中国网络新闻可信度研究
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摘要
网络新闻可信度是衡量网络传播效果的一个重要标准,对网络媒介的生存和持续发展至关重要。在网络媒介迅速崛起的同时,中国网络新闻可信度却面临挑战。本文以网民作为调查对象,采用量化的问卷调查法和质化的个案访谈法,在全面了解中国网络新闻可信度现状的基础上,通过深入探讨网民质疑网络新闻可信度的理由以及网络新闻可信度的影响因素,较为准确地把握了造成网络新闻可信度不足的深层原因,并据此提出相应的改进策略。
论文按照以下思路展开研究：第一章是绪论。概述了研究缘起、研究问题、研究意义、创新点与难点以及研究方法,对核心概念作出界定；第二章是文献综述。首先简要回顾信任研究情况,然后系统梳理了中西方媒介可信度研究,接着专门对网络媒介可信度研究进行总结,最后介绍了与本文密切相关的媒介素养研究；第三章是研究设计。在提出研究假设的基础上建立起研究架构,对变量的操作化进行说明,并细致陈述了研究方法；第四章是数据分析与研究结果呈现。采用描述性统计方法来呈现中国网络新闻可信度的现状,用因子分析法得出网民质疑网络新闻可信度的主要理由,用多元阶层回归分析法来探索网络新闻可信度的影响因素,且概括了主要研究发现和假设检验情况；第五章是结论与讨论。结论部分对调查结果进行总结,讨论部分就如何提高网络新闻可信度进行探索,最后提出研究贡献与不足及未来的研究方向。
本研究有以下主要结论：
(1)中国网络新闻的可信度状况并不理想,不同网络新闻的可信度存在一定差别：就来源而言,身份明确的社会公众人物所发布的新闻比没有明确署名的新闻更为可信；就平台而言,由线下实体机构所创办的网站更受信任；就内容而言,新闻的可信度与新闻内容的政治敏感度大致成反比。
(2)网民质疑中国网络新闻可信度的五个主要理由是：不独立、来源不可靠、报道不专业、过度商业化和管理不规范。“不独立”是指网络新闻传播者受到来自各方势力的宰制和压迫,报道时往往有所顾忌,不能独立自由地表达观点；“来源不可靠”是指网络新闻传播者来源混杂、难以辨识,或是缺乏权威性,以致所发布的新闻给人不可信、不可靠之感；“报道不专业”是指网络新闻不符合真实、客观、公正、尊重他人隐私等新闻专业主义的内在要求；“过度商业化”是指网络新闻传播者在商业化大潮中,将网络媒介作为盈利工具,为了经济利益忘却甚至损害社会利益。“管理不规范”是指由于网络管理体制不健全所带来的管理上的混乱。
(3)人口学变量、信任状况、媒介素养三个变量组对不同网络新闻的可信度存在一定影响,但影响程度不同。其中人口学变量和媒介素养变量对网络新闻绝对可信度影响较大,而信任变量对政府网站新闻可信度、网络政治新闻可信度、政府官员署名的网络新闻可信度解释力很强。就单个变量而言,年龄、教育程度、是否为党政机关／事业单位工作者、人际信任、一周上网天数、网络依赖、杂志依赖、网络信息辨别能力对网络新闻绝对可信度有显著影响；性别、教育程度、人际信任、政治信任、网龄、网络参与对政府官员署名的网络新闻可信度有显著影响；教育程度、人际信任、政治信任、报纸依赖、电视依赖对政府网站新闻可信度有显著影响；性别、教育程度、人际信任、政治信任、报纸依赖、电视依赖、网络信息辨别能力对网络政治新闻可信度有显著影响。
根据以上结论,本研究提出了提升网络新闻可信度的四条途径：改善社会信任环境、追寻新闻专业主义理想、准确把脉网络“分众”、培育网民的媒介素养。
本研究的创新性主要体现为四方面：第一,将“网民质疑网络新闻可信度的理由”和“网络新闻可信度的影响因素”整合于“网络新闻可信度面临挑战的原因“这一主题之下,兼顾了信息、人、环境三方面的因素,颇具新意；第二,在网络环境下对媒介可信度理论进行了较全面的实证考察。针对网民质疑中国网络新闻可信度的理由,形成了一套较完备的指标,并由此得出了几个主要维度,丰富和完善了已有的媒介可信度构成维度研究；第三,引入媒介素养理论,将媒介使用／依赖、网络使用技能、网络信息辨别能力、网络信息批判能力、网络参与等几个变量纳入媒介素养这一整体理论范畴之下,来研究它们对网络新闻可信度的影响,这是对已有研究的一种突破；第四,将网络上包含政治因素之新闻按来源、平台、内容等不同标准划分为政府官员署名的网络新闻、政府网站新闻、网络政治新闻,对其影响因素进行探索,为网络新闻可信度研究提供了新的理论视角。
Internet news credibility is an an important standard to measure the effects of internet communication. And it is critical to internet media for it's survival and sustainable development. Internet news credibility of china is facing challenge while the internet media developes rapidly.With internet users as subjects, and by the means of quantified questionnaires and qualitative interviews, the research investigates the current situation of internet news credibility of china comprehensively and explains the judging dimension and index of internet users'question internet news credibility and the influential factors of internet news credibility deeply. Then the author can accurately grasp the underlying causes of bringing about the crisis of internet. news credibility and propose the corresponding improvement strategies.
The structure of the final dissertation is to be presented as follows:Chapter 1 proposes the research origin, research problem, core concepts, research meaning, research contributions, difficulties and research methods. Chapter 2 conducts the literature review of the Trust Theory, traditional media news credibility research and internet news credibility research, then the Media Literacy Theory. Chapter 3 proposes thoretical hypotheses, research framework and specific research methods. Chapter 4 commits to analysising data and showing research results. Chapter 5 summarizes the whole conclusions, proposed measures of improving the internet news credibility. Finally, the author summarizes the contributions and limitations of the dissertation and put forward the orientation of internet news credibility in future.
