联合卫星测高数据确定大地水准面的应用和研究
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摘要
大地水准面作为全球高程测量的理论基准面，在现实工作中，国家或者地区高程系统的起算面是利用验潮方法来确定局部平均海平面的，两者之间的差距是显而易见的。卫星测高作为二十世纪七十年代发展起来的一项空间测量技术，能在全球范围内全天候、多次重复、准确地提供海洋表面到卫星距离的观测值，在地球物理学领域和大地测量领域有广泛的应用。
本文简单的介绍了大地水准面的基本发展情况；卫星测高技术的发展和应用；卫星测高数据的各种误差源和数据处理方法，包括共线平差和交叠点平差方法：简单的介绍了几种测高数据格网化的方法以及由测高数据求解重力异常的方法；着重讨论了由卫星测高数据求解海洋大地水准面的方法，同时讨论了海洋陆地数据联合求解的测高重力混合问题，提出了以傅立叶级数展开为基础的联合求解方法。
最后用20个周期的Topex/Poseidon数据解算出了中国局部地区海洋大地水准面起伏。
The geoid is used to be regarded as the theoretic global vertical reference .The actual national height references are regional mean sea levels determined by tide gauge station. The difference between them is apparent. The satellite altimetry has developed as a kind of important space geodetic technique since 1970s. The return signals from ocean regions can provide all-weather height information above the sea level repeatedly and accurately. The satellite altimetry has now not only impacted strongly on the field of oceanography and geophysics, but also changed greatly the fact of geodesy.
In this paper, the developments of geoid determination are reviewed. The application and development of satellite altimetry during the past several decades year are described. A number of error sources and its pre-process methods including collinear adjustment and crossover adjustment are also discussed. Several different methods for gridding the altimetric data and recovery of gravity anomalies are summarized. We focus on the recovering of marine geoid, and the altimetry-gravity problem on how to combine the gravity data and altimetric data, then provide a new combined method based on Fourier series expanding.
Finally, the ocean geoid of China is worked out with about six months Topex/Poseidon data.
本文简单的介绍了大地水准面的基本发展情况；卫星测高技术的发展和应用；卫星测高数据的各种误差源和数据处理方法，包括共线平差和交叠点平差方法：简单的介绍了几种测高数据格网化的方法以及由测高数据求解重力异常的方法；着重讨论了由卫星测高数据求解海洋大地水准面的方法，同时讨论了海洋陆地数据联合求解的测高重力混合问题，提出了以傅立叶级数展开为基础的联合求解方法。
最后用20个周期的Topex/Poseidon数据解算出了中国局部地区海洋大地水准面起伏。
The geoid is used to be regarded as the theoretic global vertical reference .The actual national height references are regional mean sea levels determined by tide gauge station. The difference between them is apparent. The satellite altimetry has developed as a kind of important space geodetic technique since 1970s. The return signals from ocean regions can provide all-weather height information above the sea level repeatedly and accurately. The satellite altimetry has now not only impacted strongly on the field of oceanography and geophysics, but also changed greatly the fact of geodesy.
In this paper, the developments of geoid determination are reviewed. The application and development of satellite altimetry during the past several decades year are described. A number of error sources and its pre-process methods including collinear adjustment and crossover adjustment are also discussed. Several different methods for gridding the altimetric data and recovery of gravity anomalies are summarized. We focus on the recovering of marine geoid, and the altimetry-gravity problem on how to combine the gravity data and altimetric data, then provide a new combined method based on Fourier series expanding.
Finally, the ocean geoid of China is worked out with about six months Topex/Poseidon data.
