电视观看与受众认知培养
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摘要
从上世纪70年代开始，涵化理论(Cultivation Theory)对电视使用和观众认知之间的关系做了全面而深入的研究，为我们考察电视在现代社会中的作用提供了方法和依据。然而从上世纪90年代中期开始，随着社会环境的变迁和传播技术的革新，更多影响因素开始介入电视传播过程，更多新兴媒体开始改变电视传播格局。在这种背景下，涵化理论从研究内涵到研究方法，从变量引入到模式建构都发生了相应的变化。这种变化不仅体现了其在当代多元传播生态中所作出的调整，而且也在一定程度上揭示了电视媒体在传播效果和社会影响上的发展趋势。因而，本研究关注和考察当代电视涵化在基本特征、调节因素和关系模式上的变化，不仅有助于把握当代电视对受众认知的培养作用，而且有助于电视媒体在新的传播环境中实现有效沟通和科学管理。
首先，本研究对涵化理论长达30年的文献进行了全面梳理，着重考察了涵化理论内涵的发展、涵化研究方法的变迁和涵化关系模式的转变。在涵化理论的内涵方面，涵化理论经过了三个发展阶段：在早期是一种研究电视暴力的媒介效果理论，进入上世纪80年代成为关注主流化的文化控制批判理论，到90年代转变为具有实践导向和全新活力的交叉理论。在涵化研究的方法方面，涵化研究主要包括三个部分的分析：制度过程分析、信息系统分析和涵化分析。在涵化关系的模式方面，新媒体语境下的涵化关系出现了明显的模式转变：进入90年代，涵化研究开始反思早期线性、单向、整体的关系模式，着力于建立动态、多元、分化的新模式。
其次，为了更深入而清晰的描述当代多元传播生态中电视涵化效果的变化趋势和调节因素，本研究运用全新的后设分析方法对1996—2008年的涵化研究进行了量化分析。1996年对于涵化研究是具有转折意义的一年，“文化环境运动”开始兴起，涵化生态认知模式也因势提出，涵化研究从研究环境、研究内涵到研究目的都发生了实质性的转向。因而本研究运用后设分析的方法对1996年以来SSCI传播类期刊中的46个涵化文献进行了研究，通过比较和组合类型的后设分析对这些原始文献的结论进行了考察。
本研究的后设分析对当代电视涵化的效果大小和方向、调节因素以及控制方式进行了验证。在涵化效果的大小和方向上，当代电视涵化仍然是以不易察觉，但却持续有效的方式发挥作用，但当代电视涵化效果也出现了更多变化的形态和可能性；在涵化关系的调节因素上，传统的和新加入的控制变量共同影响着当代电视涵化关系；在涵化机制的控制方式上，当代电视涵化的主流化特征在共时性维度和历时性维度上都是存在的，当代电视涵化对受众认知的控制方式就是跨群体、跨时间的整合受众认知。
最后，在后设分析得出的结论基础上，本研究建构了当代电视涵化模式，并进一步挖掘了当代电视涵化的意识形态内涵。本研究的电视涵化模式引入了多种影响因素，呈现了各种因素与电视涵化之间的动态关系，在因素构成和关系建构上都超越了以往的涵化模式。此外，本研究还从权力宰制、符号选择和认知整合三个方面对当代电视涵化的意识形态功能进行了考察。本研究的不足和下一步研究的计划也在结尾处加以讨论。
From the 1970s, Cultivation Theory had done comprehensive and in-depth research between the television use and the cognition of audience, which providing a method for our study of television in modern society. However, from the middle of 1990s, as the result of the social changes and the spread of technology innovation, more factors had intervened in the process of television communication, and more new media began to change the pattern of television communication. Thus, from the connotation of the theory to the research methods, from the variables to the construction of the mode, the Cultivation Theory had appeared the corresponding changes. As the classical theory of communication, the varieties of Cultivation Theory were not only the adjustments in accordance with the actual television communication in the multi-dimensional ecology of communication, but also a trend of development which had revealed the effectiveness and social impact of television. This study focuses on the essential feature, the adjustment factor and the relational scheme changes of Cultivation Theory. To grasp the contemporary television culture on the role of audience awareness, it contributes to achieve effective communication and scientific management in the new communication environment.
Firstly, this study had comprehensively and emphatically combed literature of Cultivation Theory. It focuses on the development of the connotation theory, the changes of the research technique and the transformation of mode. In the aspect of the connotation of Cultivation Theory, it contains three development phases. In the aspect of the technique of Cultivation Theory, it contains three parts, that is, Institutional process analysis, Message system analysis and Cultivation analysis. In the aspect of the mode, Cultivation Theory has transformed its mode since the 1990's.
Secondly, in order to give a more in-depth and clear description about the trends and the regulation of factors of Cultivation Theory in contemporary multicultural ecology of communication, this study would use a new meta-analysis, which carries on the quantification analysis to construe the study of cultivation from 1996 to 2008. As a kind of integrative, systematic and quantitative literature search method, the meta-analysis can integrate the different findings on the same research field. Thus it produces the more comprehensive and the more precise understanding to some research questions.
Lastly, on the base of the meta-analysis conclusion, we will construct the mode of contempotary television cultivation. We will study the ideology connotation of television cultivtion. The plan of the next step study will be disscussed at the end of the paper.
首先，本研究对涵化理论长达30年的文献进行了全面梳理，着重考察了涵化理论内涵的发展、涵化研究方法的变迁和涵化关系模式的转变。在涵化理论的内涵方面，涵化理论经过了三个发展阶段：在早期是一种研究电视暴力的媒介效果理论，进入上世纪80年代成为关注主流化的文化控制批判理论，到90年代转变为具有实践导向和全新活力的交叉理论。在涵化研究的方法方面，涵化研究主要包括三个部分的分析：制度过程分析、信息系统分析和涵化分析。在涵化关系的模式方面，新媒体语境下的涵化关系出现了明显的模式转变：进入90年代，涵化研究开始反思早期线性、单向、整体的关系模式，着力于建立动态、多元、分化的新模式。
其次，为了更深入而清晰的描述当代多元传播生态中电视涵化效果的变化趋势和调节因素，本研究运用全新的后设分析方法对1996—2008年的涵化研究进行了量化分析。1996年对于涵化研究是具有转折意义的一年，“文化环境运动”开始兴起，涵化生态认知模式也因势提出，涵化研究从研究环境、研究内涵到研究目的都发生了实质性的转向。因而本研究运用后设分析的方法对1996年以来SSCI传播类期刊中的46个涵化文献进行了研究，通过比较和组合类型的后设分析对这些原始文献的结论进行了考察。
本研究的后设分析对当代电视涵化的效果大小和方向、调节因素以及控制方式进行了验证。在涵化效果的大小和方向上，当代电视涵化仍然是以不易察觉，但却持续有效的方式发挥作用，但当代电视涵化效果也出现了更多变化的形态和可能性；在涵化关系的调节因素上，传统的和新加入的控制变量共同影响着当代电视涵化关系；在涵化机制的控制方式上，当代电视涵化的主流化特征在共时性维度和历时性维度上都是存在的，当代电视涵化对受众认知的控制方式就是跨群体、跨时间的整合受众认知。
最后，在后设分析得出的结论基础上，本研究建构了当代电视涵化模式，并进一步挖掘了当代电视涵化的意识形态内涵。本研究的电视涵化模式引入了多种影响因素，呈现了各种因素与电视涵化之间的动态关系，在因素构成和关系建构上都超越了以往的涵化模式。此外，本研究还从权力宰制、符号选择和认知整合三个方面对当代电视涵化的意识形态功能进行了考察。本研究的不足和下一步研究的计划也在结尾处加以讨论。
From the 1970s, Cultivation Theory had done comprehensive and in-depth research between the television use and the cognition of audience, which providing a method for our study of television in modern society. However, from the middle of 1990s, as the result of the social changes and the spread of technology innovation, more factors had intervened in the process of television communication, and more new media began to change the pattern of television communication. Thus, from the connotation of the theory to the research methods, from the variables to the construction of the mode, the Cultivation Theory had appeared the corresponding changes. As the classical theory of communication, the varieties of Cultivation Theory were not only the adjustments in accordance with the actual television communication in the multi-dimensional ecology of communication, but also a trend of development which had revealed the effectiveness and social impact of television. This study focuses on the essential feature, the adjustment factor and the relational scheme changes of Cultivation Theory. To grasp the contemporary television culture on the role of audience awareness, it contributes to achieve effective communication and scientific management in the new communication environment.
Firstly, this study had comprehensively and emphatically combed literature of Cultivation Theory. It focuses on the development of the connotation theory, the changes of the research technique and the transformation of mode. In the aspect of the connotation of Cultivation Theory, it contains three development phases. In the aspect of the technique of Cultivation Theory, it contains three parts, that is, Institutional process analysis, Message system analysis and Cultivation analysis. In the aspect of the mode, Cultivation Theory has transformed its mode since the 1990's.
Secondly, in order to give a more in-depth and clear description about the trends and the regulation of factors of Cultivation Theory in contemporary multicultural ecology of communication, this study would use a new meta-analysis, which carries on the quantification analysis to construe the study of cultivation from 1996 to 2008. As a kind of integrative, systematic and quantitative literature search method, the meta-analysis can integrate the different findings on the same research field. Thus it produces the more comprehensive and the more precise understanding to some research questions.
Lastly, on the base of the meta-analysis conclusion, we will construct the mode of contempotary television cultivation. We will study the ideology connotation of television cultivtion. The plan of the next step study will be disscussed at the end of the paper.
引文
1 著名的媒介效果研究者Jennings Bryant认为，传播效果有三个主导性的核心理论，即议程设置理论、使用与满理论和涵化理论。
1 Singhal, A., E. M. Rogers. "A Theoretical Agenda for Entertainment-education." Communication Theory, 2003, 14(2), 117-35.
1按照米尔斯对社会科学理论的分类，涵化理论到80年代末成为了超越微观理论的中层理论，而对各个领域的传播研究起到了引导性的作用。
2 Jennings Bryant, Dorina Miron. "Theory and Research in Mass Communication." Journal of Communication, 2004, 54(4), 662-704.
3 Shanahan, James and Michael Morgan. Television and its Viewers: Cultivation Theory and Research. London: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 106.
4后设分析英文原文为meta-analysis，也被译作元分析、统合分析。
1 Gerbner, George. "Cultural Indicators: The Third Voice." In George Gerbner, Larry Gross, and William H. Melody (eds.), Communications Technology and Social Policy. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1973, pp. 555-573.
1 Shanahan, James and Michael Morgan. Television and its Viewers: Cultivation Theory and Research. London: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 6-7.