The research results go as follows:
a. Internet news credibility of china is not ideal and there are some differences in the credibility of the different internet news. In respect of news source, internet news published by the public figures with clear identity are more credible. In respect of internet platform, the websites established by the agencies existing in the reality are more credible. In respect of content, the lower is the political sensitivity of internet news, the lower is internet news credibility.
b. The five judging dimension of internet users' question internet news credibility are dependence, unreliable source, unprofessional-report, over-commercialization, the non-regular management. Dependence refers to that the internet news can't express views freely Unreliable source refers to that the identities of network news disseminators are difficult to distinguish, or the identities are lack of authority and reliability. Unprofessional-report refers to that the internet news don't meet the inherent requirements of journalistic professionalism such as real, objective, fair and respect the privacy of audiences. Over-commercialization refers to that some network news disseminators damage the social interests for pursuiting economic interests. The non-regular management refers to that the lag of management of internet media.
c. The three variable groups-demographic variables, trust status, media literacy of internet users have different influences on different internet news. Demographic variables and media literacy have greater influence on the absolute credibility of internet news. Meanwhile trust status have greater influence on the credibility of government website news, the credibility of internet political news and the credibility of government officials signed internet news. Refers to Individual variable, age, education, professional, interpersonal trust, frequency of internet use, internet reliance, magazine reliance, ability to identify internet information can affect the absolute credibility of internet news significantly. Gender, education, interpersonal trust, political trust, network age, internet participation can affect the credibility of government officials signed internet news significantly. Education, interpersonal trust, political trust, newspapers reliance, television reliance can affect the credibility of government website news significantly. Gender, education, interpersonal trust, political trust, newspapers reliance, television reliance, ability to identify internet information can affect the credibility of internet political news significantly.
Based on the above conclusions, this research puts forward to four solutions to enhance internet news credibility:improve social trust environment, pursuiting journalistic professionalism, distinguishing internet users accurately, and cultivating media literacy of internet users.
