复方仙石胶囊治疗脾虚腹泻型肠易激综合征的理论和实验研究
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摘要
肠易激综合征(IBS)是一种肠道功能性疾病,以腹痛和排便习惯改变、排便紊乱、腹胀等为特征。其特点是肠道的易激惹性。临床上分为腹泻型、便秘型和腹泻便秘交替型。中医认为腹泻型IBS属“腹泻、腹痛”等范畴,多责之于脾虚湿胜,肝脾失调,治从健脾温中,缓急止痛,固涩止泻出发。本病在西方国家的发病率为10%-22%。其发病机制不很明确,可能与胃肠动力学、内脏高敏感性、脑肠轴的改变、肠道过敏、肠道菌群失调和精神行为的异常有关,其中动力异常是重要表现形式之一。动力异常可表现为结肠、小肠、其他消化道、甚至消化道外动力异常。在IBS治疗上,西医目前尚无理想的治疗手段,一般根据患者的不同临床症状,针对性地选择抗腹泻制剂、抗抑郁剂、抗胆碱能药、钙拮抗剂等药物进行治疗。由于IBS是多种因素所致的功能性疾病,目前尚未有一种药物完全缓解所有IBS症状,因此主要采用综合治疗,遵守个体化的原则,在这一点上,中医药治疗该病具有更大的优势。
     IBS虽不是一种恶性的疾病,却深深影响了人们的生活质量。根据Whitehead报道,欧美IBS患者占人群7.1%-13.6%。国内根据潘国宗按Manning标准在北京进行流行病学调查,患者占人群7.26%。为了治疗IBS,每年耗费大量的财力和物力,同时也给患者带来一定的痛苦和精神负担。中医学从整体观出发,对本病进行了较多的探讨,在治疗中显出独特的作用。
     “复方仙石胶囊”为单兆伟教授多年来治疗IBS的有效验方,经现代工艺提取有效成分制成,主要成分有仙鹤草、石榴皮、白术、白芍、木香等。具有健脾益气,温中化湿,疏肝解郁之功效。临床上用于多种原因引起的脾胃虚弱,肝脾不调,腹痛、腹泻等症。临床研究报告复方仙石胶囊对IBS总有效率达90%。临床疗效显著。为进一步观察和证实复方仙石胶囊的治疗效果,我们开展了相关的理论和实验研究,探讨了其可能的作用机理,也为进一步开发提供理论和实验依据。
     本研究根据复方仙石胶囊的功能主治,拟采用大黄致脾虚动物模型,观察复方仙石胶囊对胃肠功能及抗氧化作用,以探讨药物的作用机制。并探讨经验方“复方仙石胶囊”长期给药后对大鼠的毒性。本课题得到国家中医药管理局新药基金的资助。
     笔者在第一部分介绍了理论研究内容,包括IBS的传统医学认识、现代医学认识以及复方仙石胶囊治疗脾虚腹泻型IBS的理论根据。第二部分介绍了实验研究内容,包括复方仙石胶囊治疗脾虚腹泻型IBS的药效学研究及长期毒性试验。
     第一部分理论研究
     第一节IBS的传统医学认识
     根据临床证候,可将IBS归属于泄泻、腹痛、便秘、郁证等范畴。中医学认为IBS主要病因有饮食不节、外感时邪、情志失调、素体阴虚或阳虚,这些因素致使脏腑气血失调,而出现气滞、血瘀、寒、湿、热邪内生的一系列病理过程。病证虽以脾胃为主,但其本多在肝,由于肝失疏泻,致使肝木乘脾,导致脾失健运,大便泄泻;或因气机失调而致腹痛,而气机不畅或疏泄不畅,致使传导失司,久之则形成便秘。因此,肝郁脾虚是IBS的主要病机,同时脾虚、湿热、寒凝、气滞等虚实夹杂证候也是本病的病理特点。目前,中医药研究IBS主要集中在对其辨证论治规律的探索及观察中药方药对IBS的疗效方面。中医药治疗IBS具有独特优势,但缺乏统一分型和疗效标准。
     第二节IBS的现代医学认识
     IBS的病因尚不明确,找不到任何病理形态学的原因。目前认为是由多因素协同引发,志贺菌感染、免疫机制、精神和神经因素均为致病原因。IBS的临床表现不具特异性,所有症状皆可见于器质性胃肠病。习惯上将IBS分为腹泻型和便秘型两大类,还有人提出腹痛型、黏液型或腹泻便秘交替型。迄今还没有任何单一药物被证实能有效治疗IBS,另外还有药物不良反应问题,因此寻找真正有效而又安全的药物,对IBS显得极其重要。目前认为,治疗应遵循个体化原则,因人而宜,对症处理,采取综合措施,包括饮食、心理、药物、针灸及生物反馈治疗等,调节胃肠道运动功能,纠正内脏感觉异常及提高痛阈和改善情绪等。