引文
[1]边少锋，大地测量边值问题数值解法与重力场逼近，博士论文，1992，3
[2]陈俊勇，魏子卿等，迈进新千年的大地测量学
[3]陈俊勇，李建成，晁定波，用T／P测高数据确定中国海域及其邻海的海面高及海面地形，武汉测绘科技大学学报，Vol，20，NO．4，1995，12
[4]管泽霖，李建成，晁定波，宁津生，WDZ94中国重力大地水准面研究，武汉测绘科技大学学报，NO．4，1994
[5]管泽霖，管铮等，局部重力场逼近理论和方法，测绘出版社，1997
[6]管泽霖，左传惠，吴黎明等，用FFT计算川西地区的高程异常，武汉测绘科技大学学报，NO．3，1993
[7]黄谟涛，管铮，翟国君，欧阳永忠，全球重力场模型研究的过去、现在和未来(一)，海洋测绘，NO．1，1998
[8]黄谟涛，管铮，翟国君，欧阳永忠，全球重力场模型研究的过去、现在和未来(二)，海洋测绘，NO．2，1998
[9]黄谟涛，管铮，翟国君，欧阳永忠，全球重力场模型研究的过去、现在和未来(三)，海洋测绘，NO．3，1998
[10]黄谟涛，管铮，翟国君，欧阳永忠，全球重力场模型研究的过去、现在和未来(四)，海洋测绘，NO．4，1998
[11]黄谟涛，翟国君等，利用卫星测高数据反演海洋重力异常研究，海军海洋测绘研究所
[12]黄谟涛，翟国君等，利用FFT技术计算大地水准面高若干问题研究，测绘学报，Vol．29，NO．2，2000，3
[13]姜卫平，卫星测高技术在大地测量学中的应用，博士论文，2001，4
[14]王广运，王海瑛，许国昌，卫星测高原理，科学出版社，1992
[15]李建成，王正涛，胡建国，联合多种卫星测高数据分析全球和中国海洋平面变化，武汉测绘科技大学学报，Vol．25，NO．4，2000，8
[16]梁开龙，翟国君，影响求定大地水准面精度因素的分析，海军大连舰艇学院学报，Vol．19，NO．4，1996
[17]梁振英，关于卫星测高中的几个相关问题的讨论，测绘科技动态，NO．1，1999
[18]陆洋，利用卫星测高数据改善地球重力场模型的研究，博士论文，1997，9
[19]陆仲连，吴晓平等，弹道导弹重力学，八一出版社，1992
[20]欧阳永忠，翟国君，用T／P测高数据及求海域重力异常，海洋测绘，NO．2，1997
[21]王海瑛，中国近海卫星测高数据处理与应用研究，博士论文，1999，12
[22]王海瑛，王广运，利用Geosat、ERM卫星测高数据计算中国近海海平面，测绘学报，Vol．25，NO．1，1996
[23]王海瑛，陆洋，许厚泽，王广运，利用T／P卫星测高资料构造中国近海及邻域平均海平面和海面地形，海洋和湖沼，Vol．30，NO．4，1999，7
[24]王海瑛，许厚泽，王广运，中国近海海域Geosat卫星测高海平面和海面地形研究，科学通报，1997，42187：852—394
[25]王海瑛，陆洋，王广运，中国近海卫星测高数据的重力异常反演Ⅰ.Stokes公式逆运算+2DFFT法，高科技通讯，2000，10(118)：48—51
[26]王海瑛，王广运，中国近海卫星测高数据的重力异常反演Ⅱ．沿轨迹垂线偏差反演法，高科技通讯，2000，10(119)：46—49
[27]吴宏秋，郑大伟，Topex／Poseidon卫星海洋测高资料的预处理，上海天文台年刊，1997，18：4—12
[28]杨震岱，我国海域大地水准面的确定激起精度，海洋测绘(专辑)，NO．9，1992
[29]许厚泽，王海瑛，陆洋，王广运，利用卫星测高数据推求中国近海及邻域大地水准面起伏和重力异常的研究，地球物理学报，1999，42(4)：464-771
[30]翟国君，黄谟涛，谢锡君，欧阳永忠，卫星测高数据处理的理论与方法，测绘出版社，2000
[31]翟国君，欧阳永忠，测高数据处理中权的选取，海洋测绘，NO．1，1997
[32]张传定，卫星重力测量基础，模型比方法与数据处理算法，博士论文，2000，9
[33]Richard H.Rapp,全球大地水准面差距模型的计算及精度，武测译文，NO．2，1993
[34]AVISO，合并的Topex／Poseidon产品AVISO用户手册(2.1版)，张瑞华译，总参谋部测绘研究所，2000，3
[35]Basic, T and RH Rapp, Oceanwide Prediction of gravity anomalies and Sea surface heights Using Geos-3, Seasat and Geosat altimeter data and ETOPOP5U data, OSU Rep, NO. 416,1992
[36]CHEINWAY,HWANG, A Bathy metric Model for the South China sea from Satellite Altimetry and Depth Data, Marin Geodesy, 22:37-51,1999
[37]Engelis, T and P Kundsen, Orbit Improvement and Determination of the ocean Geoid and Topography from IT Days of Seasat Data, Manu. Geod.,13:180-190,1988
[38]Engelis, T, Radial orbit Error Reduction and Sea surface Topography Determination using Satellite Altimetry, OSU, Dep, 377,1987