2文化指标小组的主要研究成果通过《暴力描述(Violence Profile)》列论文发表。
3 Gerbner, George, Larry Gross, Nancy Signorielli, Michael Morgan, and Marilyn Jackson-Beeck. "The Demonstrationof Power: Violence Profile No. 10." Journal of Communication, 1979, 29(3), 177-196.
4日前公认的第一篇正式发表的涵化分析文献为Gerbner，George and Larry Gross．“Living with Television：The Violence Profile．”Journal of Communication，1976，26(2)，173-199．
5 “罪恶世界综合症(Mean World Syndrome)”是文化指标小组提出的概念，用以表示电视培养了观众对于现实生活不安全和恐惧的夸张感觉。
6 Gerbner, George, Larry Gross, Marilyn Jackson-Beeck, Suzanne Jeffries-Fox, and Nancy Signorielli. "Cultural Indicators: Violence Profile No. 9." Journal of Communication, 1978, 28(3), 176-207.
1 Shanahan, James and Michael Morgan. Television and its Viewers: Cultivation Theory and Research. London: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 7.
2 Shanahan, James and Michael Morgan. Television and its Viewers: Cultivation Theory and Research. London: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 46.
3 Newcomb, Horace. "Assessing the Violence Profile of Gerbner and Gross: A Humanistic Critique and Suggestions." Communication Research, 1978, 5(3), 264-282.
4 Wober, J. M. "Televised Violence and Paranoid Perception: The View From Great Britain." Public Opinion Quarterly, 1978, 42(3), 315-321.
5 Doob, Anthony N. and Glenn E. Macdonald. "Television Viewing and Fear of Victimization: Is the Relationship Causal?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1979, 37(2), 170-179.
6 见Hughes, Michael. "The Fruits of Cultivation Analysis: A Re-examination of the Effects of Television Watching on Fear of Victimization, Alienation, and the Approval of Violence." Public Opinion Quarterly, 1980, 44(3), 287-302.和Hirsch, Paul. "The 'Scary World' of the Nonviewer and Other Anomalies; A Reanalysis of Gerbner et al.'s Findings of Cultivation Analysis." Communication Research, 1980, 7(4), 403-456.
1 Signorielli, N. "Television's contribution to sex role socialization." Paper presented to the Seventh Annual Telecommunications Policy Research Conference.
2 Gerbner, George, Larry Gross, Michael Morgan, and Nancy Signorielli. "The 'Mainstreaming' of America: Violence Profile No. 11." Journal of Communication, 1980, 30(3), 10-29.
1 Gerbner, George, Larry Gross, Michael Morgan, and Nancy Signorielli. "Charting the Mainstream: Television's Contributions to Political Orientations." Journal of Communication, 1982, 32(2), 100-127.
2 Gerbner, George, Larry Gross, Michael Morgan, and Nancy Signorielli. "Political Correlates of Television Viewing." Public Opinion Quarterly, 1984, 48(1), 283-300.
1 Morgan, Michael. "The Critical Contribution of George Gerbner." In J. Lent (ed.), A Different Road Taken: Profiles in Critical Communication. Boulder. Westview, 1995, pp. 99-117.
2 Gerbner, George. "A New Environmental Movement in Communication and Culture." Media Development, April 1990.
3 见《人民传播宪章》，http://www.pccharter.net/about.html。
1 见《人民传播宪章》, http://www.pccharter.net/about.html。
2 Signorielli, Nancy and Michael Morgan (eds). Cultivation Analysis: New Directions in Media Effects Research. Newbury Park: Sage, 1990, pp. 12-13.
3 Signorielli, Nancy and Michael Morgan (eds). Cultivation Analysis: New Directions in Media Effects Research. Newbury Park: Sage, 1990, pp. 12-13.
1 Gerbner, George and Kathleen Connolly. "Television As New Religion." New Catholic World, March/April 1978, pp. 52-56.
2 Gross, Larry and Michael Morgan. "Television and Enculturation." In Joseph R. Dominick and James E. Fletcher (eds.), Broadcasting Research Methods. Boston: Allyn &Bacon, 1985, pp. 221-234.
3 Signorielli, Nancy and Michael Morgan (eds). Cultivation Analysis: New Directions in Media Effects Research. Newbury Park: Sage, 1990, pp. 33.
4 Robert P. Hawkins, Suzanne Pingree, Jacqueline Bush Hitchon, Eileen Gillian, LeeAnn Kahlor, Bradley Gorham, Bradley W. Gorham, Prathana Kannaovakun, Toni Schmidt, Gudbjorg Hildur Kolbeins, Chin-I Wang, and Ronald C. Serliln. "What Holds Attention to Television? Strategic Inertia of Looks at Content Boundaries." Communication Research 2002 29: 3-30.
1 Shanahan, James and Michael Morgan. Television and its Viewers: Cultivation Theory and Research. London: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 30-32.
2暴力指数的计算公式为：VI=％P+2RP+2RH+％C+％K。其中％P指有暴力内容节目的百分比：RP指每个节目中暴力行为发生的频率；RH指每小时节目中暴力行为发生的频率；％C指卷入暴力的角色的百分比；％K指卷入谋杀的角色的百分比。
1 Nancy Signorielli. "Aging on Television: Messages Relating to Gender, Race, and Occupation in Prime Time." Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, Washington: Jun 2004, Vol. 48, Iss. 2, pp. 279-302.
2 Nancy Signorielli. "Aging on Television: Messages Relating to Gender, Race, and Occupation in Prime Time." Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, Washington: Jun 2004, Vol. 48, Iss. 2, pp. 279-302.
3 Gerbner, George, Larry Gross, Stewart Hoover, Michael Morgan, Nancy Signorielli, Harry E. Cotugno, and Robert Wuthnow. "Religion and Television." Philadelphia: The Annenberg School of Communications, University of Pennsylvania, 1984.
4 Rebecca M Chory-Assad, Ron Tamborini. "Television doctors: An analysis of physicians in fictional and non-fictional television programs." Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media. Washington: Summer 2001. Vol. 45, Iss. 3; pp. 499-522.
5 James Shanahan, Katherine McComas. "Television's portrayal of the environment: 1991- 1995." Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly. Columbia: Spring 1997. Vol. 74, Iss. 1; pp. 147-160.
6 Gerbner, George. "Learning Productive Aging as a Social Role: The Lessons of Television." In S. A. Bass, F. G. Caro & Y. Chen (eds.), Achieving a Productive Aging Society. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing, 1994.
1 Signorielli, Nancy and Michael Morgan. "Cultivation Analysis: Research and Practice." In M. Salwen & D. Stacks (eds.), An Integrated Approach to Communication Theory and Research. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1996, 111-126.
2 Hirsch, Paul. "The 'Scary World' of the Nonviewer and Other Anomalies; A Reanalysis of Gerbner et al.'s Findings of Cultivation Analysis." Communication Research, 1980, 7(4), 403-456.
3 M. J. Bryant, J. C. Lucove, K. R. Evenson, S. Marshall. "Measurement of television viewing in children and adolescents: a systematic review." Obesity reviews, 2007, 8, 197-209.
1 强制性错误问题即“forced-error”question，是文化指标小组用来测试不同观看程度观众社会认知差异的主要方式。问题有两个答案可供选择，一个是倾向于电视表达的答案，一个是倾向于真实世界的答案。比如参与测试的观众被要求回答“你认为人们每个星期被卷入暴力的可能性是多少”，备选答案为10％和1％，前者是“电视答案”，后者足“真实世界答案”。
2 涵化区分即“cultivation differential”，指重度观看者和轻度观看者在回答强制性错误问题时，选择电视答案的百分比差，是一种相对值。文化指标小组认为涵化区分可以解释重度观看电视导致的特殊态度、观点和信仰。
3 L. J. Shrum. "Processing Strategy Moderates the Cultivation Effect." Human Communication Research, 2001, 27(1), 94-120.
4 Potter, W. James. "Cultivation Theory and Research: A Methodological Critique." Journalism Monographs, 1994, 1-35.
5 Shanahan, James and Michael Morgan. Television and its Viewers: Cultivation Theory and Research. London: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 126.
6 Gerbner, George and Nancy Signorielli. "The World of Television News." In W. Adams & F. Schriebman (eds.), Television News Archives: Issues in Content Research. Washington, DC: George Washington University, 1978, pp. 189-196.
1 Gerbner George, Larry Gross, Marilyn Jackson-Beeck, Suzanne Jeffries-Fox, and Nancy Signorielli. "Cultural Indicators: Violence Profile No. 9." Journal of Communication, 1978, 28(3), 176-207.
1 Shanahan James and Michael Morgan. Television and its Viewers: Cultivation Theory and Research. London: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 28.
2 Shanahan James and Michael Morgan. Television and its Viewers: Cultivation Theory and Research. London: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 5.
3 Gerbner George, Larry Gross, Michael Morgan, and Nancy Signorielli. "The 'Mainstreaming' of America: Violence Profile No. 11." Journal of Communication, 1980, 30(3), 10-29.
1 John Tapper. "The Ecology of Cultivation: A Conceptual Model for Cultivation Research." Communication Theory, 1995, 5(1), 36-57.
1 John Tapper. "The Ecology of Cultivation: A Conceptual Model for Cultivation Research." Communication Theory, 1995, 5(1), 36-57.
1 Helena Bilandzic. "The Perception of Distance in the Cultivation Process: A Theoretical Consideration of the Relationship Between Television Content, Processing Experience, and Perceived Distance." Communication Theory, 2006, 16 (3), 333-355.
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1 Glynn, Carroll J., Andrew F. Hayes, James Shanahan. "Perceived Support for One's Opinions and Willingness to Speak Out: A Meta-Analysis of Survey Studies on the 'Spiral of Silence'." Public Opinion Quarterly, 1997(61), 452-463.
2 Shanahan, James and Michael Morgan. Television and its Viewers: Cultivation Theory and Research. London: Cambridge University Press, 1999,pp.126.
3 Robert Rosenthal著，齐力译：《社会研究的后设分析程序》，台北：弘智文化事业有限公司，1999年版，第68页。
1 确定某一期刊是否属于大众传播类期刊是根据祝建华的分类，见http://zjz06.ycool.com/post.2755034.html。
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1 Hunter J E., Schmidt F L. Methods of Meta-analysis. Newbury Park, Calif Sage, 1990, pp. 135.