     第三节复方仙石胶囊治疗脾虚腹泻型IBS的理论依据
     复方仙石胶囊系导师单兆伟教授多年来治疗腹泻型IBS的经验方,统观全方,所用药物精练,处方巧妙,体现了单兆伟教授用药醇正,性平轻清的特点。经大量临床验证,疗效显著,为进一步观察和证实其治疗效果,笔者开展了相关的理论和实验研究,探讨了其可能的作用机理,也为进一步开发提供理论和实验依据。
     第二部分实验研究
     第一节复方仙石胶囊治疗脾虚腹泻型IBS的药效学研究
     1.目的:探讨经验方“复方仙石胶囊”作用于脾虚型IBS的可能药效学机理。
     2.方法:观察复方仙石胶囊与其他治疗药物和对照组治疗后,大鼠镇痛实验、体重、小肠运动实验、抗过氧化应激作用以及小鼠胃肠推进功能的变化。
     3.结果:
     (1)复方仙石胶囊镇痛作用:复方仙石胶囊药有明确的镇痛作用,可显著减少小鼠的扭体次数,作用与健脾丸相近。
     (2)对脾虚动物的作用:脾虚动物体重降低,肠胃推进功能下降,膜脂质过氧化物MDA含量增多,SOD活性下降,GSH-Px含量降低。复方仙石胶囊有效促进动物体重增加,增强脾虚小鼠肠胃运动功能,恢复机体的氧化与抗氧化平衡。
     (3)复方仙石胶囊对脾虚模型的收缩运动异常有改善作用,在正常和病理大鼠有选择性:胃条部分用药就其对拮抗钙离子和调节胆碱能神经机理而言,此药对胃部效应器不具有选择性,而对组织胺反应具有选择性;十二指肠处用药正常组和病理组间存在选择性;回肠处用药正常组和病理组间存在选择性。总体而言此种药物对正常组和病理组间存在选择性。
     4.结论:复方仙石胶囊有明确的镇痛作用,增强脾虚小鼠肠胃运动功能,对正常小鼠的肠蠕动也有一定的抑制作用,能改善机体的氧化与抗氧化平衡,恢复胃肠运动功能等,表明它对脾虚模型有较好的治疗作用。
     第二节复方仙石胶囊治疗脾虚腹泻型IBS的长期毒性研究
     1.目的:探讨“复方仙石胶囊”长期给药后对大鼠的毒性。
     2.方法:观察复方仙石胶囊对大鼠一般体征、外观、行为、体重、食量以及血常规、生化及病理形态学的影响,以观察药物安全性。
     3.结果:复方仙石胶囊灌胃给药后对各组大鼠一般体征、外观、行为进行观察,体重、食量均无明显影响。复方仙石胶囊灌胃给药后90天,给药三组大白鼠与对照组的红细胞、白细胞、血红蛋白存在显著性差异(P<0.05);其他血常规指标与对照组比较无统计学意义。给药90天,各剂量组大白鼠肝肾功能等生化指标与对照组比较无统计学意义。给药三组与对照组相比,各脏器未发现病理变化,脏器的重量与对照组比较无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
     4.结论:复方仙石胶囊长期毒性不显著,可引起大鼠红细胞,白细胞及血红蛋白升高,生化、病理形态无变化,说明复方仙石胶囊安全可靠。
According to the experience of Prof. Shan Zhaowei, Xianshi Capsule (made up of HerbaAgrimoniae, Pericarpium Granati, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, Radix PaeoniaeAlba, Radix Aucklandiae, etc) was used efficiency to treatment with irritable bowelsyndrome (IBS) for many years. For to move forward a single stepempirical study, weinvestigated the effects of Xianshi Capsule on IBS by theory and empirical study. The studywas provided financial assistance by State Administration of Traditional ChineseMedicine's new drug project.
