连续混沌调频雷达的波形设计和信号延迟
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摘要
连续混沌调频信号(Continuous-Chaos Frequency-Modulating Signal, CCFMS)雷达是采用连续混沌信号实现信号调频的一类调频信号雷达。CCFMS雷达发射的信号为混沌信号,具有产生简单、实现代价小、截获概率低、抗干扰性能和电磁兼容能力强等特点。CCFMS可避免离散调频系统设计中的频率跳变、时钟同步和参数调整等问题,实现信号功率谱的平滑设计。与一般的混沌雷达信号不同,CCFMS峰均功率比接近理想值2,可充分利用发射机效率。
本文利用混沌动力学理论,重点对连续混沌调频雷达系统的波形设计和信号延迟作了详细的探讨,主要的创新和贡献归纳如下：
(1)连续混沌调频信号的性能分析
给出了CCFMS的数学表达式,理论推导了CCFMS的自相关函数和均方根带宽。结果表明CCFMS自相关函数的旁瓣抑制性能优异；其均方根带宽与调频指数、混沌信号的均方根成正比。仿真计算了典型混沌产生的CCFMS'性能,进一步证明了CCFMS具有较高的时间峰值旁瓣比、平坦的功率谱形状、近似图钉型的模糊函数和与正弦发射信号相同的峰均功率比。
分析了CCFMS雷达的抗噪声干扰和频移干扰等有源干扰性能。与线性调频信号雷达相比,具有明显的抗干扰性能优势,信干比改善因子提高约5.5 dB,不会产生距离假目标欺骗干扰。
(2)连续混沌调频雷达的波形设计
提出了基于连续混沌的非线性耦合产生CCFMS的动力学设计理论。以Colpitts电路为例给出了具体的设计实例,通过吸引子重构和Lyapunov指数计算,阐述了CCFMS的混沌特性。
给出了频谱精细控制的认知波形的直接设计和迭代设计方法。这种方法可根据目标功率谱特征,产生输出功率谱随外界环境而变化的CCFMS波形,使CCFMS雷达具有主动学习能力。
(3)混沌滤波及脉冲滤波同步方法研究
研究了无原驱动信号的混沌滤波同步方法。该方法仅传输滤波信号,利用响应系统变量来恢复滤波丢失的信息。分别讨论了低通滤波和带通滤波的同步性能,仿真结果表明该方法可以在仅传输50～80%有效带宽能量下实现混沌系统同步。
提出了基于条件Lyapunov指数(CLE)的混沌脉冲同步和脉冲滤波同步方法。该方法根据发展的脉冲同步的CLE计算技术,突破了传统脉冲同步理论的限制,得到的同步区间更为接近实际的同步区域,同时解决了脉冲滤波同步的稳定性判定和同步区间估计问题。仿真结果验证了该方法的正确性和可行性。
(4)连续混沌调频雷达的信号延迟
提出了基于滤波同步和脉冲滤波同步的一般混沌信号延迟技术,实现了采用窄带延迟技术对宽带混沌信号的延迟。对基于滤波同步的延迟技术给出了实现同步的滤波器最小带宽,对基于脉冲滤波同步的延迟技术阐述了滤波器带宽与最小采样频率之间的关系。
根据CCFMS产生原理,研究了CCFMS窄带延迟技术。构建了CCFMS的动力学设计模型的响应系统,探讨了系统同步对延迟性能的影响。这种窄带延迟技术能降低幅度相位不一致性及插入损耗,减小延迟设备代价,仿真结果表明该技术可节省65%的延迟带宽。
Continuous-Chaos Frequency-Modulating Signal (CCFMS) radar, which uses continuous chaotic signal to realize frequency modulation, belongs to categories of frequency-modulating radars. The CCFMS radar transmits chaotic signals and hence has some excellent characteristics such as simple generation, small realization cost, low probability of intercept, good anti-jamming and electromagnetic compatibility. CCFMS has flat power spectrum and can avoid frequency hopping, time clock synchronization and parameters adjusting in discrete frequency modulation design. Compared with traditional chaotic signals, CCFMS provides the peak to average power ratio (PAPR) with ideal value 2, which can take full advantage of the efficiency of transmitter.
This dissertation mainly discusses the waveform design and signal delay of CCFMS radar with chaotic dynamics theory. Main results are concluded as follows:
(1) Performance analyses of CCFMS
The mathematical expression of CCFMS is given. The auto-correlation function and root-mean-square (RMS) bandwidth of CCFMS are derived in theory. The results show that autocorrelation function of CCFMS has excellent sidelobe suppression performance. Its RMS bandwidth is proportional to frequency modulation index and RMS of chaotic signal. The performance of CCFMS is further confirmed with typical chaos. It is found that CCFMS has high time peak to sidelobe ratio, flat power spectrum, almost thumbtack ambiguity function and PAPR equal to that of sinusoidal signal.
