云锡公司塘子凹坑1725软岩巷道底鼓控制研究
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摘要
软岩是软弱、破碎、松散、膨胀、流变、强风化蚀变及高地应力的岩体的总称。随着我国国民经济的发展，矿产资源开发力度持续加大，软岩巷道支护问题越来越凸显出来。随着矿产资源井巷开采深度越来越大，软岩巷道的大变形、大地压、难支护的工程问题日趋严重，底鼓是软岩巷道矿压显现的主要特征。底鼓后巷道断面缩小，阻碍运输、通风和人员行走，因底鼓而造成巷道报废的现象时有发生，严重影响生产和威胁安全。因此，有效地控制巷道底鼓一直是软岩巷道支护中难度较大的课题之一。
本论文结合云锡塘子凹坑1725软岩巷道的工程实际，充分分析了巷道围岩遇水崩解、泥化、遇水膨胀等物理力学性质；以巷道周边大范围的岩体为研究对象，分析了引起该巷道底鼓的因素，探讨了该巷道的底鼓形式及底鼓过程；通过理论计算或经验公式估算了弹塑性变形、遇水膨胀等原因造成的底鼓量，从理论上探讨了软岩蠕变引起的巷道底鼓量，从而深入揭示了该巷道底鼓的机理。
论文提出了控制该巷道底鼓的途径和方法，即帮角锚杆与反拱联合加固控制该巷道底鼓的方案；利用3D-σ数值模拟软件计算了裸巷、帮角锚杆加固与平拱、帮角锚杆加固与反拱上述三种方案情况下该巷道的围岩塑性区、安全率及应力分布情况，分析了原支护方案不能控制该巷道底鼓的原因，分析了帮角锚杆加固与反拱相结合控制该巷道底鼓的有效性。
针对原施工中存在的问题，对方案的参数、结构设计、支护材料的选择、施工组织等方面提出了相应的改进措施。支护方案成功应用于现场，取得了良好的技术经济效果。巷道近5个月的累计收敛变形不足7cm，其变形已基本趋于稳定，巷道整改施工后1年来，特别是在巷道全部漫水淹没的情况下，巷道保持稳定，经受了实际的考验。相比采用返修处理底鼓节约成本2162元／米，因此该工艺具有广泛的推广应用价值。
Soft rock is rock with customers, such as weak, broken, loose and expansion, rheological, strong alteration, weathering and high stress of the their. With the deep shaft mining of mineral resources increasingly,the project problems of soft rock roadway , such as large deformation, heavy geostatic, supporting hardly, is getting more serious. Floor heave is the main features of soft rock roadway pressure. Floor heaved tunnel caused section narrow, impeding the transport, ventilation and staff traveling. It happens from time to time by the end of floor heaved tunnel caused abandoned. It seriously affected production and security threat. Therefore, How to effectively control of the end of floor heave has been one of the more difficult topics of soft rock roadway supporting.
This paper combines elements of the 1725 soft rock roadway engineering in Yunxi tang zi wa pits, and fullly analyzed the surrounding strate’s physical and mechanical properties, such as calving, pelitization, expansion of water swelling etc. On the basis of the study of large range of rock mass around the roadway, the form and thedeveloping process of its floor heave has been discussed. Floor heave deformations which arise from such factors as the elastic-plasticdeformation and the exoansion deformation resulted from rock meeting with water are estimated through theoretic computation orexperimental formulas. The roadway floor heave deformation brought about by rock creep is theoretically discussed. Thereby, the mechanism of floor heave of the roadway is profoundly exposed.
In the paper, the approaches and methods of controlling the roadway floor heave are brought forward; the control schemes are composed of inverted arch strengthening and archor bolt which reinforced with both sidewall-bolt and angle-bolt. Numerical simulation using 3D-σsoftware calculated the plastic zone, safty fator, stress distribution of the three programs: the bare wall, sidewall and angle-bolt and jack arch bongding, sidewall and angle-bolt and inverted arch bongding. Analyzed the reason of the original supporting progra didn’t successfully control the floor heave of the roadway. Analyzed the validity of the support program of angle-bolt and inverted arch bongding. Support scheme for the success of the scene made a good technical-economic effect. In nearly five months, the accumulated convergence deformation of the roadway is less than 7cm and deformation has basically stabilized. After a years of roadway rectification, particularly the roadway was been submerged in water circumstances, roadway maintained stability, which withstood the test of reality. Compared to repair floor heave, it saved costs 2,156 yuan / m. So the process is extensive promotional value.
