语码转换的社会语言学分析：其意义及应用
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摘要
社会语言学关注语码转换的研究由来已久,但最初源于对双语环境下人们使用语言的考察。事实上它普遍存在于人们的日常交际,特别是在当今这样一个人们交往日益频繁的世界里更显突出。这是因为任何交际不可能发生在两种完全一致的语言中,所以从最广义的角度讲,人们每天都可能经历语码转换。这样一来语码转换定义和范围已经得以发展和延伸。本文以此为出发点,探索语码转换的意义及实际运用,当然这样的研究是与过去的成果是一脉相承的。
语码转换的研究至今已形成两大阵营:语法结构路线和社会语言学路线,前者探索语码转换过程中的语法结构问题;后者注重语码转换所蕴涵的意义和功能,两者互为联系和补充。社会语言学对语码转换研究在于探索其形成原因以及在交际中所实现的语言之外的功能和意义,这也是我们关注其实际运用价值的来源,并坚信他将是未来社会语言学对语码转换研究的主要方向,因为语言的研究最终要解决实际问题,理论的研究要运用于实际。本文首先对语码转换这样的一种的重要的,普遍的社会现象作较为详尽的描述,梳理语码转换在社会语言学框架下已存在的研究及取得的成果,同时我们带着批判的眼光审视过去的研究并提出作者的看法和建议。语码转换的价值和意义是本文关注的另一方面,结合语言学,社会学等学界对语言研究所取得的成果和认识,语码转换的宏观及微观意义和功能是实际运用的基础,所以语码转换的实际运用是文章的又一重要内容,借助于语用学及其它学科理论,分析和探索语码转换实际运用的可行性并加以分析和论证。总之,本文的基本思路是分析语码转换潜在的意义,结合现代语用学,社会语言学等理论成果,为语码转换的实际运用提供理论支撑的框架并以实际事例依据予以论证。
Code and code switching enter the sociolinguistic research for many decades, which at first concerns the language use or performance of a bilingual. In fact, code switching(hereafter CS) comes to be a common phenomenon in today’s world, not only for those from distinct language backgrounds, but also for those under the same mainstream culture with different sub-cultures. One another important aspect includes that the CS in interaction is not at random but highly-organized, which also bears deep meaning, at the same time, constructs extra-linguistic significances in communication, so the applications of CS must be feasible and acceptable. This paper provides an overview of the theoretical&analytical questions, which are existing commonly in the study of the sociolinguistic dimension of code switching. In order to sort out the research about CS under sociolinguistic framework, it first looks at the earlier research on the CS, then reviews the modern sociolinguistic research on CS over the past three decades, focuses on the progressive and distinguished ideas about CS, and three key figures with their contributions in this field are introduced, in that they are the typical representatives in this field, which present the development route of research for CS, their points of views move up in spiral way. The meanings and functions of CS are mentioned in the sequent part, which are based on the previous researches. Its purpose is to serve as the foundation for the applications of CS in communication, the social and discourse meaning of CS from macro & micro perspective sometimes are overlapping. Trying to explore the extra-meaning of language choice is the main target of this part. Finally, the practical applications of CS in two fields—CS in intercultural communication and foreign language teaching are discussed. The possible application of CS roots out of many modern pragmatic theories such as adaptation theory, face theory etc., including its potential meanings. As an important pragmatic phenomenon and effective communicative strategy, CS in communication, especially in intercultural communication is widely used, our set-off is the emphasis of the feasibility in communication and try to solve the practical problem.
In short, the intended contribution concentrates on the analysis and critics about the past works and excavates the possible implications of CS in practice, attaching importance on the applications of CS. The descriptive and analytic methods are used through the whole paper.
