倾转旋翼机总体参数优化设计
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摘要
总体参数选择是综合了多个学科的复杂难题,在倾转旋翼机初步设计阶段,需要根据设计目标,构造出合理的优化模型,采用有效的工程数值计算方法及优化策略,来完成倾转旋翼机总体参数优化设计,提供满足设计要求的优化方案,为进一步详细设计奠定基础。
为了解决倾转旋翼机总体方案设计周期长、效率低、分析模型复杂等不利因素,本文引入了基于蚁群算法的倾转旋翼机总体参数优化设计。作为一种新兴的群智能算法,蚁群算法具有高效性与全局性,较强的鲁棒性,已成功解决了许多工程优化问题。本文利用数值方法建立了倾转旋翼机气动模型,以此为基础分别建立了倾转旋翼机飞行性能计算和重量计算的数学模型,然后采用连续域蚁群算法,以倾转旋翼机总体参数作为设计变量,飞行性能、结构尺寸和重量效率作为约束条件,取直升机模式下悬停效率和飞机模式下换算生产率的线性加权函数作为目标函数,对倾转旋翼机总体参数进行了优化设计。优化结果与工程算例及样机数据进行了比较,验证了蚁群算法在解决倾转旋翼机总体参数优化问题的有效性和可靠性,同时还进行了参数的敏感性分析,得到了该优化模型下的总体参数选择最优方案,为该类问题的研究提供了新的思路。
The selecting of general parameters is a complex problem including many different disciplines. During the preliminary design of tiltrotor aircraft, the suitable optimization model must be formulated in terms of the design objectives. The general parameters design optimization of tiltrotor aircraft is completed based on effective engineering numerical methods and optimization tactic. The satisfied solutions can be obtained and are prepared for detail designs.
Because the design of tiltrotor aircraft has unfavorable factors, such as long cycle, low efficiency, and complexity of analysis model, ant colony algorithms is introduced to solve the issue. As a new swarm intelligence algorithm, ant colony algorithm has the merits of global superiority, high efficiency, robustness, and successfully applied in many engineering problems. In this thesis, the aerodynamic model of tiltrotor aircraft is established by numerical methods. The flight performance and the weight of tiltrotor aircraft are calculated on this basis. Ant colony algorithms based on continuous space is used for general parameters optimization of tiltrotor aircraft. The design variables are the general parameters of tiltrotor aircraft. The constraints are the flight performance, structure size and weight efficiency. The objective function is the multi-linear weighted objectives of figure of merit in helicopter mode and the conversion productivity in fixed-wing mode. The optimization results and calculation example compared with the prototype, showed that the ant colony algorithm for this optimization problem is feasible and efficient. Finally, the parameter sensitivity analysis is conducted. The optimal general parameters of tiltrotor aircraft are obtained. The research method in the thesis provides a new way for this type of issue.
为了解决倾转旋翼机总体方案设计周期长、效率低、分析模型复杂等不利因素,本文引入了基于蚁群算法的倾转旋翼机总体参数优化设计。作为一种新兴的群智能算法,蚁群算法具有高效性与全局性,较强的鲁棒性,已成功解决了许多工程优化问题。本文利用数值方法建立了倾转旋翼机气动模型,以此为基础分别建立了倾转旋翼机飞行性能计算和重量计算的数学模型,然后采用连续域蚁群算法,以倾转旋翼机总体参数作为设计变量,飞行性能、结构尺寸和重量效率作为约束条件,取直升机模式下悬停效率和飞机模式下换算生产率的线性加权函数作为目标函数,对倾转旋翼机总体参数进行了优化设计。优化结果与工程算例及样机数据进行了比较,验证了蚁群算法在解决倾转旋翼机总体参数优化问题的有效性和可靠性,同时还进行了参数的敏感性分析,得到了该优化模型下的总体参数选择最优方案,为该类问题的研究提供了新的思路。
The selecting of general parameters is a complex problem including many different disciplines. During the preliminary design of tiltrotor aircraft, the suitable optimization model must be formulated in terms of the design objectives. The general parameters design optimization of tiltrotor aircraft is completed based on effective engineering numerical methods and optimization tactic. The satisfied solutions can be obtained and are prepared for detail designs.