本论文结合云锡塘子凹坑1725软岩巷道的工程实际，充分分析了巷道围岩遇水崩解、泥化、遇水膨胀等物理力学性质；以巷道周边大范围的岩体为研究对象，分析了引起该巷道底鼓的因素，探讨了该巷道的底鼓形式及底鼓过程；通过理论计算或经验公式估算了弹塑性变形、遇水膨胀等原因造成的底鼓量，从理论上探讨了软岩蠕变引起的巷道底鼓量，从而深入揭示了该巷道底鼓的机理。
论文提出了控制该巷道底鼓的途径和方法，即帮角锚杆与反拱联合加固控制该巷道底鼓的方案；利用3D-σ数值模拟软件计算了裸巷、帮角锚杆加固与平拱、帮角锚杆加固与反拱上述三种方案情况下该巷道的围岩塑性区、安全率及应力分布情况，分析了原支护方案不能控制该巷道底鼓的原因，分析了帮角锚杆加固与反拱相结合控制该巷道底鼓的有效性。
针对原施工中存在的问题，对方案的参数、结构设计、支护材料的选择、施工组织等方面提出了相应的改进措施。支护方案成功应用于现场，取得了良好的技术经济效果。巷道近5个月的累计收敛变形不足7cm，其变形已基本趋于稳定，巷道整改施工后1年来，特别是在巷道全部漫水淹没的情况下，巷道保持稳定，经受了实际的考验。相比采用返修处理底鼓节约成本2162元／米，因此该工艺具有广泛的推广应用价值。
Soft rock is rock with customers, such as weak, broken, loose and expansion, rheological, strong alteration, weathering and high stress of the their. With the deep shaft mining of mineral resources increasingly,the project problems of soft rock roadway , such as large deformation, heavy geostatic, supporting hardly, is getting more serious. Floor heave is the main features of soft rock roadway pressure. Floor heaved tunnel caused section narrow, impeding the transport, ventilation and staff traveling. It happens from time to time by the end of floor heaved tunnel caused abandoned. It seriously affected production and security threat. Therefore, How to effectively control of the end of floor heave has been one of the more difficult topics of soft rock roadway supporting.
This paper combines elements of the 1725 soft rock roadway engineering in Yunxi tang zi wa pits, and fullly analyzed the surrounding strate’s physical and mechanical properties, such as calving, pelitization, expansion of water swelling etc. On the basis of the study of large range of rock mass around the roadway, the form and thedeveloping process of its floor heave has been discussed. Floor heave deformations which arise from such factors as the elastic-plasticdeformation and the exoansion deformation resulted from rock meeting with water are estimated through theoretic computation orexperimental formulas. The roadway floor heave deformation brought about by rock creep is theoretically discussed. Thereby, the mechanism of floor heave of the roadway is profoundly exposed.
In the paper, the approaches and methods of controlling the roadway floor heave are brought forward; the control schemes are composed of inverted arch strengthening and archor bolt which reinforced with both sidewall-bolt and angle-bolt. Numerical simulation using 3D-σsoftware calculated the plastic zone, safty fator, stress distribution of the three programs: the bare wall, sidewall and angle-bolt and jack arch bongding, sidewall and angle-bolt and inverted arch bongding. Analyzed the reason of the original supporting progra didn’t successfully control the floor heave of the roadway. Analyzed the validity of the support program of angle-bolt and inverted arch bongding. Support scheme for the success of the scene made a good technical-economic effect. In nearly five months, the accumulated convergence deformation of the roadway is less than 7cm and deformation has basically stabilized. After a years of roadway rectification, particularly the roadway was been submerged in water circumstances, roadway maintained stability, which withstood the test of reality. Compared to repair floor heave, it saved costs 2,156 yuan / m. So the process is extensive promotional value.