1 Robert Rosenthal著，齐力译：《社会研究的后设分析程序》，台北：弘智文化事业有限公司，1999年版，97页。
2 后设分析中常用的组合效果大小统计模型有两种：一是固定效应模型(fixed effect model)，这种模型假定有相似特性的多个研究在同一级别有一个共同的真实效应大小。即观察效应yi=θ+ei，各独立研究的真实效应都为θ，实际的观察效应值yi与θ的差别是由于抽样误差ei造成的。二是随机效应模型(random effect model)，这种模型假定有相似特性的多个研究的真实效应在不同的研究间存在差异。由于这些效应来自同一总体，因此效应大小可以通过假定具有代表性的独立研究样本来进行估计。即观察效应yi=θi+ei，θi=θ+δi，其中θi为各研究的真实效应，θ为平均效应，ei为抽样误差。由于随即效应模式更容易受到小样本和发表偏倚的影响，因而后设分析一般使用固定效应模型，本研究也将使用固定效应模型来对效果大小进行组合。
1 Shanahan, James and Michael Morgan. Television and its Viewers: Cultivation Theory and Research. London: Cambridge University Press, 1999,pp. 126.
1 Shanahan, James and Michael Morgan. Television and its Viewers: Cultivation Theory and Research. London: Cambridge University Press, 1999,pp. 126.
2 Shrum, L.J. "Psychological Processes Underlying Cultivation Effects: Further Tests of Construct Accessibility." Human Communication Research, 1996, 22(4), 482-509.
1 Morgan, Michael and Nancy Signorielli. "Cultivation Analysis: Conceptualization and Methodology." In Nancy Signorielli and Michael Morgan (eds), Cultivation Analysis: New Directions in Media Effects Research. Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 1990, pp. 13-34.
2 由于一般电视观看种类在组合类型的后设分析中已经涉及，因而在不同电视观看种类的亚组分析中不包含一般电视观看种类：如果一个原始研究内部报告了关于某一电视观看种类的多个单一研究结果，则采用平均法得到该研究关于此类观看种类的单个效果大小。
3 对单一研究结果的处理方法与上述电视观看种类的处理方法相同。
1 Doob, Anthony N. and Glenn E. Macdonald. "Television Viewing and Fear of Victimization: Is the Relationship Causal?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1979, 37(2), 170-179.
1 Wober, J. M. "Televised Violence and Paranoid Perception: The View From Great Britain." Public Opinion Quarterly, 1978, 42(3), 315-321.
1 Shanahan, James. "Television and Authoritarianism: Exploring the Concept of Mainstreaming." Political Communication, 1998, 15,483-496.
2[英]约翰·B．汤普森：《意识形态与现代文化》，高铦等译，译林出版社2005年版，第150-160页。
1 Gerbner, George, Larry Gross, Michael Morgan, and Nancy Signorielli. "Growing Up with Television: The Cultivation Perspective". In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (eds.), Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994, pp. 17-41.
1 Gerbner, George, Larry Gross, Nancy Signorielli, and Michael Morgan. "Aging with Television: Images on Television Drama and Conceptions of Social Reality." Journal of Communication, 1980, 30(1), 37-47.
2 Gerbner, George, Larry Gross, Michael Morgan, and Nancy Signorielli. "Charting the Mainstream: Television's Contributions to Political Orientations." Journal of Communication, 1982, 32(2), 100-127.
1 Gerbner, George. "Children and Power on Television: The Other Side of the Picture." In G. Gerbner, C.J. Ross, & E. Zigler (eds.), Child Abuse: An Agenda for Action. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980, pp. 239-248.
1 关于这个后设分析结论的细节，可以参见Shanahan．James and Michael Morgan．Television and its Viewers: Cultivation Theory and Research. London: Cambridge University Press, 1999。
1 Shanahan, James and Michael Morgan. Television and its Viewers: Cultivation Theory and Research. London: Cambridge University Press, 1999,pp. 141.
1 本研究选择的一些原始研究从不同的角度考察了受众认知结构对涵化效果的影响。Mares(1996)研究电视观看与暴力、罪恶世界和社会经济地位认知的关系，发现受众对消息来源的误解会改变涵化效果。Shrum(2001)研究电视观看与犯罪、职业、富裕和婚姻认知的关系时，对观众原有的生活经验和认知结构对涵化关系的影响进行了考察。Potter和Tomasello(2003)对电视观看和暴力认知的关系研究中，发现观众的解释性变量会对涵化效果产生显著影响，观众解释性变量与电视观看一致时，涵化效果会被显著提升。
2 本研究选择的原始研究中，Busselle和Crandall(2002)研究电视观看与社会经济成功种族差别的认知的关系，Eggermont(2004)研究电视观看与青少年对爱人的期待的关系，都发现受众的社会关系会对涵化效果产生影响。Segrin和Nabi(2002)研究电视观看与对婚姻认知的关系，发现受众的感情关系状态会造成涵化效果差异。Aubrey和Harrison(2003)研究电视观看与性关系期待的关系，发现恋爱关系的状态、持续时间和满意度会影响涵化效果。Woo和Dominick(2003)研究电视观看与对美国家庭、夫妻、朋友、恋人关系认知的关系，发现文化适应程度对涵化效果产生了影响。
3 Gerbner, George. "Political Functions of Television Viewing: A Cultivation Analysis." In G. Melischek, K.E. Rosengren, & J. Stappers (eds.), Cultural Indicators: An International Symposium. Vienna, Austria: Verlag der Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1984, 329-343.
1 Morgan, Michael. "Television and the Erosion of Regional Diversity." Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 1986, 30(2), 123-139.
1 Hyung-Jin Woo, Joseph R Dominick. "Acculturation, cultivation, and daytime TV talk show". Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly. Columbia: Spring 2003. Vol. 80, Iss. 1, pp. 109-123.
2 Gerbner, George. "Television Violence: The Power and the Peril." In Gail Dines and Jean M. Humez (eds.) Gender, Race, and Class in Media: A Critical Text-Reader. Newbury Park: Sage, 1995.
1 Hoover, Stewart M. "Television, Religion, and Religious Television: Purposes and Cross Purposes." In Nancy Signorielli and Michael Morgan (eds), Cultivation Analysis: New Directions in Media Effects Research. Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 1990, pp. 123-140.
1 Michael D. Slater, Donna Rouner. "Entertainment-Education and Elaboration Likelihood: Understanding the Processing of Narrative Persuasion." Communication Theory, 2002, 12 (2), 173-191.
1 Hawkins, Robert P., Suzanne Pingree, and Ilya Adler. "Searching for Cognitive Processes in the Cultivation Effect." Human Communication Research, 1987, 13(4), 553-577.
1 Potter, W. James. "Examining Cultivation from a Psychological Perspective: Component Subprocesses." Communication Research, 1991, 18, 77-102.
2 Potter, W. James. "Cultivation Theory and Research: A Conceptual Critique." Human Communication Research, 1993, 19, 564-601.
1 Shrum, L.J. and Thomas C. O'Guinn. "Processes and Effects in the Construction of Social Reality: Construct Accessibility as an Explanatory Variable." Communication Research, 1993, 20(3), 436-471.
[1][美]Robert Rosenthal著，齐力译：《社会研究的后设分析程序》，台北：弘智文化事业有限公司，1999年版
[2]黄芳、刘建明：《值得关注的新闻涵化》，《新闻与写作》，2007年第6期
[3]郭中实：《涵化理论：电视世界真的影响深远吗?》，《新闻与传播研究》，1997年第2期
[4]蔡骐、杨静：《关于涵化理论的历史考察和方法论反思》，《吉首大学学报(社会科学版)》，2005年第4期
[5]丁婕：《中国电视法制节目的涵化理论》，《山东视听》，2006年第3期
[6]王玲宇、张国良：《网络暴力游戏对青少年的“涵化”影响--对上海市中学生的调查》，《当代青年研究》，2005年第5期
[7]武鸿鸣：《新闻客观性与新闻涵化》，《当代传播》，2004年第5期
[8]麦克·摩根、詹姆斯·尚翰：《涵化研究的两个十年--一个总体评估和元分析》，龙耘译，《现代传播》，2002年第5期、第6期
[9]郭镇之：《乔治·格伯纳及其“电视教养”理论和“文化指标”研究》，《国际新闻界》，2006年第1期
[10]蔡骐、杨静：《电视暴力与儿童成长》，《声屏世界》，2006年第5期
[11]杨静：《论电视对儿童的涵化作用》，湖南师范大学，2006年硕士论文
[12]龙耘：《中国大众传媒涵化功能研究》，复旦大学，2003年博士论文
[13]陈磊：《儿童与电视的互动关系》，《当代传播》，2003年第1期
[14]肖小霞、任许文：《网络暴力游戏与青少年成长--基于6家网吧250位游戏玩家的实证调查》，《青年探索》，2007年第5期
[15]黄月慧：《从“培养理论”看“韩流”现象》，《财经界(下半月)》，2006年第12期
[16][意]安东尼奥·葛兰西：《狱中札记》，曹雷雨等译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2000年版
[17][德]卡尔·曼海姆：《意识形态与乌托邦》，黎鸣、李书崇译，北京：商务印书馆，2000年版
[18]孟登迎：《意识形态与主体建构：阿尔都塞意识形态理论》，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2002年版
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[22][英]约翰·B．汤普森：《意识形态与现代文化》，高锸等译，南京：译林出版社，2005年版
[23][英]尼克·史蒂文森：《媒介的转型：全球化、道德和伦理》，北京：北京大学出版社，2006年版
[24][美]罗伯特·C．艾伦：《重组话语频道》，麦永雄、柏敬泽等译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2000年版
[25]英]格雷姆·伯顿：《媒体与社会：批判的视角》，史安斌译，北京：清华大学出版社，2007年版
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[29][法]古斯塔夫·勒庞：《乌合之众：大众心理研究》，冯克利译，北京：中央编译出版社，2004年版
[30][美]约翰·菲斯克：《解读大众文化》，杨全强译，南京：南京大学出版社，2001年版
[31][德]尤尔根·哈贝马斯：《公共领域的结构转型》，曹卫东译，上海：学林出版社，1999年版
[32]祝基滢：《政治传播学》，台湾三民书局，1983年版
[33][英]约翰·基恩：《媒体与民主》，继红，刘士军译，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2003年版
[34][英]詹姆斯·卡伦：《媒体与权力》，史安斌、董关鹏译，北京清华大学出版社， 2006年版
[35][美]阿特休尔：《权力的媒介》，黄煜，裘志康译，北京：华夏出版社，1989年版
[36][英]罗杰·西尔弗斯通：《电视与日常生活》，陶庆梅译，南京：江苏人民出版社，2004年版
[37][美]约翰·菲斯克：《电视文化》，祁阿红、张鲲译，北京：商务印书馆，2005年版
[38][英]理查德·豪厄尔斯：《视觉文化》，葛红兵等译，桂林：广西师范大学出版社，2007年版
[39][美]W.J.T.米歇尔：《图像理论》，陈永国、胡永征译，北京：北京大学出版社，2006年版
[40][美]仙托·艾英戈、唐纳德·R．金德：《至关重要的新闻：电视与美国民意》，刘海龙译，北京：新华出版社，2004年版
[41]石长顺、张建红：《公共电视》，武汉：武汉大学出版社，2007年版
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[43][英]尼古拉斯·阿伯克龙比：《电视与社会》，张永喜、鲍贵、陈光明译，南京：南京大学出版社，2001年版
[44][英]安德鲁·古德温、加里·惠内尔：《电视的真相》，魏礼庆、王丽丽译，北京：中央编译出版社，2001年版
[45]王逢迎主编：《电视与权力》，天津：天津社会科学院出版社，2000年版
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[47][英]大卫·麦克奎恩：《理解电视》，苗棣、赵长军、李黎丹译，北京：华夏出版社，2003年版
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[49]李英田：《大众传播规律与意识形态建设--对运用大众传播学服务我国意识形态建设的思考》，《资料通讯》，2006年第1期
[50]刘昀献：《论20世纪以来西方主流意识形态的演变及其功能》，《河南大学学报(社会科学版)》，2004年第3期
[51]石本惠：《论中国社会主流意识形态的建构及其整合的功能》，《社会主义研究》，2006年第6期
[52]张治库：《社会主义意识形态的整合功能》，《社会主义研究》，2004年第5期
[53]唐晓波：《全球化背景下我国主流意识形态整合功能的优化》，《湖北社会科学》，2006年第6期
[54]钟添生、邓彦：《社会主义意识形态的整合机制》，《江西社会科学》，2006年10期
[55]潘知常、彭海涛：《意识形态理论的视境：传媒作为权力世界--西方传媒批判理论研究札记之二》，《现代传播》，2003年第5期
[56]吴家骥、鲁彩荣：《意识形态整合：构建社会主义和谐社会的重大课题》，《学术探索》，2005年第1期
[57]王永贵：《影响我国主流意识形态建设的西方主要意识形态透视》，《社会科学研究》，2007年第1期
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[42] Potter, W. James. "Examining Cultivation from a Psychological Perspective: Component Subprocesses." Communication Research, 1991,18, 77-102.