The original theoretical contributions of this research are as follows:Firstly, the reasons of internet news credibility facing challenge are individed into two parts:the judging dimension of internet users' distrust internet news and the influential factors of internet news credibility. Secondly, the author discussed the judging dimensions and index about the reseason of internet users' question internet news credibility specially. Thirdly, the author also brought forward literacy as a influential factor of internet news credibility. Fourth, when discussing credibility of internet news, the credibilities include not only the absolute credibility of internet news, but also the credibility of government website news, the credibility of internet political news and the credibility of government officials signed internet news.
论文按照以下思路展开研究：第一章是绪论。概述了研究缘起、研究问题、研究意义、创新点与难点以及研究方法,对核心概念作出界定；第二章是文献综述。首先简要回顾信任研究情况,然后系统梳理了中西方媒介可信度研究,接着专门对网络媒介可信度研究进行总结,最后介绍了与本文密切相关的媒介素养研究；第三章是研究设计。在提出研究假设的基础上建立起研究架构,对变量的操作化进行说明,并细致陈述了研究方法；第四章是数据分析与研究结果呈现。采用描述性统计方法来呈现中国网络新闻可信度的现状,用因子分析法得出网民质疑网络新闻可信度的主要理由,用多元阶层回归分析法来探索网络新闻可信度的影响因素,且概括了主要研究发现和假设检验情况；第五章是结论与讨论。结论部分对调查结果进行总结,讨论部分就如何提高网络新闻可信度进行探索,最后提出研究贡献与不足及未来的研究方向。
本研究有以下主要结论：
(1)中国网络新闻的可信度状况并不理想,不同网络新闻的可信度存在一定差别：就来源而言,身份明确的社会公众人物所发布的新闻比没有明确署名的新闻更为可信；就平台而言,由线下实体机构所创办的网站更受信任；就内容而言,新闻的可信度与新闻内容的政治敏感度大致成反比。
(2)网民质疑中国网络新闻可信度的五个主要理由是：不独立、来源不可靠、报道不专业、过度商业化和管理不规范。“不独立”是指网络新闻传播者受到来自各方势力的宰制和压迫,报道时往往有所顾忌,不能独立自由地表达观点；“来源不可靠”是指网络新闻传播者来源混杂、难以辨识,或是缺乏权威性,以致所发布的新闻给人不可信、不可靠之感；“报道不专业”是指网络新闻不符合真实、客观、公正、尊重他人隐私等新闻专业主义的内在要求；“过度商业化”是指网络新闻传播者在商业化大潮中,将网络媒介作为盈利工具,为了经济利益忘却甚至损害社会利益。“管理不规范”是指由于网络管理体制不健全所带来的管理上的混乱。
(3)人口学变量、信任状况、媒介素养三个变量组对不同网络新闻的可信度存在一定影响,但影响程度不同。其中人口学变量和媒介素养变量对网络新闻绝对可信度影响较大,而信任变量对政府网站新闻可信度、网络政治新闻可信度、政府官员署名的网络新闻可信度解释力很强。就单个变量而言,年龄、教育程度、是否为党政机关／事业单位工作者、人际信任、一周上网天数、网络依赖、杂志依赖、网络信息辨别能力对网络新闻绝对可信度有显著影响；性别、教育程度、人际信任、政治信任、网龄、网络参与对政府官员署名的网络新闻可信度有显著影响；教育程度、人际信任、政治信任、报纸依赖、电视依赖对政府网站新闻可信度有显著影响；性别、教育程度、人际信任、政治信任、报纸依赖、电视依赖、网络信息辨别能力对网络政治新闻可信度有显著影响。
根据以上结论,本研究提出了提升网络新闻可信度的四条途径：改善社会信任环境、追寻新闻专业主义理想、准确把脉网络“分众”、培育网民的媒介素养。
本研究的创新性主要体现为四方面：第一,将“网民质疑网络新闻可信度的理由”和“网络新闻可信度的影响因素”整合于“网络新闻可信度面临挑战的原因“这一主题之下,兼顾了信息、人、环境三方面的因素,颇具新意；第二,在网络环境下对媒介可信度理论进行了较全面的实证考察。针对网民质疑中国网络新闻可信度的理由,形成了一套较完备的指标,并由此得出了几个主要维度,丰富和完善了已有的媒介可信度构成维度研究；第三,引入媒介素养理论,将媒介使用／依赖、网络使用技能、网络信息辨别能力、网络信息批判能力、网络参与等几个变量纳入媒介素养这一整体理论范畴之下,来研究它们对网络新闻可信度的影响,这是对已有研究的一种突破；第四,将网络上包含政治因素之新闻按来源、平台、内容等不同标准划分为政府官员署名的网络新闻、政府网站新闻、网络政治新闻,对其影响因素进行探索,为网络新闻可信度研究提供了新的理论视角。
Internet news credibility is an an important standard to measure the effects of internet communication. And it is critical to internet media for it's survival and sustainable development. Internet news credibility of china is facing challenge while the internet media developes rapidly.With internet users as subjects, and by the means of quantified questionnaires and qualitative interviews, the research investigates the current situation of internet news credibility of china comprehensively and explains the judging dimension and index of internet users'question internet news credibility and the influential factors of internet news credibility deeply. Then the author can accurately grasp the underlying causes of bringing about the crisis of internet. news credibility and propose the corresponding improvement strategies.