[39]Hwang C, Inverse Vening Meinese Formula and Deflection Geoid Formula:
Applications to the Predictions of Gravity and Geoid over the South China Sea, Journal of Geodesy, Col.72, pp304-312, 1998
[40] Hwang, CW, Inverse Vening Meinesz formula and deflection geoid formula: applications to the predictions of gravity and geoid over the South China Sea, J. Geadyn.,1998
[41] Janis Kaminskis, Rene Forskerg , The geoid determination in Latvia from gravity and satellite altimetry
[42] Kefei Zhang, Altimetric gravity anomalies .their assessment and combination with local gravity field
[43] Kundsen, P, Simultaneous Use of Gravity and Satellite Altimeter Data for Geoid Determination, Bollettino di Geodesiae Scienze Affini, ANNO XLVIN . 1, 1-20,1987
[44] M.J. Sevilla, A high resolution gravimetric geoid in the strait of Gibraltar, Journal of Geodesy 11:402-410,1997
[45] Marsh, JG and RG Williamson, Precision Orbit Analysis in Support of the Seasat Altimeter Experiment, J.Astron.sci, 28(141) , 345:369, 1980
[46] Nerem, Rs, BD Tapley, and Ck, Shun, Determination of the Ocean Circulation Using Geosat Altimetry, J. Geophys , Res , 95(c3) , 3163-3179, 1990
[47] Nerem, RS, et , al, Gravity Model Development for Topex/Poseidon: Joing Gravity models land 2, J.Geophys, Res.,99(c12) ,24421-24447,1994
[48] P K, Shibuya, Y. Fukuda, Y.Michida, Determination of Geoid Height at Breid Bay, East Antarctica, JGE, Vol. 96, NO. Bll, 18, 285-18, 294, 10, 1991
[49] Rapp, RH, Gravity Anomaly Recovery from Satellite Altimeter Data Using Least Square Collocation Techniques, OSU, Rap, 220, 1974
[50] Rapp, RH, The Determination of geoid Undulation and Gravity Anomalies from Seasat Altimeter Data, J, OSU, Rep. 365, 1985
[51] Shum, CK, et al, The accuracy and applications of satellite altimetry , Geophys, J. Int. , 121． 321-336． 1995
[52] W. E. Featherstone, J.G.olliver, A Review of Geoid Models over the British Isles: Progress and Proposals, Survey Review, 36,280, April,2001
[53] Wang H. Y, L.T.Liu, H. T Hsu and G. Y. Wang. The Sea level anomalies in China and Vicinity from satellite altimeter data, The proceedings of the 20the Asian Conference on Remote Sensing(ACRS' 99) , HongKong, 1999,1:319-324
[54] Yang Lu, H.Y.Wang, H.T.Hsu, Improvement of the regional gravity model in China and its vicinity sea by combining the Satellite altimeter and gravity data, International Geoid Service Bulletion ,2000,10:29-34