Because the design of tiltrotor aircraft has unfavorable factors, such as long cycle, low efficiency, and complexity of analysis model, ant colony algorithms is introduced to solve the issue. As a new swarm intelligence algorithm, ant colony algorithm has the merits of global superiority, high efficiency, robustness, and successfully applied in many engineering problems. In this thesis, the aerodynamic model of tiltrotor aircraft is established by numerical methods. The flight performance and the weight of tiltrotor aircraft are calculated on this basis. Ant colony algorithms based on continuous space is used for general parameters optimization of tiltrotor aircraft. The design variables are the general parameters of tiltrotor aircraft. The constraints are the flight performance, structure size and weight efficiency. The objective function is the multi-linear weighted objectives of figure of merit in helicopter mode and the conversion productivity in fixed-wing mode. The optimization results and calculation example compared with the prototype, showed that the ant colony algorithm for this optimization problem is feasible and efficient. Finally, the parameter sensitivity analysis is conducted. The optimal general parameters of tiltrotor aircraft are obtained. The research method in the thesis provides a new way for this type of issue.
引文
[1]张呈林,郭才根.直升机总体设计.北京:国防工业出版社,2006.
[2] Johnson. Helicopter Theory. New York: Dover Publications, Inc.1980.
[3] 7210任务编写组.直升机气动力手册(第二分册).北京:航空工业出版社,1990.
[4]飞机飞行性能计算手册编写组.飞机飞行性能计算手册.西安:飞行力学杂志社,1987.
[5]顾诵芬.飞机总体设计.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2001.
[6]飞机设计手册总编委会.飞机设计手册(第5册民用飞机总体设计).北京:航空工业出版社,2005.
[7]飞机设计手册总编委会.飞机设计手册(第6册气动设计).北京:航空工业出版社,2002.
[8]飞机设计手册总编委会.飞机设计手册(第8册重量平衡与控制).北京:航空工业出版社,1999.
[9]飞机设计手册二总编委会.飞机设计手册(第19册直升机设计).北京:航空工业出版社,2005.
[10]段海滨.蚁群算法原理及其应用.北京:科学出版社,2005.
[11]王适存.直升机空气动力学.北京:航空专业教材编审组,1985.
[12] Marco Dorigo,Thomas Stutzle,蚁群优化.张军,胡晓敏等译.北京:清华大学出版社,2007.
[13] Eric B.Carlson.Prediction of Tiltrotor Height-Velocity Diagrams Using Optimal Control Theory.JOURNAL OF AIRCRAFT.Vol.40,No.5,September-October,2003.
[14] Christopher Bolkcom. V-22 Osprey Tilt-Rotor Aircraft .CRS Report for Congress. Updated March 13, 2007.
[15]陈士明,董云锋.基于蚁群算法的卫星磁力矩器反馈参数设计.中国空间科学技术,2008年第3期:53-58.
[16]朱清华,张呈林,倪先平等.基于改进遗传算法的纵列式直升机总体参数优化设计.南京航空航天大学学报,2006,38(1):1-5.
[17]高尚,杨静宇.群智能算法及其应用.北京:中国水利水电出版社,2006.
[18]车竞,唐硕等.基于蚁群算法的高超声速飞行器气动布局优化设计.空气动力学报.2009,27(4):497～502.
[19]王允良.飞行器总体参数优化的进化算法及其应用研究,[西北工业大学博士学位论文].西安:西北工业大学,2006.
[20]杨喜立,朱纪洪,黄兴李等.倾转旋翼飞机建模与仿真.航空学报:2006,27.
[21]沙虹伟.无人倾转旋翼机飞行力学建模与姿态控制技术研究,[南京航空航天大学硕士学位论文].南京:南京航空航天大学,2007.
[22]丁亮.重型直升机总体参数优化设计,[南京航空航天大学硕士学位论文].南京:南京航空航天大学,2008.
