.
[69]张朝生,章申,何建邦.长江水系沉积物重金属含量空间分布特征研究-地统计学方法.地理学报,1997,52(2):184-192.
[70]方涛,张晓华,肖邦定.水体悬移质对重金属吸附规律研究-以长江宜昌段为例.长江流域资源与环境,2001,10(2):187-192.
[71]张敏,王德淑.长江铜陵段表层水中重金属含量及存在形态分布研究.安全与环境学报,2003,3(6):61-64.
[72]陈亚雄,李柳琼,乔庆霞.批江水体中铅镉锌的化学形态及其迁移转化.有色金属,1998,50(1):90-96.
[73]乔庆霞,黄小凤.批江表层底泥中重金属化学形态的研究.昆明理工大学学报,1999,24(2):195-198.
[74]周永章,宋书巧,张澄博等.河流对矿山及矿山开发的水环境地球化学响应-以广西刁江水系为例.地质通报,2005,24(10-11):940-944.
[75]梁文俊,李坚,赵春绿等.汾河太原段沉积物中重金属Ni和Zn的释放规律.北京工业大学学报,2005,31(2):174-178.
[76]祁俊生,傅川,黄秀山等.微量元素在三峡库区水域生态系统中的迁移.重庆大学学报(自然科学版),2002,25(1):17-20.
[77]张晓华等.三峡库区香溪河中重金属元素的分布特征,长江流域资源与环境,2002,1(3):269-273.
[78]徐小清等.三峡库区汞污染的化学生态效应.水生生物学报,1999,23(3):197-203.
[79]徐小清,邓冠强,惠嘉玉等.长江三峡库区江段沉积物的重金属污染特征.水生生物学报,1999,23(1):1-10.
[80]赵建忠.红河流域红河州段微量重金属污染及其防治.云南环境科学,2001,20(3):47-49.
[81]梁涛,陶澍,贾振邦等.香港河流及近海表层沉积物和孔隙水的毒性研究.环境科学学报,2001,21(5):557-562.
[82]丁振华,王文华,刘彩娥等.黄浦江江水和沉积物中汞的分布和形态特征.环境科学,2005,26(5):62-66.
[83]陈静生.水环境化学.高等教育出版社,1987.
[84]张立成,章申等.长江河源区水环境地球化学.中国环境科学出版社,1992.
[85]周建民,党志等.大宝山矿区污染水体中重金属的形态分布及迁移转化.环境科学研究,2005,18(3):5-10.
[86]王小庆.水环境条件对重金属迁移转换的影响.洛阳工业高等专科学校学报,2006,16(1):3-4.
[87]董德明,路永正等.吉林省部分河流与湖泊表层沉积物中重金属的分布规律.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2005,35(1):91-96.
[88]王文雄,潘进芬.重金属在海洋食物链中的传递.生态学报,2004,24(3):599-604.
[89]Maiti P,Banerjee S,Maiti P,et al.Accumulation of heavy metals in different tissues of the fish Oreochromis nilotica exposed to waste water.Environ.Ecol.,1999,17(4):895-898.
[90]章申等.化学元素水环境背景值研究.北京:测绘出版社.1990.
[91]张立诚等.水环境化学元素研究.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1996.
[92]Zacharia A,Gucer S,lzgi.B,et al.Direct atomic absorption spectrometry determination of tin,lead,cadmium and zinc in high-purity graphite with flame furnace atomizer.Talanta,2007,72(2):825-830.
[93]Filiz Senkal B,Ince M,Yavuz E,et al.The synthesis of new polymeric sorbent and its application in preconcentration of cadmium and lead in water samples.Talanta,2007,72(3):962-967.
[94]Alonso E,Santos A,Callejon M;et aI.Speciation as a screening tool for the determination of heavy metal surface water pollution in the Guadiamar river basin.Chemosphere,2004(56):561-570.
[95]王丹,罗红群,李念兵等.碘化物-甲基紫体系共振瑞利散射法测定痕量铅.西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2004,29(6):1005-1008.
[96]范晓燕,董杰.Pb(Ⅱ)-双硫腙-PAR水相光度法测定样品中铅.理化检验-化学分册,2001,37(6):258-260.
[97]Blum U,Schwedt G.Inhibition behavior of acid phosphatase,phosphodiesterase I and adenosine deaminase as tools for trace metal analysis and speciation,Anal.Chim.Acta,1998(360):101-108.
[98]Tuzen M,Soylak M,Elci L.Multi-element pre-concentration of heavy metal ions by solid phase extraction on Chromosorb 108.Anal.Chim.Acta,2005,548:101-108.
[99]Bolormaa O,Baasansuren J,Kawasaki K,et al.PIXE analysis of heavy metals in water samples from a mining area in Mongolia.Nuclear Instruments & Methods B,2006,243:161-166.
[100]D'ulivo A,Papoff P.Non-dispersive atomic-fluorescence spectrometric determination of lead by the hydride-generation technique.Talanta,1985,32(5):383-386.
[101]高舸,陶锐.氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定铅的研究进展.中国卫生检验杂志,2005,15(4):509-512.
[102]孙汉文,锁然.氢化物原子荧光法测定中草药中的痕量铅.理化检验-化学分册,2002,38(10):506-508.
[103]程祥圣,秦晓光等.流动注射-氢化物-原子荧光法测定海洋生物样品中铅的研究.光谱实验室,2004,21(5):955-958.
[104]翟毓秀,郝林华.氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定食品和饲料中的铅.分析化学,2000,28(4):176-179.
[105]李静娜,肖永华等.原子荧光法测定食品中的铅.中国卫生检验杂志,2005,15(2):179-180.
[106]李锋格,全晓盾等.氢化物原子荧光法测定食品中痕量铅.理化检验-化学分册.2006,42(4):260-264.
[107]陈秀娟,洪涛等.氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定土壤中的铅.光谱实验室,2005,22(15):1098-1101.
[108]程祥圣,秦晓光等.流动注射-氢化物发生原子荧光法测定海洋沉积物样品中痕量铅.海洋学报,2005,27(6):177-179.
[109]张晟,刘景红等.三峡水库成库初期丰水期水环境化学特征.水土保持学报,2005,19(3):118-120.
[110]虞孝感.长江流域可持续发展研究.北京:科学出版社,2003.
[111]尹军,刘志生,赵可等.饮用水中无机成分与氧化还原电位的关系.环境与健康杂志,2006,23(2):148-15.
[112]张征,何力,倪朝辉等.三峡库区鱼体组织残毒分析.吉首大学学报(自然科学版),2 006,1(27):101-104.
[113]黄玉瑶.水生生物中的重金属含量.中国地理学会.环境中污染物及其生态效应研究文集.北京:科学出版社,1992.