[43] Potter, W. James. "The Relationship Between First- and Second- Order Measures of Cultivation." Human Communication Research, 1991, 18(1), 92-113.
[44] Potter, W. James. "The Linearity Assumption in Cultivation Research." Human Communication Research, 1991, 17(4), 562-583.
[45] Potter, W. James. "How do adolescents' perceptions of television reality change over time?" Journalism Quarterly, 1992,69,392-406.
[46] Potter, W. James. "Cultivation Theory and Research: A Conceptual Critique." Human Communication Research, 1993,19, 564-601.
[47] Shapiro, Michael, and A. Lang. "Making Television Reality: Unconscious Processes in the Construction of Social Reality." Communication Research, 1991,18(5), 685-705.
[48] Shapiro, Michael. "Memory and decision processes in the construction of social reality." Communication Research, 1991,18(1), 3-24.
[49] Shrum, L.J. "Assessing the Social Influence of Television: A Social Cognition Perspective on Cultivation Effects." Communication Research, 1995, 22(4), 402-429.
[50] Shrum, L.J. "Psychological Processes Underlying Cultivation Effects: Further Tests of Construct Accessibility." Human Communication Research, 1996,22(4),482-509.
[51] Shrum, L.J. and Thomas C. O'Guinn. "Processes and Effects in the Construction of Social Reality: Construct Accessibility as an Explanatory Variable." Communication Research, 1993, 20(3), 436-471.
[52] Shrum, L.J. "Processing strategy moderates the cultivation effect." Human Communication Research, 2001, 27 (1), 94-120.
[53] Singer, Jerome L., Dorothy G. Singer, and Wanda Rapaczynski. "Family Patterns and Television Viewing as Predictors of Children's Beliefs and Aggression." Journal of Communication, 1984, 34(2), 73-89.
[54] Slater, Dan and William R. Elliott. "Television's Influence on Social Reality." Quarterly Journal of Speech, 1982, 68(1), 69-79.
[55] Wober, J. M. "Televised Violence and Paranoid Perception: The View From Great Britain." Public Opinion Quarterly, 1978, 42(3), 315-321.
[56] Newcomb, Horace. "Assessing the Violence Profile of Gerbner and Gross: A Humanistic Critique and Suggestions." Communication Research, 1978, 5(3), 264-282.
[57] Hughes, Michael. "The Fruits of Cultivation Analysis: A Re-examination of the Effects of Television Watching on Fear of Victimization, Alienation, and the Approval of Violence." Public Opinion Quarterly, 1980,44(3), 287-302.
[58] Hirsch, Paul. "The 'Scary World' of the Nonviewer and Other Anomalies; A Reanalysis of Gerbner et al.'s Findings of Cultivation Analysis." Communication Research, 1980, 7(4), 403-456.
[59] John Tapper. "The Ecology of Cultivation: A Conceptual Model for Cultivation Research." Communication Theory, 1995, 5(1), 36-57.
[60] Michael D. Slater, Donna Rouner. "Entertainment桬ducation and Elaboration Likelihood: Understanding the Processing of Narrative Persuasion." Communication Theory, 2002, 12 (2), 173-191.
[61] Robin L. Nabi, Marina Krcmar. "Conceptualizing Media Enjoyment as Attitude: Implications for Mass Media Effects Research." Communication Theory, 2004,14 (4), 288-310.
[62] Lisa M. Schroeder. "Cultivation and the Elaboration Likelihood Model: A Test of the Learning and Construction and Availability Heuristic Models." Communication Studies, 2005, 56(3), 227-242.
[63] Helena Bilandzic. "The Perception of Distance in the Cultivation Process: A Theoretical Consideration of the Relationship Between Television Content, Processing Experience, and Perceived Distance." Communication Theory, 2006, 16 (3), 333-355.
1．《新媒体语境下涵化理论的模式转变》，《国际新闻界》，2008．06；
2．《新兴媒体公共传播的核心价值》，《华中科技大学学报(社会科学版)》，2008年第1期；
3．《电视学的建构与研究路径》，《新闻大学》，2007年冬季号；
4．《视听新媒体时代的广播电视发展》，《现代传播》，2007年第6期；
5．《公共电视的公共文化服务诉求》，《中国广播电视学刊》，2006．12；
6．《多元视角的纪录价值--评纪录片<再说长江>》入选《中国与世界--影视文化多样性的现实与前景》(李幸主编，华南理工大学出版社2007年版)；
7．《媒体镜像与现代性之困》刊于《媒介批评(第二辑)》(蒋原伦、张宁主编，广西师范大学出版社2006年版)；
8．《国家视角下的华文传媒选择--从CCTV<华人世界>看华文传媒的传播特征》入选第五届世界华文传媒与华夏文明传播学术研讨会；
1. MARIE-LOUISE MARES (1996) The Role of Source Confusions in Television's Cultivation of Social Reality Judgments, Human Communication Research 23(2),278-297.
2. L. J. SHRUM (1996) Psychological Processes Underlying Cultivation Effects Further Tests of Construct Accessibility, Human Communication Research 22(4), 482-509.
3. James Shanahan, Michael Morgan, Mads Stenbjerre (1997) Green or brown? Television and the cultivation of environmental concern, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 41(3), 305-324.
4. Glenn G Sparks, C Leigh Nelson, Rose G Campbell (1997) The relationship between exposure to televised messages about paranormal phenomena and paranormal beliefs, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 41(3), 345-360.
5. S Davis, M-L Mares (1998) Effects of talk show viewing on adolescents, Journal of Communication 48(3), 69-86.
6. James Shanahan (1998) Television and authoritarianism: Exploring the concept of mainstreaming, Political Communication 15(4), 483-495.
7. RA Botta (1999) Television images and adolescent girls' body image disturbance,Journal of Communication 49 (2), 22-41.
8. Yuki Fujioka (1999) Television portrayals and African-American stereotypes:Examination of television effects when direct contact is lacking, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 76(1), 52-76.
9. MARINA KRCMAR, PATTIM. VALKENBURG (1999) A Scale to Assess Children's Moral Interpretations of Justified and Unjustified Violence and Its Relationship to Television Viewing, Communication Research 26, 608-634.
10. L. J. Shrum (1999) The Relationship of Television Viewing with Attitude Strength and Extremity: Implications for the Cultivation Effect, Media Psychology 1(1), 3 - 25.
11. KRISTEN HARRISON (2000) Television Viewing, Fat Stereotyping, Body Shape Standards, and Eating Disorder Symptomatology in Grade School Children,Communication Research 27, 617-640.
12. Marina Krcmar, Kathryn Greene (2000) Connections Between Violent Television Exposure and Adolescent Risk Taking, Media Psychology 2(3), 195 - 217.
13. Rick W. Busselle (2001) Television Exposure, Perceived Realism, and Exemplar Accessibility in the Social Judgment Process, Media Psychology 3(1), 43 - 67.
14. Donald L Diefenbach, Mark D West (2001) Violent crime and poisson regression: A measure and a method for cultivation analysis, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 45(3), 432-446.
15. ROBIN L. NABI, JOHN L. SULLIVAN (2001) Does Television Viewing Relate to Engagement in Protective Action Against Crime?: A Cultivation Analysis From a Theory of Reasoned Action Perspective, Communication Research 28, 802-825.
16. P Rossler, H-B Brosius (2001) Do talk shows cultivate adolescents' views of the world? A prolonged-exposure experiment, Journal of Communication 51 (1), 143-163
17. LJ Shrum (2001) Processing strategy moderates the cultivation effect, Human Communication Research 27(1), 94-120.
18. J Shrum, D Bischak (2001) Mainstreaming, resonance, and impersonal impact: Testing moderators of the cultivation effect for estimates of crime risk, Human Communication Research 27(2), 187-215.
19. Hyung-Jin Woo, Joseph R Dominick (2001) Daytime television talk shows and the cultivation effect among U.S. and international students, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 45(4), 598-615.
20. Rick Busselle, Heather Crandall (2001) Television viewing and perceptions about race differences in socioeconomic success, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 46(2), 265-283.
21. Carine T. G M. Ex, Jan M. A. M. Janssens, Hubert P. L. M. Korzilius (2002) Young Females' Images of Motherhood in Relation to Television Viewing, Journal of Communication 52(4), 955-971.