The performance of CCFMS radar against noise and frequency shift jamming is analyzed. Compared with LFMS radar, CCFMS radar has obvious anti-jamming advantages with signal-to-interference ratio improvement factor increased by about 5.5 dB, and does not generates false range targets.
(2) Waveform design of CCFMS radar
Dynamical design theory of CCFMS is proposed, in which CCFMS is generated by nonlinearly coupling continuous chaotic signals with a sinusoidal oscillator. A concrete design implementation is given by taking Colpitts circuits as an example. CCFMS is confirmed to be chaotic by attractor reconstruction and Lyapunov exponents.
Direct and iterative designs of CCFMS cognitive waveform with fine spectrum control are given. Depending on the target power spectrum characteristics, this method can generate CCFMS waveforms, whose output-power spectrum varies with the external environment, hence the CCFMS radar has active learning ability.
(3) Studies on filtered synchronization and impulsive filtered synchronization methods of chaotic systems
Filtered synchronization method of chaotic systems without original drive signal is studied. This method only transmits the filtered signal, and restores lost information by filtering using response system variables. Low pass and Band pass filtered synchronization performances are discussed respectively. Simulation results show the method can transmit only 50～80% efficient bandwidth energy to achieve synchronization of chaotic systems.
Conditional Lyapunov exponent (CLE) based impulse synchronization and impulsive filtered synchronization methods of chaotic systems are proposed. Based on the developed CLE calculation of impulsive synchronization, the method breaks through the restrictions in traditional impulsive synchronization theory and the obtained synchronization interval is closer to the actual synchronization interval. Meanwhile the proposed method can determine synchronization stability and estimate synchronization interval of impulsive filtered synchronization. The simulation results confirm correctness and feasibility of the method.
(4) Signal delay of CCFMS radar
Filtered synchronization and impulsive filtered synchronization based on signal delay technique of the general chaotic signal are proposed to realize broadband chaotic signal delay using narrowband delay techniques. Filtered synchronization based delay technique gives the smallest filter bandwidth to realize synchronization and impulsive synchronization based delay technique gives the relationship between filter bandwidth and the smallest sampling frequency.
Based on generation principle of CCFMS, narrowband delay of CCFMS is studied. Response system of dynamical model of CCFMS is constructed, and synchronization impact on delay performance is discussed. This narrowband delay technique can reduce amplitude-phase uniformity, the insert loss and the cost of delay equipment. Simulation results show this technique can save the delay bandwidth by 65%.
本文利用混沌动力学理论,重点对连续混沌调频雷达系统的波形设计和信号延迟作了详细的探讨,主要的创新和贡献归纳如下：
(1)连续混沌调频信号的性能分析
给出了CCFMS的数学表达式,理论推导了CCFMS的自相关函数和均方根带宽。结果表明CCFMS自相关函数的旁瓣抑制性能优异；其均方根带宽与调频指数、混沌信号的均方根成正比。仿真计算了典型混沌产生的CCFMS'性能,进一步证明了CCFMS具有较高的时间峰值旁瓣比、平坦的功率谱形状、近似图钉型的模糊函数和与正弦发射信号相同的峰均功率比。
分析了CCFMS雷达的抗噪声干扰和频移干扰等有源干扰性能。与线性调频信号雷达相比,具有明显的抗干扰性能优势,信干比改善因子提高约5.5 dB,不会产生距离假目标欺骗干扰。
(2)连续混沌调频雷达的波形设计
提出了基于连续混沌的非线性耦合产生CCFMS的动力学设计理论。以Colpitts电路为例给出了具体的设计实例,通过吸引子重构和Lyapunov指数计算,阐述了CCFMS的混沌特性。
给出了频谱精细控制的认知波形的直接设计和迭代设计方法。这种方法可根据目标功率谱特征,产生输出功率谱随外界环境而变化的CCFMS波形,使CCFMS雷达具有主动学习能力。
(3)混沌滤波及脉冲滤波同步方法研究
研究了无原驱动信号的混沌滤波同步方法。该方法仅传输滤波信号,利用响应系统变量来恢复滤波丢失的信息。分别讨论了低通滤波和带通滤波的同步性能,仿真结果表明该方法可以在仅传输50～80%有效带宽能量下实现混沌系统同步。
提出了基于条件Lyapunov指数(CLE)的混沌脉冲同步和脉冲滤波同步方法。该方法根据发展的脉冲同步的CLE计算技术,突破了传统脉冲同步理论的限制,得到的同步区间更为接近实际的同步区域,同时解决了脉冲滤波同步的稳定性判定和同步区间估计问题。仿真结果验证了该方法的正确性和可行性。
(4)连续混沌调频雷达的信号延迟
提出了基于滤波同步和脉冲滤波同步的一般混沌信号延迟技术,实现了采用窄带延迟技术对宽带混沌信号的延迟。对基于滤波同步的延迟技术给出了实现同步的滤波器最小带宽,对基于脉冲滤波同步的延迟技术阐述了滤波器带宽与最小采样频率之间的关系。
根据CCFMS产生原理,研究了CCFMS窄带延迟技术。构建了CCFMS的动力学设计模型的响应系统,探讨了系统同步对延迟性能的影响。这种窄带延迟技术能降低幅度相位不一致性及插入损耗,减小延迟设备代价,仿真结果表明该技术可节省65%的延迟带宽。