The structure of the final dissertation is to be presented as follows:Chapter 1 proposes the research origin, research problem, core concepts, research meaning, research contributions, difficulties and research methods. Chapter 2 conducts the literature review of the Trust Theory, traditional media news credibility research and internet news credibility research, then the Media Literacy Theory. Chapter 3 proposes thoretical hypotheses, research framework and specific research methods. Chapter 4 commits to analysising data and showing research results. Chapter 5 summarizes the whole conclusions, proposed measures of improving the internet news credibility. Finally, the author summarizes the contributions and limitations of the dissertation and put forward the orientation of internet news credibility in future.
The research results go as follows:
a. Internet news credibility of china is not ideal and there are some differences in the credibility of the different internet news. In respect of news source, internet news published by the public figures with clear identity are more credible. In respect of internet platform, the websites established by the agencies existing in the reality are more credible. In respect of content, the lower is the political sensitivity of internet news, the lower is internet news credibility.
b. The five judging dimension of internet users' question internet news credibility are dependence, unreliable source, unprofessional-report, over-commercialization, the non-regular management. Dependence refers to that the internet news can't express views freely Unreliable source refers to that the identities of network news disseminators are difficult to distinguish, or the identities are lack of authority and reliability. Unprofessional-report refers to that the internet news don't meet the inherent requirements of journalistic professionalism such as real, objective, fair and respect the privacy of audiences. Over-commercialization refers to that some network news disseminators damage the social interests for pursuiting economic interests. The non-regular management refers to that the lag of management of internet media.
c. The three variable groups-demographic variables, trust status, media literacy of internet users have different influences on different internet news. Demographic variables and media literacy have greater influence on the absolute credibility of internet news. Meanwhile trust status have greater influence on the credibility of government website news, the credibility of internet political news and the credibility of government officials signed internet news. Refers to Individual variable, age, education, professional, interpersonal trust, frequency of internet use, internet reliance, magazine reliance, ability to identify internet information can affect the absolute credibility of internet news significantly. Gender, education, interpersonal trust, political trust, network age, internet participation can affect the credibility of government officials signed internet news significantly. Education, interpersonal trust, political trust, newspapers reliance, television reliance can affect the credibility of government website news significantly. Gender, education, interpersonal trust, political trust, newspapers reliance, television reliance, ability to identify internet information can affect the credibility of internet political news significantly.
Based on the above conclusions, this research puts forward to four solutions to enhance internet news credibility:improve social trust environment, pursuiting journalistic professionalism, distinguishing internet users accurately, and cultivating media literacy of internet users.
The original theoretical contributions of this research are as follows:Firstly, the reasons of internet news credibility facing challenge are individed into two parts:the judging dimension of internet users' distrust internet news and the influential factors of internet news credibility. Secondly, the author discussed the judging dimensions and index about the reseason of internet users' question internet news credibility specially. Thirdly, the author also brought forward literacy as a influential factor of internet news credibility. Fourth, when discussing credibility of internet news, the credibilities include not only the absolute credibility of internet news, but also the credibility of government website news, the credibility of internet political news and the credibility of government officials signed internet news.
引文
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