[2]陈俊勇，魏子卿等，迈进新千年的大地测量学
[3]陈俊勇，李建成，晁定波，用T／P测高数据确定中国海域及其邻海的海面高及海面地形，武汉测绘科技大学学报，Vol，20，NO．4，1995，12
[4]管泽霖，李建成，晁定波，宁津生，WDZ94中国重力大地水准面研究，武汉测绘科技大学学报，NO．4，1994
[5]管泽霖，管铮等，局部重力场逼近理论和方法，测绘出版社，1997
[6]管泽霖，左传惠，吴黎明等，用FFT计算川西地区的高程异常，武汉测绘科技大学学报，NO．3，1993
[7]黄谟涛，管铮，翟国君，欧阳永忠，全球重力场模型研究的过去、现在和未来(一)，海洋测绘，NO．1，1998
[8]黄谟涛，管铮，翟国君，欧阳永忠，全球重力场模型研究的过去、现在和未来(二)，海洋测绘，NO．2，1998
[9]黄谟涛，管铮，翟国君，欧阳永忠，全球重力场模型研究的过去、现在和未来(三)，海洋测绘，NO．3，1998
[10]黄谟涛，管铮，翟国君，欧阳永忠，全球重力场模型研究的过去、现在和未来(四)，海洋测绘，NO．4，1998
[11]黄谟涛，翟国君等，利用卫星测高数据反演海洋重力异常研究，海军海洋测绘研究所
[12]黄谟涛，翟国君等，利用FFT技术计算大地水准面高若干问题研究，测绘学报，Vol．29，NO．2，2000，3
[13]姜卫平，卫星测高技术在大地测量学中的应用，博士论文，2001，4
[14]王广运，王海瑛，许国昌，卫星测高原理，科学出版社，1992
[15]李建成，王正涛，胡建国，联合多种卫星测高数据分析全球和中国海洋平面变化，武汉测绘科技大学学报，Vol．25，NO．4，2000，8
[16]梁开龙，翟国君，影响求定大地水准面精度因素的分析，海军大连舰艇学院学报，Vol．19，NO．4，1996
[17]梁振英，关于卫星测高中的几个相关问题的讨论，测绘科技动态，NO．1，1999
[18]陆洋，利用卫星测高数据改善地球重力场模型的研究，博士论文，1997，9
[19]陆仲连，吴晓平等，弹道导弹重力学，八一出版社，1992
[20]欧阳永忠，翟国君，用T／P测高数据及求海域重力异常，海洋测绘，NO．2，1997
[21]王海瑛，中国近海卫星测高数据处理与应用研究，博士论文，1999，12
[22]王海瑛，王广运，利用Geosat、ERM卫星测高数据计算中国近海海平面，测绘学报，Vol．25，NO．1，1996
[23]王海瑛，陆洋，许厚泽，王广运，利用T／P卫星测高资料构造中国近海及邻域平均海平面和海面地形，海洋和湖沼，Vol．30，NO．4，1999，7
[24]王海瑛，许厚泽，王广运，中国近海海域Geosat卫星测高海平面和海面地形研究，科学通报，1997，42187：852—394
[25]王海瑛，陆洋，王广运，中国近海卫星测高数据的重力异常反演Ⅰ.Stokes公式逆运算+2DFFT法，高科技通讯，2000，10(118)：48—51
[26]王海瑛，王广运，中国近海卫星测高数据的重力异常反演Ⅱ．沿轨迹垂线偏差反演法，高科技通讯，2000，10(119)：46—49
[27]吴宏秋，郑大伟，Topex／Poseidon卫星海洋测高资料的预处理，上海天文台年刊，1997，18：4—12
[28]杨震岱，我国海域大地水准面的确定激起精度，海洋测绘(专辑)，NO．9，1992
[29]许厚泽，王海瑛，陆洋，王广运，利用卫星测高数据推求中国近海及邻域大地水准面起伏和重力异常的研究，地球物理学报，1999，42(4)：464-771
[30]翟国君，黄谟涛，谢锡君，欧阳永忠，卫星测高数据处理的理论与方法，测绘出版社，2000
[31]翟国君，欧阳永忠，测高数据处理中权的选取，海洋测绘，NO．1，1997
[32]张传定，卫星重力测量基础，模型比方法与数据处理算法，博士论文，2000，9
[33]Richard H.Rapp,全球大地水准面差距模型的计算及精度，武测译文，NO．2，1993
[34]AVISO，合并的Topex／Poseidon产品AVISO用户手册(2.1版)，张瑞华译，总参谋部测绘研究所，2000，3
[35]Basic, T and RH Rapp, Oceanwide Prediction of gravity anomalies and Sea surface heights Using Geos-3, Seasat and Geosat altimeter data and ETOPOP5U data, OSU Rep, NO. 416,1992
[36]CHEINWAY,HWANG, A Bathy metric Model for the South China sea from Satellite Altimetry and Depth Data, Marin Geodesy, 22:37-51,1999
[37]Engelis, T and P Kundsen, Orbit Improvement and Determination of the ocean Geoid and Topography from IT Days of Seasat Data, Manu. Geod.,13:180-190,1988
[38]Engelis, T, Radial orbit Error Reduction and Sea surface Topography Determination using Satellite Altimetry, OSU, Dep, 377,1987