引文
[1] 陆家梁．软岩巷道支护技术[M]．长春：吉林科学技术出版社，1995
[2] 康红普．软岩巷道底臌的机理及防治[M]．北京：煤炭工业出版社，1993
[3] 何满潮，邹正盛，邹友峰．软岩巷道工程概论[M]．徐州：中国矿业大学出版社，1993
[4] Farmer．I．W．岩石的工程性质[M]，汪浩译．徐州：中国矿业大学出版社，1988
[5] 姜耀东．巷道底臌机理及控制方法的研究[D]．徐州：中国矿业大学，1993
[6] 利特维斯基г．г．准备巷道底臌机理[J]．井巷地压与支护，1987，4(2)：41
[7] 切尔尼亚克н．л．．巷道底臌的预防[J]．煤炭科研参考资料，1980，1(63)：1-6
[8] 奥顿哥特．M．巷道底臌的防治[M]．北京：煤炭工业出版社，1985
[9] HARAMY K. Floor heave analysis in a deep coal mine[A]. Proc. of the 27th U. S. Symposium On Rock Mechanics[C], Rotterdam: Alabama, 1986
[10] 康红普．软岩巷道和峒室的底臌机理及卸压技术的研究[D]．徐州：中国矿业大学，1991
[11] 康红普，陆士良．巷道底臌机理的分析[J]．岩石力学与工程学报，1991，2(4)：362-373
[12] 曲永新，．谢兵，时梦熊等．地下工程建设中潜在膨胀性岩体的工程地质问题[M]．北京：科学出版社，1990
[13] 贺永年，何亚男．茂名矿区巷道底臌实测与分析[J]．岩土工程学报，1994，16(4)：40-46
[14] 姜耀东，陆士良．巷道底鼓的机理研究[J]．煤炭学报，1994，19(4)：343-351
[15] Lu Shiliang, Jiang Yaodong. Mechanisma and Controlof Floor Heave in Roadway[J]. Journal of China University of Mining&Technology, 1997. 7 (1): 1-5
[16] Rockway D. J. Investigation into the Efeects of Weak Floor Conditions on the Stability of Coal Pillar[J]. United States Bureau of Mines Open File Report Final, 1979: 237-243
[17] 侯朝炯，马念杰．回采巷道围岩整体下沉及其力学分析[J]．煤炭学报，1993，18(2)：46-51
[18] HOU C J, MAN J. The integral sinking of surrounding rocks of actual mining roadway and its mechanics analysis[A]. The 2nd International Symposium On Mining Technology and Sdenee[C]. Xuzhou: CUMT Press, 1991
[19] 马念杰，侯朝炯．采准巷道矿压理论及应用[M]．北京：煤炭工业出版社，1995
[20] 马念杰．徐州东部矿区回采巷道底臌的机理与防治[D]．徐州：中国矿业大学，1984
[21] 潘一山．有限元数值分析方法分析巷道底臌问[A]．第一届中苏采矿学术交流会论文[C]．泰安：山东矿业学院，1991
[22] 王卫军．回采巷道底鼓力学原理及控制技术研究：[博士学位论文]．徐州：中国矿业大学，2000，04
[23] 侯朝炯，何亚男．加固巷道帮、角控制底鼓的研究[J]．煤炭学报，1995，20(3)：1-5
[24] 钟新谷，徐虎．管缝式锚杆防治软岩巷道底臌的实验研究[J]．岩土力学，1996，1：16-21
[25] 陈明雄．软岩巷道底臌的综合治理[J]．徐煤科技，1996，1：21-25
[26] A. W. Hays. Strata Control—The State of the Art[J]. Mining Technology, 1993, Vol. 4, No. 3: 354-358
[27] 韩立军，陈学伟，李山年．软岩动压巷道锚注支护试验研究[J]．煤炭学报，1998，23(4)：241-245
[28] 刘忠良．深部软岩巷道支护[J]．煤炭科学技术，1995，23(4)：51-53
[29] 王珠，傅均先．巷道底臌的综合治理[J]．煤炭科学技术，1994，22(7)：31-33
[30] 杨永杰．软岩巷道底臌及切缝[J]．矿山压力与顶板管理，1993，1：14 16
[31] Shosel, Sorate. Stress Control Methods: Quantitative to Stabilizing Mine Opening in Weak Ground[J]. Stability Underground Mining, 1984: 52-59
[32] 薛顺勋，聂光国，姜光杰等．软岩巷道支护技术指南[M]．北京：煤炭工业出版社，2002，4
[33] 陈炎光，陆士良．中国煤矿巷道围岩控制[M]．徐州：中国矿业大学出版社，1994
[34] 刘长武，陆士良．泥岩遇水崩解软化机理的研究[J]．岩土力学，2000(21)，1：28-30
[35] 朱效嘉．软岩的水理性质[J]．矿业科学技术，1996，3：46-48
[36] 谭罗荣．关于粘土岩崩解、泥化机理的讨论[J]．岩土力学，2001(22)，1：1-3
[37] 刘长武．构造应力对巷道维护的影响[J]．矿山压力与顶板管理，1999，2：22-24
[38] 董方庭，宋宏伟，郭志宏等．巷道围岩松动圈支护理论[J]．煤炭学报，1994，19(1)：21-32
[39] 宋宏伟，郭志宏，周荣章等．围岩松动圈巷道支护理论的基本观点[J]．建井技术，1994，4：3-9