22. Hyokjin Kwak, George M. Zinkhan, Joseph R. Dominick (2002) The Moderating Role of Gender and Compulsive Buying Tendencies in the Cultivation Effects of TV Show and TV Advertising: A Cross Cultural Study Between the United States and South Korea Media Psychology 4(1), 77 ?111.
23. Chris Segrin, Robin L. Nabi (2002) Does Television Viewing Cultivate Unrealistic Expectations About Marriage?, Journal of Communication 52(2), 247-263.
24. Stacy L. Smith, Barbara J. Wilson (2002) Children's Comprehension of and Fear Reactions to Television News, Media Psychology 4(1), 1-26.
25. Yan Bing Zhang, Jake Harwood (2002) Television viewing and perceptions of traditional Chinese values among Chinese college students, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 46(2), 245-265.
26. Jennifer Stevens Aubrey, Kristen Harrison, Leila Kramer, Jennifer Yellin (2003) Variety Versus Timing: Gender Differences in College Students' Sexual Expectations as Predicted by Exposure to Sexually Oriented Television, Communication Research 30, 432-460.
27. Moniek Buijzen, Patti M. Valkenburg (2003) The Unintended Effects of Television Advertising: A Parent-Child Survey, Communication Research 2003 30,483-503.
28. Kimberly Gross, Sean Aday (2003) The Scary World in Your Living Room and Neighborhood: Using Local Broadcast News, Neighborhood Crime Rates, and Personal Experience to Test Agenda Setting and Cultivation, Journal of Communication 53(3), 411-26.
29. R. Lance Holbert, Dhavan V. Shah, Nojin Kwak (2003) Political Implications of Prime-Time Drama and Sitcom Use: Genres of Representation and Opinions Concerning Women's Rights, Journal of Communication 53(1), 45-60.
30. W. James Potter, Tami K. Tomasello (2003) Building Upon the Experimental Design in Media Violence Research: The Importance of Including Receiver Interpretations, Journal of Communication 53(2), 315-329.
31. Rebecca M Chory-Assad, Ron Tamborini (2003) Television exposure and the public's perceptions of physicians, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 47(2), 197-215.
32. Daniel Romer, Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Sean Aday (2003) Television News and the Cultivation of Fear of Crime, Journal of Communication 53(1), 88-104.
33. Hyung-Jin Woo, Joseph R Dominick (2003) Acculturation, cultivation, and daytime TV talk show, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 80(1), 109-120.
34. Steven Eggermont (2004) Television Viewing, Perceived Similarity, and Adolescents' Expectations of a Romantic Partner, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 48(2), 244-266.
35. Travis L Dixon (2006) SCHEMAS AS AVERAGE CONCEPTIONS: SKIN TONE, TELEVISION NEWS EXPOSURE, AND CULPABILITY JUDGMENTS, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 83(1), 131-150.
36. Robert K. Goidel, Craig M. Freeman, Steven T. Procopio (2006) The Impact of Television Viewing on Perceptions of Juvenile Crime, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 50(1), 119-139.
37. Kristen Harrison (2006) Scope of Self: Toward a Model of Television's Effects on Self-Complexity in Adolescence, Communication Theory 16(2), 251-279.
38. Amir Hetsroni, Riva H. Tukachinsky (2006) Television-World Estimates, Real-World Estimates, and Television Viewing: A New Scheme for Cultivation, Journal of Communication 56(1), 133-156.
39. Stacy L. Smith, Emily Moyer-Gus(?) (2006) Children and the War on Iraq: Developmental Differences in Fear Responses to Television News Coverage, Media Psychology 8(3), 213-237.
40. Travis L. Dixon, Cristina L Azocar (2007) Priming Crime and Activating Blackness: Understanding the Psychological Impact of the Overrepresentation of Blacks as Lawbreakers on Television News, Journal of Communication 57(2), 229-253.
41. Maria Elizabeth Grabe, Dan G Drew (2007) Crime Cultivation: Comparisons Across Media Genres and Channels, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 51(1), 147-171.
42. Dana Mastro, Elizabeth Behm-Morawitz, Michelle Ortiz (2007) The Cultivation of Social Perceptions of Latinos: A Mental Models Approach, Media Psychology 9(2), 347-365.
43. Shinichi Saito (2007) Television and the Cultivation of Gender-Role Attitudes in Japan: Does Television Contribute to the Maintenance of the Status Quo?, Journal of Communication 57(3), 511-531.
44. Markus Appel (2008) Fictional Narratives Cultivate Just-World Beliefs, Journal of Communication 58(1), 62-83.
45. Jonathan Cohen (2008) What I Watch and Who I Am: National Pride and the Viewing of Local and Foreign Television in Israel, Journal of Communication 58 (1), 149-167.
46. Travis L. Dixon (2008) Crime News and Racialized Beliefs: Understanding the Relationship Between Local News Viewing and Perceptions of African Americans and Crime, Journal of Communication 58(1), 106-125.
1 一般电视观看指整体性的电视观看，在此类涵化研究中，研究者选取的电视观看内容通常是随机播放的电视内容，Morgan(1999)认为一股性电视观看的真实性应该处于脱口秀和电视剧之间。
2 特殊类型指某种具有较强指向性的电视内容，如Aubrey和Harrison(2003)对与性有关的电视内容对青少年性关系期待之间的关系进行涵化研究。
3 关于受众认知培养种类由表层到深层的分类主要根据W．James Potter等对涵化认知种类的分类标准．见Perceptions of Television: A Schema, Media Psychology, Volume 4, Issue 1 February 2002, pp.27-50
1 Singhal, A., E. M. Rogers. "A Theoretical Agenda for Entertainment-education." Communication Theory, 2003, 14(2), 117-35.
1按照米尔斯对社会科学理论的分类，涵化理论到80年代末成为了超越微观理论的中层理论，而对各个领域的传播研究起到了引导性的作用。
2 Jennings Bryant, Dorina Miron. "Theory and Research in Mass Communication." Journal of Communication, 2004, 54(4), 662-704.
3 Shanahan, James and Michael Morgan. Television and its Viewers: Cultivation Theory and Research. London: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 106.
4后设分析英文原文为meta-analysis，也被译作元分析、统合分析。
1 Gerbner, George. "Cultural Indicators: The Third Voice." In George Gerbner, Larry Gross, and William H. Melody (eds.), Communications Technology and Social Policy. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1973, pp. 555-573.
1 Shanahan, James and Michael Morgan. Television and its Viewers: Cultivation Theory and Research. London: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 6-7.
2文化指标小组的主要研究成果通过《暴力描述(Violence Profile)》列论文发表。
3 Gerbner, George, Larry Gross, Nancy Signorielli, Michael Morgan, and Marilyn Jackson-Beeck. "The Demonstrationof Power: Violence Profile No. 10." Journal of Communication, 1979, 29(3), 177-196.
4日前公认的第一篇正式发表的涵化分析文献为Gerbner，George and Larry Gross．“Living with Television：The Violence Profile．”Journal of Communication，1976，26(2)，173-199．
5 “罪恶世界综合症(Mean World Syndrome)”是文化指标小组提出的概念，用以表示电视培养了观众对于现实生活不安全和恐惧的夸张感觉。
6 Gerbner, George, Larry Gross, Marilyn Jackson-Beeck, Suzanne Jeffries-Fox, and Nancy Signorielli. "Cultural Indicators: Violence Profile No. 9." Journal of Communication, 1978, 28(3), 176-207.
1 Shanahan, James and Michael Morgan. Television and its Viewers: Cultivation Theory and Research. London: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 7.
2 Shanahan, James and Michael Morgan. Television and its Viewers: Cultivation Theory and Research. London: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 46.
3 Newcomb, Horace. "Assessing the Violence Profile of Gerbner and Gross: A Humanistic Critique and Suggestions." Communication Research, 1978, 5(3), 264-282.
4 Wober, J. M. "Televised Violence and Paranoid Perception: The View From Great Britain." Public Opinion Quarterly, 1978, 42(3), 315-321.
5 Doob, Anthony N. and Glenn E. Macdonald. "Television Viewing and Fear of Victimization: Is the Relationship Causal?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1979, 37(2), 170-179.
6 见Hughes, Michael. "The Fruits of Cultivation Analysis: A Re-examination of the Effects of Television Watching on Fear of Victimization, Alienation, and the Approval of Violence." Public Opinion Quarterly, 1980, 44(3), 287-302.和Hirsch, Paul. "The 'Scary World' of the Nonviewer and Other Anomalies; A Reanalysis of Gerbner et al.'s Findings of Cultivation Analysis." Communication Research, 1980, 7(4), 403-456.
1 Signorielli, N. "Television's contribution to sex role socialization." Paper presented to the Seventh Annual Telecommunications Policy Research Conference.
2 Gerbner, George, Larry Gross, Michael Morgan, and Nancy Signorielli. "The 'Mainstreaming' of America: Violence Profile No. 11." Journal of Communication, 1980, 30(3), 10-29.
1 Gerbner, George, Larry Gross, Michael Morgan, and Nancy Signorielli. "Charting the Mainstream: Television's Contributions to Political Orientations." Journal of Communication, 1982, 32(2), 100-127.
2 Gerbner, George, Larry Gross, Michael Morgan, and Nancy Signorielli. "Political Correlates of Television Viewing." Public Opinion Quarterly, 1984, 48(1), 283-300.
1 Morgan, Michael. "The Critical Contribution of George Gerbner." In J. Lent (ed.), A Different Road Taken: Profiles in Critical Communication. Boulder. Westview, 1995, pp. 99-117.
2 Gerbner, George. "A New Environmental Movement in Communication and Culture." Media Development, April 1990.
3 见《人民传播宪章》，http://www.pccharter.net/about.html。
1 见《人民传播宪章》, http://www.pccharter.net/about.html。
2 Signorielli, Nancy and Michael Morgan (eds). Cultivation Analysis: New Directions in Media Effects Research. Newbury Park: Sage, 1990, pp. 12-13.
3 Signorielli, Nancy and Michael Morgan (eds). Cultivation Analysis: New Directions in Media Effects Research. Newbury Park: Sage, 1990, pp. 12-13.
1 Gerbner, George and Kathleen Connolly. "Television As New Religion." New Catholic World, March/April 1978, pp. 52-56.
2 Gross, Larry and Michael Morgan. "Television and Enculturation." In Joseph R. Dominick and James E. Fletcher (eds.), Broadcasting Research Methods. Boston: Allyn &Bacon, 1985, pp. 221-234.
3 Signorielli, Nancy and Michael Morgan (eds). Cultivation Analysis: New Directions in Media Effects Research. Newbury Park: Sage, 1990, pp. 33.