语码转换的研究至今已形成两大阵营:语法结构路线和社会语言学路线,前者探索语码转换过程中的语法结构问题;后者注重语码转换所蕴涵的意义和功能,两者互为联系和补充。社会语言学对语码转换研究在于探索其形成原因以及在交际中所实现的语言之外的功能和意义,这也是我们关注其实际运用价值的来源,并坚信他将是未来社会语言学对语码转换研究的主要方向,因为语言的研究最终要解决实际问题,理论的研究要运用于实际。本文首先对语码转换这样的一种的重要的,普遍的社会现象作较为详尽的描述,梳理语码转换在社会语言学框架下已存在的研究及取得的成果,同时我们带着批判的眼光审视过去的研究并提出作者的看法和建议。语码转换的价值和意义是本文关注的另一方面,结合语言学,社会学等学界对语言研究所取得的成果和认识,语码转换的宏观及微观意义和功能是实际运用的基础,所以语码转换的实际运用是文章的又一重要内容,借助于语用学及其它学科理论,分析和探索语码转换实际运用的可行性并加以分析和论证。总之,本文的基本思路是分析语码转换潜在的意义,结合现代语用学,社会语言学等理论成果,为语码转换的实际运用提供理论支撑的框架并以实际事例依据予以论证。
Code and code switching enter the sociolinguistic research for many decades, which at first concerns the language use or performance of a bilingual. In fact, code switching(hereafter CS) comes to be a common phenomenon in today’s world, not only for those from distinct language backgrounds, but also for those under the same mainstream culture with different sub-cultures. One another important aspect includes that the CS in interaction is not at random but highly-organized, which also bears deep meaning, at the same time, constructs extra-linguistic significances in communication, so the applications of CS must be feasible and acceptable. This paper provides an overview of the theoretical&analytical questions, which are existing commonly in the study of the sociolinguistic dimension of code switching. In order to sort out the research about CS under sociolinguistic framework, it first looks at the earlier research on the CS, then reviews the modern sociolinguistic research on CS over the past three decades, focuses on the progressive and distinguished ideas about CS, and three key figures with their contributions in this field are introduced, in that they are the typical representatives in this field, which present the development route of research for CS, their points of views move up in spiral way. The meanings and functions of CS are mentioned in the sequent part, which are based on the previous researches. Its purpose is to serve as the foundation for the applications of CS in communication, the social and discourse meaning of CS from macro & micro perspective sometimes are overlapping. Trying to explore the extra-meaning of language choice is the main target of this part. Finally, the practical applications of CS in two fields—CS in intercultural communication and foreign language teaching are discussed. The possible application of CS roots out of many modern pragmatic theories such as adaptation theory, face theory etc., including its potential meanings. As an important pragmatic phenomenon and effective communicative strategy, CS in communication, especially in intercultural communication is widely used, our set-off is the emphasis of the feasibility in communication and try to solve the practical problem.
In short, the intended contribution concentrates on the analysis and critics about the past works and excavates the possible implications of CS in practice, attaching importance on the applications of CS. The descriptive and analytic methods are used through the whole paper.
引文
Auer, P. 1984. Bilingual Conversation. John Benjamins. Amsteram.
Auer, P. 1988. Bilingual Conversation Revisited. In P. Auer(ed.) Code switching in Conversation: Language Interaction and Identity. Routledge, London.
Auer, P. 1995. The pragmatics of code switching: A sequential approach In L. Milroy& P.
Muysken.1998.(eds.) One Speaker, Two Languages: Cross-Displinary Perspective on
Codeswitching. Cambridge University Press.
Auer, P. 1998. Code –Switching in Conversation: Language, interaction and identity. Routledge, London.
Beebe, L. M. 1981. Social and situational factors affecting the communicative strategy of dialect of code switching International Journal of the Sociology of Language. 36(4)
Bhatt, R.M. 1997. Code switching, Constraints, and Optimal grammars Lingua 102(1)
Bell, A. 1984. Language Style as Audience Design Language in Society. 13(4)
Boztep, E. 2004. Issue in Codeswitching: Competing Theories and Models Teacher College, Columbia University
Bratt, P .C & Tucker, G..R. 2003. Sociolinguistics-the hand of book. Blackwell Publishing.