Continuous-Chaos Frequency-Modulating Signal (CCFMS) radar, which uses continuous chaotic signal to realize frequency modulation, belongs to categories of frequency-modulating radars. The CCFMS radar transmits chaotic signals and hence has some excellent characteristics such as simple generation, small realization cost, low probability of intercept, good anti-jamming and electromagnetic compatibility. CCFMS has flat power spectrum and can avoid frequency hopping, time clock synchronization and parameters adjusting in discrete frequency modulation design. Compared with traditional chaotic signals, CCFMS provides the peak to average power ratio (PAPR) with ideal value 2, which can take full advantage of the efficiency of transmitter.
This dissertation mainly discusses the waveform design and signal delay of CCFMS radar with chaotic dynamics theory. Main results are concluded as follows:
(1) Performance analyses of CCFMS
The mathematical expression of CCFMS is given. The auto-correlation function and root-mean-square (RMS) bandwidth of CCFMS are derived in theory. The results show that autocorrelation function of CCFMS has excellent sidelobe suppression performance. Its RMS bandwidth is proportional to frequency modulation index and RMS of chaotic signal. The performance of CCFMS is further confirmed with typical chaos. It is found that CCFMS has high time peak to sidelobe ratio, flat power spectrum, almost thumbtack ambiguity function and PAPR equal to that of sinusoidal signal.
The performance of CCFMS radar against noise and frequency shift jamming is analyzed. Compared with LFMS radar, CCFMS radar has obvious anti-jamming advantages with signal-to-interference ratio improvement factor increased by about 5.5 dB, and does not generates false range targets.
(2) Waveform design of CCFMS radar
Dynamical design theory of CCFMS is proposed, in which CCFMS is generated by nonlinearly coupling continuous chaotic signals with a sinusoidal oscillator. A concrete design implementation is given by taking Colpitts circuits as an example. CCFMS is confirmed to be chaotic by attractor reconstruction and Lyapunov exponents.
Direct and iterative designs of CCFMS cognitive waveform with fine spectrum control are given. Depending on the target power spectrum characteristics, this method can generate CCFMS waveforms, whose output-power spectrum varies with the external environment, hence the CCFMS radar has active learning ability.
(3) Studies on filtered synchronization and impulsive filtered synchronization methods of chaotic systems
Filtered synchronization method of chaotic systems without original drive signal is studied. This method only transmits the filtered signal, and restores lost information by filtering using response system variables. Low pass and Band pass filtered synchronization performances are discussed respectively. Simulation results show the method can transmit only 50～80% efficient bandwidth energy to achieve synchronization of chaotic systems.
Conditional Lyapunov exponent (CLE) based impulse synchronization and impulsive filtered synchronization methods of chaotic systems are proposed. Based on the developed CLE calculation of impulsive synchronization, the method breaks through the restrictions in traditional impulsive synchronization theory and the obtained synchronization interval is closer to the actual synchronization interval. Meanwhile the proposed method can determine synchronization stability and estimate synchronization interval of impulsive filtered synchronization. The simulation results confirm correctness and feasibility of the method.
(4) Signal delay of CCFMS radar
Filtered synchronization and impulsive filtered synchronization based on signal delay technique of the general chaotic signal are proposed to realize broadband chaotic signal delay using narrowband delay techniques. Filtered synchronization based delay technique gives the smallest filter bandwidth to realize synchronization and impulsive synchronization based delay technique gives the relationship between filter bandwidth and the smallest sampling frequency.
Based on generation principle of CCFMS, narrowband delay of CCFMS is studied. Response system of dynamical model of CCFMS is constructed, and synchronization impact on delay performance is discussed. This narrowband delay technique can reduce amplitude-phase uniformity, the insert loss and the cost of delay equipment. Simulation results show this technique can save the delay bandwidth by 65%.
引文
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