4 Robert P. Hawkins, Suzanne Pingree, Jacqueline Bush Hitchon, Eileen Gillian, LeeAnn Kahlor, Bradley Gorham, Bradley W. Gorham, Prathana Kannaovakun, Toni Schmidt, Gudbjorg Hildur Kolbeins, Chin-I Wang, and Ronald C. Serliln. "What Holds Attention to Television? Strategic Inertia of Looks at Content Boundaries." Communication Research 2002 29: 3-30.
1 Shanahan, James and Michael Morgan. Television and its Viewers: Cultivation Theory and Research. London: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 30-32.
2暴力指数的计算公式为：VI=％P+2RP+2RH+％C+％K。其中％P指有暴力内容节目的百分比：RP指每个节目中暴力行为发生的频率；RH指每小时节目中暴力行为发生的频率；％C指卷入暴力的角色的百分比；％K指卷入谋杀的角色的百分比。
1 Nancy Signorielli. "Aging on Television: Messages Relating to Gender, Race, and Occupation in Prime Time." Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, Washington: Jun 2004, Vol. 48, Iss. 2, pp. 279-302.
2 Nancy Signorielli. "Aging on Television: Messages Relating to Gender, Race, and Occupation in Prime Time." Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, Washington: Jun 2004, Vol. 48, Iss. 2, pp. 279-302.
3 Gerbner, George, Larry Gross, Stewart Hoover, Michael Morgan, Nancy Signorielli, Harry E. Cotugno, and Robert Wuthnow. "Religion and Television." Philadelphia: The Annenberg School of Communications, University of Pennsylvania, 1984.
4 Rebecca M Chory-Assad, Ron Tamborini. "Television doctors: An analysis of physicians in fictional and non-fictional television programs." Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media. Washington: Summer 2001. Vol. 45, Iss. 3; pp. 499-522.
5 James Shanahan, Katherine McComas. "Television's portrayal of the environment: 1991- 1995." Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly. Columbia: Spring 1997. Vol. 74, Iss. 1; pp. 147-160.
6 Gerbner, George. "Learning Productive Aging as a Social Role: The Lessons of Television." In S. A. Bass, F. G. Caro & Y. Chen (eds.), Achieving a Productive Aging Society. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing, 1994.
1 Signorielli, Nancy and Michael Morgan. "Cultivation Analysis: Research and Practice." In M. Salwen & D. Stacks (eds.), An Integrated Approach to Communication Theory and Research. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1996, 111-126.
2 Hirsch, Paul. "The 'Scary World' of the Nonviewer and Other Anomalies; A Reanalysis of Gerbner et al.'s Findings of Cultivation Analysis." Communication Research, 1980, 7(4), 403-456.
3 M. J. Bryant, J. C. Lucove, K. R. Evenson, S. Marshall. "Measurement of television viewing in children and adolescents: a systematic review." Obesity reviews, 2007, 8, 197-209.
1 强制性错误问题即“forced-error”question，是文化指标小组用来测试不同观看程度观众社会认知差异的主要方式。问题有两个答案可供选择，一个是倾向于电视表达的答案，一个是倾向于真实世界的答案。比如参与测试的观众被要求回答“你认为人们每个星期被卷入暴力的可能性是多少”，备选答案为10％和1％，前者是“电视答案”，后者足“真实世界答案”。
2 涵化区分即“cultivation differential”，指重度观看者和轻度观看者在回答强制性错误问题时，选择电视答案的百分比差，是一种相对值。文化指标小组认为涵化区分可以解释重度观看电视导致的特殊态度、观点和信仰。
3 L. J. Shrum. "Processing Strategy Moderates the Cultivation Effect." Human Communication Research, 2001, 27(1), 94-120.
4 Potter, W. James. "Cultivation Theory and Research: A Methodological Critique." Journalism Monographs, 1994, 1-35.
5 Shanahan, James and Michael Morgan. Television and its Viewers: Cultivation Theory and Research. London: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 126.
6 Gerbner, George and Nancy Signorielli. "The World of Television News." In W. Adams & F. Schriebman (eds.), Television News Archives: Issues in Content Research. Washington, DC: George Washington University, 1978, pp. 189-196.
1 Gerbner George, Larry Gross, Marilyn Jackson-Beeck, Suzanne Jeffries-Fox, and Nancy Signorielli. "Cultural Indicators: Violence Profile No. 9." Journal of Communication, 1978, 28(3), 176-207.
1 Shanahan James and Michael Morgan. Television and its Viewers: Cultivation Theory and Research. London: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 28.
2 Shanahan James and Michael Morgan. Television and its Viewers: Cultivation Theory and Research. London: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 5.
3 Gerbner George, Larry Gross, Michael Morgan, and Nancy Signorielli. "The 'Mainstreaming' of America: Violence Profile No. 11." Journal of Communication, 1980, 30(3), 10-29.
1 John Tapper. "The Ecology of Cultivation: A Conceptual Model for Cultivation Research." Communication Theory, 1995, 5(1), 36-57.
1 John Tapper. "The Ecology of Cultivation: A Conceptual Model for Cultivation Research." Communication Theory, 1995, 5(1), 36-57.
1 Helena Bilandzic. "The Perception of Distance in the Cultivation Process: A Theoretical Consideration of the Relationship Between Television Content, Processing Experience, and Perceived Distance." Communication Theory, 2006, 16 (3), 333-355.
1 Rudner, Lawrence, Gene V Glass,David L.Evartt,and Patrick J.Emery.A user's guide to the meta-analysis of research studies.ERIC Clearinghouse on Assessment and Evaluation,University of Maryland,College Park,2002:37.
2 Hunter J E., Schmidt F L. Methods of Meta-analysis. Newbury Park, Calif Sage, 1990,pp.4-5.
3 Robert Rosenthal著，齐力译：《社会研究的后设分析程序》，台北：弘智文化事业有限公司，1999年版，18页。
1 Marianne Schmid Mast. "Dominance as Expressed and Inferred:Through Speaking Time:A Meta-Analysis." Human Communication Research, Vol. 28 No. 3, July 2002, 420-450.
2 Stephen A. Rains. "'Leveling the Organizational Playing Field-Virtually: A Meta-Analysis of Experimental Research, Assessing the Impact of Group Support System Use on Member Influence Behaviors." Communication Research, Vol.32 No. 2, April 2005, 193-234.
3 Amir Hetsroni. "Three Decades of Sexual Content on Prime-Time Network Programming: A Longitudinal Meta-Analytic Review." Journal of Communication 57 (2), 2007, 318-348.
4 Amir Hetsroni. "Four Decades of Violent Content on Prime-Time Network Programming: A Longitudinal Meta-Analytic Review." Journal of Communication 57 (4), 2007, 759-784.
1 John L.Sherry. "The effects of violent video games on aggression: A Meta-Analysis." Human Communication Research, 2001 27(3), 409-431.
2 Pradeep Sopory, James Price Dillard. "The Persuasive Effects of Metaphor :A Meta-Analysis." Human Communication Research, 2002 28(3), 382-419.
3 Mike Allen, Edward Mabry, Michelle Mattrey, John Bourhis, Scott Titsworth, Nancy Burrell. "Evaluating the Effectiveness of Distance Learning: A comparison using meta-analysis." Journal of Communication, September 2004, 402-420.
4 Craig R. Hullett. "The Impact of Mood on Persuasion: A Meta-Analysis." Communication Research, Vol.32 No. 4, August 2005, 423-442.
5 Dave D' Alessio,Mike Allen. "Media Bias in Presidential Elections: A Meta-Analysis." Journal of Communication, Autumn 2000, 133-156.
6 James Price Dillard, Kirsten M. Weber, Renata G. Vail. "The Relationship Between the Perceived and Actual Effectiveness of Persuasive Messages: A Meta-Analysis With Implications for Formative Campaign Research." Journal of Communication, 2007(57), 613-631.
1 Glynn, Carroll J., Andrew F. Hayes, James Shanahan. "Perceived Support for One's Opinions and Willingness to Speak Out: A Meta-Analysis of Survey Studies on the 'Spiral of Silence'." Public Opinion Quarterly, 1997(61), 452-463.
2 Shanahan, James and Michael Morgan. Television and its Viewers: Cultivation Theory and Research. London: Cambridge University Press, 1999,pp.126.
3 Robert Rosenthal著，齐力译：《社会研究的后设分析程序》，台北：弘智文化事业有限公司，1999年版，第68页。
1 确定某一期刊是否属于大众传播类期刊是根据祝建华的分类，见http://zjz06.ycool.com/post.2755034.html。
1 Glass, G.V, McGaw, B., Smith, M.L. Meta-Analysis in Social Research. SAGE, Beverly Hills CA,1981,pp92.
2 Snedecor G W, Cochran W G. Statistical method(7th Ed.). The Iowa State University Press, 1980,pp.353.
1 Hunter J E., Schmidt F L. Methods of Meta-analysis. Newbury Park, Calif Sage, 1990, pp. 135.
1 Robert Rosenthal著，齐力译：《社会研究的后设分析程序》，台北：弘智文化事业有限公司，1999年版，97页。
2 后设分析中常用的组合效果大小统计模型有两种：一是固定效应模型(fixed effect model)，这种模型假定有相似特性的多个研究在同一级别有一个共同的真实效应大小。即观察效应yi=θ+ei，各独立研究的真实效应都为θ，实际的观察效应值yi与θ的差别是由于抽样误差ei造成的。二是随机效应模型(random effect model)，这种模型假定有相似特性的多个研究的真实效应在不同的研究间存在差异。由于这些效应来自同一总体，因此效应大小可以通过假定具有代表性的独立研究样本来进行估计。即观察效应yi=θi+ei，θi=θ+δi，其中θi为各研究的真实效应，θ为平均效应，ei为抽样误差。由于随即效应模式更容易受到小样本和发表偏倚的影响，因而后设分析一般使用固定效应模型，本研究也将使用固定效应模型来对效果大小进行组合。
1 Shanahan, James and Michael Morgan. Television and its Viewers: Cultivation Theory and Research. London: Cambridge University Press, 1999,pp. 126.
1 Shanahan, James and Michael Morgan. Television and its Viewers: Cultivation Theory and Research. London: Cambridge University Press, 1999,pp. 126.
2 Shrum, L.J. "Psychological Processes Underlying Cultivation Effects: Further Tests of Construct Accessibility." Human Communication Research, 1996, 22(4), 482-509.
1 Morgan, Michael and Nancy Signorielli. "Cultivation Analysis: Conceptualization and Methodology." In Nancy Signorielli and Michael Morgan (eds), Cultivation Analysis: New Directions in Media Effects Research. Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 1990, pp. 13-34.