Cashman, H. R. 2005. Identity at play: language preference and group membership in bilingual talk in interaction. Journal of Pragmatics. 37(3)
Clyne, M. 1987. Constraints on code switching: how universal are they? Linguistics. 24(4)
Cromdal, J. 2005. Bilingual order in collaborative word processing: on creating an English text in Swedish. Journal of Pragmatics. 37(3)
Coulmas, F. 2001. The handbook of Sociolinguistics. Blackwell Publisher Ltd.
Dako, K. 2000. Code switching and lexical borrowing; which is what in Ghanaian English? English Today 36(2)
Edmondson, W. 2004. Codeswitching and Word-switching in Foreign Language
Classroom Discourse In House, J & Rehbein,J. 2004. (eds.) Multilingual Communication. John Benjamin Publishing Company, American Amsterdam/Philadelphia.
Ellis, R. 1999. Understanding Second Language Acquisition. 上海外语教育出版社.
Fairclough, H. 1989. Language and Power. London: Longman.
Ferguson, C. A.1959. Diaglossis World Vol. 15. In Hudson, R.A. 2000. Sociolinguistics 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press.
Fishman, J.A. 1965. Who speaks what language to whom and when? La Linguitique Vol.2. In Boztep, E. 2004. Issue in Codeswitching: Competing Theories and Models. Teachers College, Columbia University
Fishman, J.A. 1971. Sociolinguistic. Rowley. MA: Newbury House. In Boztep, E. 2004. Issue in Codeswitching: Competing Theories and Models. Teachers College, Columbia University
Gafaranga, J. 2001. Linguistics identities in talk-in-interaction: order in bilingual conversation. Journal of Pragmatics. 33(3)
Gafaranga, J. 2005. Demythologising Language Alternation Studies: conversational structure vs. social structure in bilingual interaction. Journal of Pragmatics 37(3)
Giles, H. & N. Coupland 1991. Language: Contexts and Consequences. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Gumperz, J. J. 1982. Discourse Strategy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Guthrie, M. 1984. Contrasts in Teachers’ Language Use in a Chinese-English Bilingual Classroom In J. Handscombe, R.A. Overn & B.P. Taylor (eds.) On TESOL 1983: the Question of Control Washington, D.C
Grosjean, F. 1982. Life with two languages: An introduction to bilingualism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Heller, M. S. 1985. Ethnic Relations and Language Use in Montreal. Language of inequality 10(6)
Heller, M. 1992. The Politics of Codeswitching and Language Choice. Journal of Multicultural. 13(3)
Holmes, J & Stuble, M. 2004. Strategic Codeswitching in New Zealand workplaces: Scaffolding, Solidarity and Identity Construction. In House, J & Rehbein,J 2004. (eds.) Multilingual Communication John Benjamin Publishing Company, American Amsterdam/Philadelphia.
House, J & Rehbein, J. 2004. Multilingual Communication. John Benjamin Publishing Company, American Amsterdam/Philadelphia. Http://web. ebsohost. com
Hudson, R.A. 2000. Sociolinguistics. 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press.
Hymes, D. 1973. Models of the Interaction of Language and Social Life In C. B. Paulston
&G. R. Tucker 2003. (eds.) Sociolinguistics: The Essential Readings. Blackwell Publishing
Jacobson, R. 1998. (ed.) Codeswitching I Mouton de Gruyter Berlin. New York
Jacobson, R. 2001. (ed.) Codeswitching II Mouton de Gruyter Berlin. New York Li Wei 2005. (ed.) Special I Issue on Conversational Code Switching Journal of Pragmatics. 37(3)
Labov 1963. Social Stratification of English in New York City.