     Part One: Theoretical Study
     First segment: Traditional Medicine's noesis on IBS
     According to the clinical manifestation, IBS is relegated to decanta avlo, adstricta,stomachache and depressed syndrome. The main cause of IBS were eating anddrinkingwithout temperance, seasonal pathogenic factors, disturbance of emotion, yin asthenia andyang asthenia. And those result disorder of vital energy and blood and appear toQi-sluggish, blood stasis, and ondogened with cold, moist and pathogenic heat. Even if thespleen and stomach were the major evidence, the root of IBS was in the liver. In present,the practitioner of Chinese medicine was focus on determination of treatment based inpathogenesis obtained through differentiation of symptoms and signs.Traditional Chinesemedicine has the distinct ascendant on IBS, but is short of denominator of typing andcurative effect.
     Second segment: Modern medicine's noesis on IBS
     The etiological factor of IBS is unknown, and it is diffcult to found any anatomicalreason of IBS. It is well to know, IBS were caused by multiple factors, infected of SH,immunologic mechanism, consciousness and nervousness and so on. The clinicalmanifestation of IBS is non-specificity, and all manifestation can be seeing in theorgano-impaired. Customarily, IBS was divided in two types: laxitas intestinorum andconstipation type. Up to now, it cannot be confirmed any effective drug on IBS's treatment. So, it is necessary to find an effective drug on IBS's treatment.
     Third segment: Theory evidence of Xianshi Capsule's effect on splenicasthenia and laxitas intestinorum's IBS
     According to the experience of Prof. Shan Zhaowei, Xianshi Capsule was used efficiencyto treatment with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) for many years. Wholly view on theXianshi Capsule, it well reflected in Prof. Shan Zhaowei's Medication feature: pure, gentleand light. For to move forward a single stepempirical study, we investigated the effects ofXianshi Capsule on IBS by theory and empirical study.
     Part Two: Empirical Study
     First segment: Pharmacodynamics study of Xianshi Capsule's effect onsplenic asthenia and laxitas intestinorum's IBS
     Objective: To investigate the pharmacodynamics effects of Xianshi Capsule on rats.
     Methods: Spleen deficiency was established by po Rhubarb root laxation (4g.kg~(-1))10d.Serum glutathione peroxidases (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malonialdehyde(MDA) were analyzed by reagent kits. Gastrointestinal movement was conducted on spleendeficiency mice.
     Results: On mice fed on Rhubarb root laxation, Xianshi Capsule improve the velocity ofstomach and intestine movement, improve the spleen deficiency syndromes and increaserat's weight in model rats. It can decrease the content of MDA in serum; also increase theactivity of SOD.
     Conclusion: Xianshi Capsule has remarkable effect on improving the function of gastrointestine movement, it can improve metabolism of free radicals at the same time.
     Second segment: Long-term toxicity study of Xianshi Capsule's effect onsplenic asthenia and laxitas intestinorum's IBS
     Objective: To investigate the long-term toxicity effects of Xianshi Capsule on rats.
     Methods: The objective sign, appearance, behavior, body weight and appetite on spleendeficiency mice were observed. The changes of blood convention, liver and renal function,pathology were also observed.
     Results: There is no significantly different of blood convention, liver and renal function,pathology in groups.
     Conclusion: The long-term toxicity effect of Xianshi Capsule on rat was quiet, andtreatment with Xianshi Capsule on rat is safety.
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