2 由于一般电视观看种类在组合类型的后设分析中已经涉及，因而在不同电视观看种类的亚组分析中不包含一般电视观看种类：如果一个原始研究内部报告了关于某一电视观看种类的多个单一研究结果，则采用平均法得到该研究关于此类观看种类的单个效果大小。
3 对单一研究结果的处理方法与上述电视观看种类的处理方法相同。
1 Doob, Anthony N. and Glenn E. Macdonald. "Television Viewing and Fear of Victimization: Is the Relationship Causal?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1979, 37(2), 170-179.
1 Wober, J. M. "Televised Violence and Paranoid Perception: The View From Great Britain." Public Opinion Quarterly, 1978, 42(3), 315-321.
1 Shanahan, James. "Television and Authoritarianism: Exploring the Concept of Mainstreaming." Political Communication, 1998, 15,483-496.
2[英]约翰·B．汤普森：《意识形态与现代文化》，高铦等译，译林出版社2005年版，第150-160页。
1 Gerbner, George, Larry Gross, Michael Morgan, and Nancy Signorielli. "Growing Up with Television: The Cultivation Perspective". In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (eds.), Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994, pp. 17-41.
1 Gerbner, George, Larry Gross, Nancy Signorielli, and Michael Morgan. "Aging with Television: Images on Television Drama and Conceptions of Social Reality." Journal of Communication, 1980, 30(1), 37-47.
2 Gerbner, George, Larry Gross, Michael Morgan, and Nancy Signorielli. "Charting the Mainstream: Television's Contributions to Political Orientations." Journal of Communication, 1982, 32(2), 100-127.
1 Gerbner, George. "Children and Power on Television: The Other Side of the Picture." In G. Gerbner, C.J. Ross, & E. Zigler (eds.), Child Abuse: An Agenda for Action. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980, pp. 239-248.
1 关于这个后设分析结论的细节，可以参见Shanahan．James and Michael Morgan．Television and its Viewers: Cultivation Theory and Research. London: Cambridge University Press, 1999。
1 Shanahan, James and Michael Morgan. Television and its Viewers: Cultivation Theory and Research. London: Cambridge University Press, 1999,pp. 141.
1 本研究选择的一些原始研究从不同的角度考察了受众认知结构对涵化效果的影响。Mares(1996)研究电视观看与暴力、罪恶世界和社会经济地位认知的关系，发现受众对消息来源的误解会改变涵化效果。Shrum(2001)研究电视观看与犯罪、职业、富裕和婚姻认知的关系时，对观众原有的生活经验和认知结构对涵化关系的影响进行了考察。Potter和Tomasello(2003)对电视观看和暴力认知的关系研究中，发现观众的解释性变量会对涵化效果产生显著影响，观众解释性变量与电视观看一致时，涵化效果会被显著提升。
2 本研究选择的原始研究中，Busselle和Crandall(2002)研究电视观看与社会经济成功种族差别的认知的关系，Eggermont(2004)研究电视观看与青少年对爱人的期待的关系，都发现受众的社会关系会对涵化效果产生影响。Segrin和Nabi(2002)研究电视观看与对婚姻认知的关系，发现受众的感情关系状态会造成涵化效果差异。Aubrey和Harrison(2003)研究电视观看与性关系期待的关系，发现恋爱关系的状态、持续时间和满意度会影响涵化效果。Woo和Dominick(2003)研究电视观看与对美国家庭、夫妻、朋友、恋人关系认知的关系，发现文化适应程度对涵化效果产生了影响。
3 Gerbner, George. "Political Functions of Television Viewing: A Cultivation Analysis." In G. Melischek, K.E. Rosengren, & J. Stappers (eds.), Cultural Indicators: An International Symposium. Vienna, Austria: Verlag der Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1984, 329-343.
1 Morgan, Michael. "Television and the Erosion of Regional Diversity." Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 1986, 30(2), 123-139.
1 Hyung-Jin Woo, Joseph R Dominick. "Acculturation, cultivation, and daytime TV talk show". Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly. Columbia: Spring 2003. Vol. 80, Iss. 1, pp. 109-123.
2 Gerbner, George. "Television Violence: The Power and the Peril." In Gail Dines and Jean M. Humez (eds.) Gender, Race, and Class in Media: A Critical Text-Reader. Newbury Park: Sage, 1995.
1 Hoover, Stewart M. "Television, Religion, and Religious Television: Purposes and Cross Purposes." In Nancy Signorielli and Michael Morgan (eds), Cultivation Analysis: New Directions in Media Effects Research. Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 1990, pp. 123-140.
1 Michael D. Slater, Donna Rouner. "Entertainment-Education and Elaboration Likelihood: Understanding the Processing of Narrative Persuasion." Communication Theory, 2002, 12 (2), 173-191.
1 Hawkins, Robert P., Suzanne Pingree, and Ilya Adler. "Searching for Cognitive Processes in the Cultivation Effect." Human Communication Research, 1987, 13(4), 553-577.
1 Potter, W. James. "Examining Cultivation from a Psychological Perspective: Component Subprocesses." Communication Research, 1991, 18, 77-102.
2 Potter, W. James. "Cultivation Theory and Research: A Conceptual Critique." Human Communication Research, 1993, 19, 564-601.
1 Shrum, L.J. and Thomas C. O'Guinn. "Processes and Effects in the Construction of Social Reality: Construct Accessibility as an Explanatory Variable." Communication Research, 1993, 20(3), 436-471.
[1][美]Robert Rosenthal著，齐力译：《社会研究的后设分析程序》，台北：弘智文化事业有限公司，1999年版
[2]黄芳、刘建明：《值得关注的新闻涵化》，《新闻与写作》，2007年第6期
[3]郭中实：《涵化理论：电视世界真的影响深远吗?》，《新闻与传播研究》，1997年第2期
[4]蔡骐、杨静：《关于涵化理论的历史考察和方法论反思》，《吉首大学学报(社会科学版)》，2005年第4期
[5]丁婕：《中国电视法制节目的涵化理论》，《山东视听》，2006年第3期
[6]王玲宇、张国良：《网络暴力游戏对青少年的“涵化”影响--对上海市中学生的调查》，《当代青年研究》，2005年第5期
[7]武鸿鸣：《新闻客观性与新闻涵化》，《当代传播》，2004年第5期
[8]麦克·摩根、詹姆斯·尚翰：《涵化研究的两个十年--一个总体评估和元分析》，龙耘译，《现代传播》，2002年第5期、第6期
[9]郭镇之：《乔治·格伯纳及其“电视教养”理论和“文化指标”研究》，《国际新闻界》，2006年第1期
[10]蔡骐、杨静：《电视暴力与儿童成长》，《声屏世界》，2006年第5期
[11]杨静：《论电视对儿童的涵化作用》，湖南师范大学，2006年硕士论文
[12]龙耘：《中国大众传媒涵化功能研究》，复旦大学，2003年博士论文
[13]陈磊：《儿童与电视的互动关系》，《当代传播》，2003年第1期
[14]肖小霞、任许文：《网络暴力游戏与青少年成长--基于6家网吧250位游戏玩家的实证调查》，《青年探索》，2007年第5期
[15]黄月慧：《从“培养理论”看“韩流”现象》，《财经界(下半月)》，2006年第12期
[16][意]安东尼奥·葛兰西：《狱中札记》，曹雷雨等译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2000年版
[17][德]卡尔·曼海姆：《意识形态与乌托邦》，黎鸣、李书崇译，北京：商务印书馆，2000年版
[18]孟登迎：《意识形态与主体建构：阿尔都塞意识形态理论》，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2002年版
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[22][英]约翰·B．汤普森：《意识形态与现代文化》，高锸等译，南京：译林出版社，2005年版
[23][英]尼克·史蒂文森：《媒介的转型：全球化、道德和伦理》，北京：北京大学出版社，2006年版
[24][美]罗伯特·C．艾伦：《重组话语频道》，麦永雄、柏敬泽等译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2000年版
[25]英]格雷姆·伯顿：《媒体与社会：批判的视角》，史安斌译，北京：清华大学出版社，2007年版
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[29][法]古斯塔夫·勒庞：《乌合之众：大众心理研究》，冯克利译，北京：中央编译出版社，2004年版
[30][美]约翰·菲斯克：《解读大众文化》，杨全强译，南京：南京大学出版社，2001年版
[31][德]尤尔根·哈贝马斯：《公共领域的结构转型》，曹卫东译，上海：学林出版社，1999年版
[32]祝基滢：《政治传播学》，台湾三民书局，1983年版
[33][英]约翰·基恩：《媒体与民主》，继红，刘士军译，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2003年版
[34][英]詹姆斯·卡伦：《媒体与权力》，史安斌、董关鹏译，北京清华大学出版社， 2006年版
[35][美]阿特休尔：《权力的媒介》，黄煜，裘志康译，北京：华夏出版社，1989年版
[36][英]罗杰·西尔弗斯通：《电视与日常生活》，陶庆梅译，南京：江苏人民出版社，2004年版
[37][美]约翰·菲斯克：《电视文化》，祁阿红、张鲲译，北京：商务印书馆，2005年版
[38][英]理查德·豪厄尔斯：《视觉文化》，葛红兵等译，桂林：广西师范大学出版社，2007年版
[39][美]W.J.T.米歇尔：《图像理论》，陈永国、胡永征译，北京：北京大学出版社，2006年版
[40][美]仙托·艾英戈、唐纳德·R．金德：《至关重要的新闻：电视与美国民意》，刘海龙译，北京：新华出版社，2004年版
[41]石长顺、张建红：《公共电视》，武汉：武汉大学出版社，2007年版
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[43][英]尼古拉斯·阿伯克龙比：《电视与社会》，张永喜、鲍贵、陈光明译，南京：南京大学出版社，2001年版
[44][英]安德鲁·古德温、加里·惠内尔：《电视的真相》，魏礼庆、王丽丽译，北京：中央编译出版社，2001年版
[45]王逢迎主编：《电视与权力》，天津：天津社会科学院出版社，2000年版
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[47][英]大卫·麦克奎恩：《理解电视》，苗棣、赵长军、李黎丹译，北京：华夏出版社，2003年版
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[49]李英田：《大众传播规律与意识形态建设--对运用大众传播学服务我国意识形态建设的思考》，《资料通讯》，2006年第1期
[50]刘昀献：《论20世纪以来西方主流意识形态的演变及其功能》，《河南大学学报(社会科学版)》，2004年第3期
[51]石本惠：《论中国社会主流意识形态的建构及其整合的功能》，《社会主义研究》，2006年第6期
[52]张治库：《社会主义意识形态的整合功能》，《社会主义研究》，2004年第5期
[53]唐晓波：《全球化背景下我国主流意识形态整合功能的优化》，《湖北社会科学》，2006年第6期
[54]钟添生、邓彦：《社会主义意识形态的整合机制》，《江西社会科学》，2006年10期
[55]潘知常、彭海涛：《意识形态理论的视境：传媒作为权力世界--西方传媒批判理论研究札记之二》，《现代传播》，2003年第5期
[56]吴家骥、鲁彩荣：《意识形态整合：构建社会主义和谐社会的重大课题》，《学术探索》，2005年第1期
[57]王永贵：《影响我国主流意识形态建设的西方主要意识形态透视》，《社会科学研究》，2007年第1期
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1．《新媒体语境下涵化理论的模式转变》，《国际新闻界》，2008．06；
2．《新兴媒体公共传播的核心价值》，《华中科技大学学报(社会科学版)》，2008年第1期；
3．《电视学的建构与研究路径》，《新闻大学》，2007年冬季号；
4．《视听新媒体时代的广播电视发展》，《现代传播》，2007年第6期；
5．《公共电视的公共文化服务诉求》，《中国广播电视学刊》，2006．12；
6．《多元视角的纪录价值--评纪录片<再说长江>》入选《中国与世界--影视文化多样性的现实与前景》(李幸主编，华南理工大学出版社2007年版)；
7．《媒体镜像与现代性之困》刊于《媒介批评(第二辑)》(蒋原伦、张宁主编，广西师范大学出版社2006年版)；
8．《国家视角下的华文传媒选择--从CCTV<华人世界>看华文传媒的传播特征》入选第五届世界华文传媒与华夏文明传播学术研讨会；
1. MARIE-LOUISE MARES (1996) The Role of Source Confusions in Television's Cultivation of Social Reality Judgments, Human Communication Research 23(2),278-297.