Washington DC: Centre for Applied Linguistics. In John. J. Gumperz 1982. DiscourseStrategy New York: Cambridge University Press
Le Page, R. B & Tabouret-Keller, A. 1985. Act of identity: Creole-based approaches to ethnicity and language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Mettitt et al 1992. Socializing Multilingualism: Determinants of Codeswitching in Kenyan Primary Classroom. In C. M. Eastman (ed.) Code switching Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
Milroy, L. 1987. Observing &Analysis Natural Language: A Critical Account of Sociolinguistic Method. M. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Monzetti, G. 1998. The conversational dimension in code switching between Italian dialect
in Sicily. In P. Auer 1998. (ed.) Code –Switching in Conversation: language, interaction and identity. London and New York
Muysken, P. 1995. Code-switching and Grammatical theory. In L, Milroy& P, Muysken(eds) One Speaker Two Languages: cross-disciplinary perspectives on Code Switching. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Myers-Scotton 1993a. Dueling Languages: Grammatical Structure in Codeswitching New York: Oxford University Press.
Myers-Scotton 1993b. Social Motivations for Codeswitching: Evidence from Africa. Oxford University Press.
Myers-Scotton 1998. A theoretical Introduction to the markedness models. In C, Myer-Scotton (ed.) Codes and Consequences: Choosing Linguistic Varieties. New York: Oxford University Press.
Samovar, A. Larry et al 2000. Communication Between Cultures. 3rd Edition. Brooks/Cole / Thomson Learning Asia.
Verschueren, J. 2000. Understanding Pragmatics. Edward Arnold (Publishers) Limited& Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Wardhaugh, R. 2000. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 3rd Edition. Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Weinreich, U. 1953. Language in contact. The Hague:Mouton. In Wardhaugh, R. 2000. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 3rd Edition. Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Whiteley, W. H. 1984. Language Use and Social Change: Problems of Multilingualism with Special Reference to Eastern African. M. London: Oxford University Press.
Wood, J. T. 1994. Gender Lives: Communication, Gender and culture. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Wu, Yi an 1985. Code-mixing by English-Chinese bilingual teachers of the People’s Republic of China. World Englishes. 14(3)
Yule, G. 2000 《语用学》 上海外语教育出版社
杜辉 2004 语码转换与规则 《外语教学研究》(1)
傅均 2004 英汉双语者的语码转换现象 《桂林师范高等专科学校学报》(2)
黄国文 2002《语篇分析的理论与实践广告语篇研究》 上海外语教育出版社
何自然 2000 《语用学与英语学习》 上海外语教育出版社
何自然,于国栋 2001 语码转换述评 《当代语言学》(1)
胡壯麟，姜望琪 2002 《语言学教程》 北京:北京大学出版社
海峰 1998 浅析维汉双语人的语码转换现象-看社会语言的影响 《语言与翻译》(2)
刘爱春 2003 外语课堂教学中的英汉转换现象研究 北京外语国语大学硕士学位论文
刘正光 2000 语码转换的语用学研究 《外语教学》(4)
刘大为 等 1996 功能与解释的交会 《语言文字应用》(3)
李经纬,陈立平 2004 多维视角中的语码转换 《外语教学与研究》(5)
束定方,庄智象 2002 《现代外语教学》 上海:上海外语教育出版社
唐丽萍 2003 语言课堂语码转换述评 《国外外语教学》(1)
王得杏 1991 《社会语言学导论 》 北京:北京语言学院出版社
王瑾,黄国文 2004 语码转换结构研究述评 《外国语言文学》(2)
王世静 2003 语码转换与“不确定性减低理论” 《国外外语教学法》(3)
杨晓琼 2002 语码转换及其对二语习得的影响 《四川师范学院学报》(6)
于国栋 2000 语码转换的语用学研究 《外国语》(6)
于国栋 2004 语码转换研究的顺应模式 《当代语言学》(1)
章慊中 1983 《国外外语教学法流派》 上海:华东师大出版社
张允 2002 以天津话为例从语码转换看社会语言的影响 《新疆大学学报》 Vol. 30. Supp
Auer, P. 1988. Bilingual Conversation Revisited. In P. Auer(ed.) Code switching in Conversation: Language Interaction and Identity. Routledge, London.
Auer, P. 1995. The pragmatics of code switching: A sequential approach In L. Milroy& P.
Muysken.1998.(eds.) One Speaker, Two Languages: Cross-Displinary Perspective on
Codeswitching. Cambridge University Press.