[39]Hwang C, Inverse Vening Meinese Formula and Deflection Geoid Formula:
Applications to the Predictions of Gravity and Geoid over the South China Sea, Journal of Geodesy, Col.72, pp304-312, 1998
[40] Hwang, CW, Inverse Vening Meinesz formula and deflection geoid formula: applications to the predictions of gravity and geoid over the South China Sea, J. Geadyn.,1998
[41] Janis Kaminskis, Rene Forskerg , The geoid determination in Latvia from gravity and satellite altimetry
[42] Kefei Zhang, Altimetric gravity anomalies .their assessment and combination with local gravity field
[43] Kundsen, P, Simultaneous Use of Gravity and Satellite Altimeter Data for Geoid Determination, Bollettino di Geodesiae Scienze Affini, ANNO XLVIN . 1, 1-20,1987
[44] M.J. Sevilla, A high resolution gravimetric geoid in the strait of Gibraltar, Journal of Geodesy 11:402-410,1997
[45] Marsh, JG and RG Williamson, Precision Orbit Analysis in Support of the Seasat Altimeter Experiment, J.Astron.sci, 28(141) , 345:369, 1980
[46] Nerem, Rs, BD Tapley, and Ck, Shun, Determination of the Ocean Circulation Using Geosat Altimetry, J. Geophys , Res , 95(c3) , 3163-3179, 1990
[47] Nerem, RS, et , al, Gravity Model Development for Topex/Poseidon: Joing Gravity models land 2, J.Geophys, Res.,99(c12) ,24421-24447,1994
[48] P K, Shibuya, Y. Fukuda, Y.Michida, Determination of Geoid Height at Breid Bay, East Antarctica, JGE, Vol. 96, NO. Bll, 18, 285-18, 294, 10, 1991
[49] Rapp, RH, Gravity Anomaly Recovery from Satellite Altimeter Data Using Least Square Collocation Techniques, OSU, Rap, 220, 1974
[50] Rapp, RH, The Determination of geoid Undulation and Gravity Anomalies from Seasat Altimeter Data, J, OSU, Rep. 365, 1985
[51] Shum, CK, et al, The accuracy and applications of satellite altimetry , Geophys, J. Int. , 121． 321-336． 1995
[52] W. E. Featherstone, J.G.olliver, A Review of Geoid Models over the British Isles: Progress and Proposals, Survey Review, 36,280, April,2001
[53] Wang H. Y, L.T.Liu, H. T Hsu and G. Y. Wang. The Sea level anomalies in China and Vicinity from satellite altimeter data, The proceedings of the 20the Asian Conference on Remote Sensing(ACRS' 99) , HongKong, 1999,1:319-324
[54] Yang Lu, H.Y.Wang, H.T.Hsu, Improvement of the regional gravity model in China and its vicinity sea by combining the Satellite altimeter and gravity data, International Geoid Service Bulletion ,2000,10:29-34