[23] Wayne Johnson and Gloria K. Yamauchi, Michael E. Watts. NASA Heavy Lift Rotorcraft Systems Investigation. SA/TP-2005-213467,2005.
[24] Anand Radhakrishnan, Fredric H. Schmitzy. Quad Tilt Rotor Aerodynamics In Ground Effect.AIAA 2005-5218.
[25] Gordon H. Hardy. Pursuit Display Review and Extension to a Civil Tilt Rotor Flight Director. AIAA 2002-4925.
[26] Aditi Chattopadhyay, Thomas Robert McCarthy. Optimum Design of High-Speed Prop-Rotors. NASA-CR-204285.
[27] Anita I. Abrego, Mark D. Betzina, Kurtis R. Long. A Small-scale Tiltrotor Model Operating in Descending Flight. 28h European Rotorcraft Forum, Bristol, England, September 17-20, 2002.
[28]陈小前.飞行器总体优化设计理论与应用研究,[国防科学技术大学博士学位论文].长沙:国防科学技术大学,2006.
[29] Mark D. Betzina. Rotor Performance of an Isolated Full-Scale XV-15 Tiltrotor in Helicopter Mode. the American Helicopter Society Aerodynamics, Acoustics, and Test and Evaluation Technical Specialists Meeting, San Francisco, CA, January 23-25, 2002.
[30] Floros M W, Johnson W. Performance Analysis of the Slowed-Rotor Compound Helicopter Configuration . Conference Program and Proceedings for the Fourth Decennial Specialists' Meeting on Aeromechanics. San Francisco: AHS, January 2004.96-114.
[31] Bagai A, Leishman J G. Free-wake Analysis of Tandem, Tilt-Rotor and Coaxial Rotor Configurations . J. AHS, 1996, 41(3): 196-207.
[32] Harris F D. Twin Rotor Hover Performance . J. AHS, 1999, 44(1):34-37.
[33] Wayne Johnson. Analysis of Advanced Rotorcraft Configurations. Aero-Space Technology Enterprise . 2005,16-17.
[34] Yongchang Li, Daniel DeLaurentis, Dimitri Mavris. Advanced Rotorcraft Concept Development and Selection Using a Probabilistic Methodology. AIAA 2003-6759,2003.
[35] Roberto Celi. Recent Applications of Design Optimization to Rotorcraft-a Survey.Maryland: University of Maryland,1993.
[36]陈仁良.直升机飞行动力学数学建模及机动性研究,[南京航空航天大学博士学位论文].南京:南京航空航天大学,1998.
[37] Dorigo M,Bonabeau E,Theraulaz G.Ant algorithms and stigmergy.Future Generation Computer Systems,2000,16(8):851～871.
[2] Johnson. Helicopter Theory. New York: Dover Publications, Inc.1980.
[3] 7210任务编写组.直升机气动力手册(第二分册).北京:航空工业出版社,1990.
[4]飞机飞行性能计算手册编写组.飞机飞行性能计算手册.西安:飞行力学杂志社,1987.
[5]顾诵芬.飞机总体设计.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2001.
[6]飞机设计手册总编委会.飞机设计手册(第5册民用飞机总体设计).北京:航空工业出版社,2005.
[7]飞机设计手册总编委会.飞机设计手册(第6册气动设计).北京:航空工业出版社,2002.
[8]飞机设计手册总编委会.飞机设计手册(第8册重量平衡与控制).北京:航空工业出版社,1999.
[9]飞机设计手册二总编委会.飞机设计手册(第19册直升机设计).北京:航空工业出版社,2005.
[10]段海滨.蚁群算法原理及其应用.北京:科学出版社,2005.
[11]王适存.直升机空气动力学.北京:航空专业教材编审组,1985.
[12] Marco Dorigo,Thomas Stutzle,蚁群优化.张军,胡晓敏等译.北京:清华大学出版社,2007.
[13] Eric B.Carlson.Prediction of Tiltrotor Height-Velocity Diagrams Using Optimal Control Theory.JOURNAL OF AIRCRAFT.Vol.40,No.5,September-October,2003.