Auer, P. 1998. Code –Switching in Conversation: Language, interaction and identity. Routledge, London.
Beebe, L. M. 1981. Social and situational factors affecting the communicative strategy of dialect of code switching International Journal of the Sociology of Language. 36(4)
Bhatt, R.M. 1997. Code switching, Constraints, and Optimal grammars Lingua 102(1)
Bell, A. 1984. Language Style as Audience Design Language in Society. 13(4)
Boztep, E. 2004. Issue in Codeswitching: Competing Theories and Models Teacher College, Columbia University
Bratt, P .C & Tucker, G..R. 2003. Sociolinguistics-the hand of book. Blackwell Publishing.
Cashman, H. R. 2005. Identity at play: language preference and group membership in bilingual talk in interaction. Journal of Pragmatics. 37(3)
Clyne, M. 1987. Constraints on code switching: how universal are they? Linguistics. 24(4)
Cromdal, J. 2005. Bilingual order in collaborative word processing: on creating an English text in Swedish. Journal of Pragmatics. 37(3)
Coulmas, F. 2001. The handbook of Sociolinguistics. Blackwell Publisher Ltd.
Dako, K. 2000. Code switching and lexical borrowing; which is what in Ghanaian English? English Today 36(2)
Edmondson, W. 2004. Codeswitching and Word-switching in Foreign Language
Classroom Discourse In House, J & Rehbein,J. 2004. (eds.) Multilingual Communication. John Benjamin Publishing Company, American Amsterdam/Philadelphia.
Ellis, R. 1999. Understanding Second Language Acquisition. 上海外语教育出版社.
Fairclough, H. 1989. Language and Power. London: Longman.
Ferguson, C. A.1959. Diaglossis World Vol. 15. In Hudson, R.A. 2000. Sociolinguistics 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press.
Fishman, J.A. 1965. Who speaks what language to whom and when? La Linguitique Vol.2. In Boztep, E. 2004. Issue in Codeswitching: Competing Theories and Models. Teachers College, Columbia University
Fishman, J.A. 1971. Sociolinguistic. Rowley. MA: Newbury House. In Boztep, E. 2004. Issue in Codeswitching: Competing Theories and Models. Teachers College, Columbia University
Gafaranga, J. 2001. Linguistics identities in talk-in-interaction: order in bilingual conversation. Journal of Pragmatics. 33(3)
Gafaranga, J. 2005. Demythologising Language Alternation Studies: conversational structure vs. social structure in bilingual interaction. Journal of Pragmatics 37(3)
Giles, H. & N. Coupland 1991. Language: Contexts and Consequences. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Gumperz, J. J. 1982. Discourse Strategy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Guthrie, M. 1984. Contrasts in Teachers’ Language Use in a Chinese-English Bilingual Classroom In J. Handscombe, R.A. Overn & B.P. Taylor (eds.) On TESOL 1983: the Question of Control Washington, D.C
Grosjean, F. 1982. Life with two languages: An introduction to bilingualism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Heller, M. S. 1985. Ethnic Relations and Language Use in Montreal. Language of inequality 10(6)
Heller, M. 1992. The Politics of Codeswitching and Language Choice. Journal of Multicultural. 13(3)
Holmes, J & Stuble, M. 2004. Strategic Codeswitching in New Zealand workplaces: Scaffolding, Solidarity and Identity Construction. In House, J & Rehbein,J 2004. (eds.) Multilingual Communication John Benjamin Publishing Company, American Amsterdam/Philadelphia.
House, J & Rehbein, J. 2004. Multilingual Communication. John Benjamin Publishing Company, American Amsterdam/Philadelphia. Http://web. ebsohost. com
Hudson, R.A. 2000. Sociolinguistics. 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press.