2. L. J. SHRUM (1996) Psychological Processes Underlying Cultivation Effects Further Tests of Construct Accessibility, Human Communication Research 22(4), 482-509.
3. James Shanahan, Michael Morgan, Mads Stenbjerre (1997) Green or brown? Television and the cultivation of environmental concern, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 41(3), 305-324.
4. Glenn G Sparks, C Leigh Nelson, Rose G Campbell (1997) The relationship between exposure to televised messages about paranormal phenomena and paranormal beliefs, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 41(3), 345-360.
5. S Davis, M-L Mares (1998) Effects of talk show viewing on adolescents, Journal of Communication 48(3), 69-86.
6. James Shanahan (1998) Television and authoritarianism: Exploring the concept of mainstreaming, Political Communication 15(4), 483-495.
7. RA Botta (1999) Television images and adolescent girls' body image disturbance,Journal of Communication 49 (2), 22-41.
8. Yuki Fujioka (1999) Television portrayals and African-American stereotypes:Examination of television effects when direct contact is lacking, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 76(1), 52-76.
9. MARINA KRCMAR, PATTIM. VALKENBURG (1999) A Scale to Assess Children's Moral Interpretations of Justified and Unjustified Violence and Its Relationship to Television Viewing, Communication Research 26, 608-634.
10. L. J. Shrum (1999) The Relationship of Television Viewing with Attitude Strength and Extremity: Implications for the Cultivation Effect, Media Psychology 1(1), 3 - 25.
11. KRISTEN HARRISON (2000) Television Viewing, Fat Stereotyping, Body Shape Standards, and Eating Disorder Symptomatology in Grade School Children,Communication Research 27, 617-640.
12. Marina Krcmar, Kathryn Greene (2000) Connections Between Violent Television Exposure and Adolescent Risk Taking, Media Psychology 2(3), 195 - 217.
13. Rick W. Busselle (2001) Television Exposure, Perceived Realism, and Exemplar Accessibility in the Social Judgment Process, Media Psychology 3(1), 43 - 67.
14. Donald L Diefenbach, Mark D West (2001) Violent crime and poisson regression: A measure and a method for cultivation analysis, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 45(3), 432-446.
15. ROBIN L. NABI, JOHN L. SULLIVAN (2001) Does Television Viewing Relate to Engagement in Protective Action Against Crime?: A Cultivation Analysis From a Theory of Reasoned Action Perspective, Communication Research 28, 802-825.
16. P Rossler, H-B Brosius (2001) Do talk shows cultivate adolescents' views of the world? A prolonged-exposure experiment, Journal of Communication 51 (1), 143-163
17. LJ Shrum (2001) Processing strategy moderates the cultivation effect, Human Communication Research 27(1), 94-120.
18. J Shrum, D Bischak (2001) Mainstreaming, resonance, and impersonal impact: Testing moderators of the cultivation effect for estimates of crime risk, Human Communication Research 27(2), 187-215.
19. Hyung-Jin Woo, Joseph R Dominick (2001) Daytime television talk shows and the cultivation effect among U.S. and international students, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 45(4), 598-615.
20. Rick Busselle, Heather Crandall (2001) Television viewing and perceptions about race differences in socioeconomic success, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 46(2), 265-283.
21. Carine T. G M. Ex, Jan M. A. M. Janssens, Hubert P. L. M. Korzilius (2002) Young Females' Images of Motherhood in Relation to Television Viewing, Journal of Communication 52(4), 955-971.
22. Hyokjin Kwak, George M. Zinkhan, Joseph R. Dominick (2002) The Moderating Role of Gender and Compulsive Buying Tendencies in the Cultivation Effects of TV Show and TV Advertising: A Cross Cultural Study Between the United States and South Korea Media Psychology 4(1), 77 ?111.
23. Chris Segrin, Robin L. Nabi (2002) Does Television Viewing Cultivate Unrealistic Expectations About Marriage?, Journal of Communication 52(2), 247-263.
24. Stacy L. Smith, Barbara J. Wilson (2002) Children's Comprehension of and Fear Reactions to Television News, Media Psychology 4(1), 1-26.
25. Yan Bing Zhang, Jake Harwood (2002) Television viewing and perceptions of traditional Chinese values among Chinese college students, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 46(2), 245-265.
26. Jennifer Stevens Aubrey, Kristen Harrison, Leila Kramer, Jennifer Yellin (2003) Variety Versus Timing: Gender Differences in College Students' Sexual Expectations as Predicted by Exposure to Sexually Oriented Television, Communication Research 30, 432-460.
27. Moniek Buijzen, Patti M. Valkenburg (2003) The Unintended Effects of Television Advertising: A Parent-Child Survey, Communication Research 2003 30,483-503.
28. Kimberly Gross, Sean Aday (2003) The Scary World in Your Living Room and Neighborhood: Using Local Broadcast News, Neighborhood Crime Rates, and Personal Experience to Test Agenda Setting and Cultivation, Journal of Communication 53(3), 411-26.
29. R. Lance Holbert, Dhavan V. Shah, Nojin Kwak (2003) Political Implications of Prime-Time Drama and Sitcom Use: Genres of Representation and Opinions Concerning Women's Rights, Journal of Communication 53(1), 45-60.
30. W. James Potter, Tami K. Tomasello (2003) Building Upon the Experimental Design in Media Violence Research: The Importance of Including Receiver Interpretations, Journal of Communication 53(2), 315-329.
31. Rebecca M Chory-Assad, Ron Tamborini (2003) Television exposure and the public's perceptions of physicians, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 47(2), 197-215.
32. Daniel Romer, Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Sean Aday (2003) Television News and the Cultivation of Fear of Crime, Journal of Communication 53(1), 88-104.
33. Hyung-Jin Woo, Joseph R Dominick (2003) Acculturation, cultivation, and daytime TV talk show, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 80(1), 109-120.
34. Steven Eggermont (2004) Television Viewing, Perceived Similarity, and Adolescents' Expectations of a Romantic Partner, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 48(2), 244-266.
35. Travis L Dixon (2006) SCHEMAS AS AVERAGE CONCEPTIONS: SKIN TONE, TELEVISION NEWS EXPOSURE, AND CULPABILITY JUDGMENTS, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 83(1), 131-150.
36. Robert K. Goidel, Craig M. Freeman, Steven T. Procopio (2006) The Impact of Television Viewing on Perceptions of Juvenile Crime, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 50(1), 119-139.
37. Kristen Harrison (2006) Scope of Self: Toward a Model of Television's Effects on Self-Complexity in Adolescence, Communication Theory 16(2), 251-279.
38. Amir Hetsroni, Riva H. Tukachinsky (2006) Television-World Estimates, Real-World Estimates, and Television Viewing: A New Scheme for Cultivation, Journal of Communication 56(1), 133-156.
39. Stacy L. Smith, Emily Moyer-Gus(?) (2006) Children and the War on Iraq: Developmental Differences in Fear Responses to Television News Coverage, Media Psychology 8(3), 213-237.
40. Travis L. Dixon, Cristina L Azocar (2007) Priming Crime and Activating Blackness: Understanding the Psychological Impact of the Overrepresentation of Blacks as Lawbreakers on Television News, Journal of Communication 57(2), 229-253.
41. Maria Elizabeth Grabe, Dan G Drew (2007) Crime Cultivation: Comparisons Across Media Genres and Channels, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 51(1), 147-171.
42. Dana Mastro, Elizabeth Behm-Morawitz, Michelle Ortiz (2007) The Cultivation of Social Perceptions of Latinos: A Mental Models Approach, Media Psychology 9(2), 347-365.
43. Shinichi Saito (2007) Television and the Cultivation of Gender-Role Attitudes in Japan: Does Television Contribute to the Maintenance of the Status Quo?, Journal of Communication 57(3), 511-531.
44. Markus Appel (2008) Fictional Narratives Cultivate Just-World Beliefs, Journal of Communication 58(1), 62-83.
45. Jonathan Cohen (2008) What I Watch and Who I Am: National Pride and the Viewing of Local and Foreign Television in Israel, Journal of Communication 58 (1), 149-167.
46. Travis L. Dixon (2008) Crime News and Racialized Beliefs: Understanding the Relationship Between Local News Viewing and Perceptions of African Americans and Crime, Journal of Communication 58(1), 106-125.
1 一般电视观看指整体性的电视观看，在此类涵化研究中，研究者选取的电视观看内容通常是随机播放的电视内容，Morgan(1999)认为一股性电视观看的真实性应该处于脱口秀和电视剧之间。
2 特殊类型指某种具有较强指向性的电视内容，如Aubrey和Harrison(2003)对与性有关的电视内容对青少年性关系期待之间的关系进行涵化研究。
3 关于受众认知培养种类由表层到深层的分类主要根据W．James Potter等对涵化认知种类的分类标准．见Perceptions of Television: A Schema, Media Psychology, Volume 4, Issue 1 February 2002, pp.27-50