[14] Christopher Bolkcom. V-22 Osprey Tilt-Rotor Aircraft .CRS Report for Congress. Updated March 13, 2007.
[15]陈士明,董云锋.基于蚁群算法的卫星磁力矩器反馈参数设计.中国空间科学技术,2008年第3期:53-58.
[16]朱清华,张呈林,倪先平等.基于改进遗传算法的纵列式直升机总体参数优化设计.南京航空航天大学学报,2006,38(1):1-5.
[17]高尚,杨静宇.群智能算法及其应用.北京:中国水利水电出版社,2006.
[18]车竞,唐硕等.基于蚁群算法的高超声速飞行器气动布局优化设计.空气动力学报.2009,27(4):497～502.
[19]王允良.飞行器总体参数优化的进化算法及其应用研究,[西北工业大学博士学位论文].西安:西北工业大学,2006.
[20]杨喜立,朱纪洪,黄兴李等.倾转旋翼飞机建模与仿真.航空学报:2006,27.
[21]沙虹伟.无人倾转旋翼机飞行力学建模与姿态控制技术研究,[南京航空航天大学硕士学位论文].南京:南京航空航天大学,2007.
[22]丁亮.重型直升机总体参数优化设计,[南京航空航天大学硕士学位论文].南京:南京航空航天大学,2008.
[23] Wayne Johnson and Gloria K. Yamauchi, Michael E. Watts. NASA Heavy Lift Rotorcraft Systems Investigation. SA/TP-2005-213467,2005.
[24] Anand Radhakrishnan, Fredric H. Schmitzy. Quad Tilt Rotor Aerodynamics In Ground Effect.AIAA 2005-5218.
[25] Gordon H. Hardy. Pursuit Display Review and Extension to a Civil Tilt Rotor Flight Director. AIAA 2002-4925.
[26] Aditi Chattopadhyay, Thomas Robert McCarthy. Optimum Design of High-Speed Prop-Rotors. NASA-CR-204285.
[27] Anita I. Abrego, Mark D. Betzina, Kurtis R. Long. A Small-scale Tiltrotor Model Operating in Descending Flight. 28h European Rotorcraft Forum, Bristol, England, September 17-20, 2002.
[28]陈小前.飞行器总体优化设计理论与应用研究,[国防科学技术大学博士学位论文].长沙:国防科学技术大学,2006.
[29] Mark D. Betzina. Rotor Performance of an Isolated Full-Scale XV-15 Tiltrotor in Helicopter Mode. the American Helicopter Society Aerodynamics, Acoustics, and Test and Evaluation Technical Specialists Meeting, San Francisco, CA, January 23-25, 2002.
[30] Floros M W, Johnson W. Performance Analysis of the Slowed-Rotor Compound Helicopter Configuration . Conference Program and Proceedings for the Fourth Decennial Specialists' Meeting on Aeromechanics. San Francisco: AHS, January 2004.96-114.
[31] Bagai A, Leishman J G. Free-wake Analysis of Tandem, Tilt-Rotor and Coaxial Rotor Configurations . J. AHS, 1996, 41(3): 196-207.
[32] Harris F D. Twin Rotor Hover Performance . J. AHS, 1999, 44(1):34-37.
[33] Wayne Johnson. Analysis of Advanced Rotorcraft Configurations. Aero-Space Technology Enterprise . 2005,16-17.
[34] Yongchang Li, Daniel DeLaurentis, Dimitri Mavris. Advanced Rotorcraft Concept Development and Selection Using a Probabilistic Methodology. AIAA 2003-6759,2003.
[35] Roberto Celi. Recent Applications of Design Optimization to Rotorcraft-a Survey.Maryland: University of Maryland,1993.
[36]陈仁良.直升机飞行动力学数学建模及机动性研究,[南京航空航天大学博士学位论文].南京:南京航空航天大学,1998.
[37] Dorigo M,Bonabeau E,Theraulaz G.Ant algorithms and stigmergy.Future Generation Computer Systems,2000,16(8):851～871.