Hymes, D. 1973. Models of the Interaction of Language and Social Life In C. B. Paulston
&G. R. Tucker 2003. (eds.) Sociolinguistics: The Essential Readings. Blackwell Publishing
Jacobson, R. 1998. (ed.) Codeswitching I Mouton de Gruyter Berlin. New York
Jacobson, R. 2001. (ed.) Codeswitching II Mouton de Gruyter Berlin. New York Li Wei 2005. (ed.) Special I Issue on Conversational Code Switching Journal of Pragmatics. 37(3)
Labov 1963. Social Stratification of English in New York City.
Washington DC: Centre for Applied Linguistics. In John. J. Gumperz 1982. DiscourseStrategy New York: Cambridge University Press
Le Page, R. B & Tabouret-Keller, A. 1985. Act of identity: Creole-based approaches to ethnicity and language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Mettitt et al 1992. Socializing Multilingualism: Determinants of Codeswitching in Kenyan Primary Classroom. In C. M. Eastman (ed.) Code switching Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
Milroy, L. 1987. Observing &Analysis Natural Language: A Critical Account of Sociolinguistic Method. M. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Monzetti, G. 1998. The conversational dimension in code switching between Italian dialect
in Sicily. In P. Auer 1998. (ed.) Code –Switching in Conversation: language, interaction and identity. London and New York
Muysken, P. 1995. Code-switching and Grammatical theory. In L, Milroy& P, Muysken(eds) One Speaker Two Languages: cross-disciplinary perspectives on Code Switching. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Myers-Scotton 1993a. Dueling Languages: Grammatical Structure in Codeswitching New York: Oxford University Press.
Myers-Scotton 1993b. Social Motivations for Codeswitching: Evidence from Africa. Oxford University Press.
Myers-Scotton 1998. A theoretical Introduction to the markedness models. In C, Myer-Scotton (ed.) Codes and Consequences: Choosing Linguistic Varieties. New York: Oxford University Press.
Samovar, A. Larry et al 2000. Communication Between Cultures. 3rd Edition. Brooks/Cole / Thomson Learning Asia.
Verschueren, J. 2000. Understanding Pragmatics. Edward Arnold (Publishers) Limited& Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Wardhaugh, R. 2000. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 3rd Edition. Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Weinreich, U. 1953. Language in contact. The Hague:Mouton. In Wardhaugh, R. 2000. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 3rd Edition. Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Whiteley, W. H. 1984. Language Use and Social Change: Problems of Multilingualism with Special Reference to Eastern African. M. London: Oxford University Press.
Wood, J. T. 1994. Gender Lives: Communication, Gender and culture. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Wu, Yi an 1985. Code-mixing by English-Chinese bilingual teachers of the People’s Republic of China. World Englishes. 14(3)
Yule, G. 2000 《语用学》 上海外语教育出版社
杜辉 2004 语码转换与规则 《外语教学研究》(1)
傅均 2004 英汉双语者的语码转换现象 《桂林师范高等专科学校学报》(2)
黄国文 2002《语篇分析的理论与实践广告语篇研究》 上海外语教育出版社
何自然 2000 《语用学与英语学习》 上海外语教育出版社
何自然,于国栋 2001 语码转换述评 《当代语言学》(1)
胡壯麟，姜望琪 2002 《语言学教程》 北京:北京大学出版社
海峰 1998 浅析维汉双语人的语码转换现象-看社会语言的影响 《语言与翻译》(2)
刘爱春 2003 外语课堂教学中的英汉转换现象研究 北京外语国语大学硕士学位论文
刘正光 2000 语码转换的语用学研究 《外语教学》(4)
刘大为 等 1996 功能与解释的交会 《语言文字应用》(3)
李经纬,陈立平 2004 多维视角中的语码转换 《外语教学与研究》(5)
束定方,庄智象 2002 《现代外语教学》 上海:上海外语教育出版社
唐丽萍 2003 语言课堂语码转换述评 《国外外语教学》(1)
王得杏 1991 《社会语言学导论 》 北京:北京语言学院出版社
王瑾,黄国文 2004 语码转换结构研究述评 《外国语言文学》(2)
王世静 2003 语码转换与“不确定性减低理论” 《国外外语教学法》(3)
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