[40] 刘长武，褚秀生．软岩巷道锚注加固原理与应用[M]．徐州：中国矿业大学出版社，2000，11
[41] 杨庆．膨胀岩与巷道稳定[M]．北京：冶金工业出版社，1995-05
[42] M．鲍莱茨基，M、胡戴克[波]．矿山岩石力学[M]，于振海，刘天泉译，北京：煤炭工业出版社，1985
[43] 张玉军、钟新樵、关宝树．．秦岭隧道开挖方法利标准支护结构的分析．西南交通大学，1989年2月
[44] 关宝树．隧道工程施工要点集[M]．北京：人民交通出版社，2003，11
[45] H. H. Einstein. Tunneling in Swelling Rock[J]. Underground Space, 1979(4) 1: 51-56
[2] 康红普．软岩巷道底臌的机理及防治[M]．北京：煤炭工业出版社，1993
[3] 何满潮，邹正盛，邹友峰．软岩巷道工程概论[M]．徐州：中国矿业大学出版社，1993
[4] Farmer．I．W．岩石的工程性质[M]，汪浩译．徐州：中国矿业大学出版社，1988
[5] 姜耀东．巷道底臌机理及控制方法的研究[D]．徐州：中国矿业大学，1993
[6] 利特维斯基г．г．准备巷道底臌机理[J]．井巷地压与支护，1987，4(2)：41
[7] 切尔尼亚克н．л．．巷道底臌的预防[J]．煤炭科研参考资料，1980，1(63)：1-6
[8] 奥顿哥特．M．巷道底臌的防治[M]．北京：煤炭工业出版社，1985
[9] HARAMY K. Floor heave analysis in a deep coal mine[A]. Proc. of the 27th U. S. Symposium On Rock Mechanics[C], Rotterdam: Alabama, 1986
[10] 康红普．软岩巷道和峒室的底臌机理及卸压技术的研究[D]．徐州：中国矿业大学，1991
[11] 康红普，陆士良．巷道底臌机理的分析[J]．岩石力学与工程学报，1991，2(4)：362-373
[12] 曲永新，．谢兵，时梦熊等．地下工程建设中潜在膨胀性岩体的工程地质问题[M]．北京：科学出版社，1990
[13] 贺永年，何亚男．茂名矿区巷道底臌实测与分析[J]．岩土工程学报，1994，16(4)：40-46
[14] 姜耀东，陆士良．巷道底鼓的机理研究[J]．煤炭学报，1994，19(4)：343-351
[15] Lu Shiliang, Jiang Yaodong. Mechanisma and Controlof Floor Heave in Roadway[J]. Journal of China University of Mining&Technology, 1997. 7 (1): 1-5
[16] Rockway D. J. Investigation into the Efeects of Weak Floor Conditions on the Stability of Coal Pillar[J]. United States Bureau of Mines Open File Report Final, 1979: 237-243
[17] 侯朝炯，马念杰．回采巷道围岩整体下沉及其力学分析[J]．煤炭学报，1993，18(2)：46-51
[18] HOU C J, MAN J. The integral sinking of surrounding rocks of actual mining roadway and its mechanics analysis[A]. The 2nd International Symposium On Mining Technology and Sdenee[C]. Xuzhou: CUMT Press, 1991
[19] 马念杰，侯朝炯．采准巷道矿压理论及应用[M]．北京：煤炭工业出版社，1995
[20] 马念杰．徐州东部矿区回采巷道底臌的机理与防治[D]．徐州：中国矿业大学，1984
[21] 潘一山．有限元数值分析方法分析巷道底臌问[A]．第一届中苏采矿学术交流会论文[C]．泰安：山东矿业学院，1991
[22] 王卫军．回采巷道底鼓力学原理及控制技术研究：[博士学位论文]．徐州：中国矿业大学，2000，04
[23] 侯朝炯，何亚男．加固巷道帮、角控制底鼓的研究[J]．煤炭学报，1995，20(3)：1-5
[24] 钟新谷，徐虎．管缝式锚杆防治软岩巷道底臌的实验研究[J]．岩土力学，1996，1：16-21
[25] 陈明雄．软岩巷道底臌的综合治理[J]．徐煤科技，1996，1：21-25
[26] A. W. Hays. Strata Control—The State of the Art[J]. Mining Technology, 1993, Vol. 4, No. 3: 354-358
[27] 韩立军，陈学伟，李山年．软岩动压巷道锚注支护试验研究[J]．煤炭学报，1998，23(4)：241-245
[28] 刘忠良．深部软岩巷道支护[J]．煤炭科学技术，1995，23(4)：51-53
[29] 王珠，傅均先．巷道底臌的综合治理[J]．煤炭科学技术，1994，22(7)：31-33
[30] 杨永杰．软岩巷道底臌及切缝[J]．矿山压力与顶板管理，1993，1：14 16
[31] Shosel, Sorate. Stress Control Methods: Quantitative to Stabilizing Mine Opening in Weak Ground[J]. Stability Underground Mining, 1984: 52-59
[32] 薛顺勋，聂光国，姜光杰等．软岩巷道支护技术指南[M]．北京：煤炭工业出版社，2002，4
[33] 陈炎光，陆士良．中国煤矿巷道围岩控制[M]．徐州：中国矿业大学出版社，1994
[34] 刘长武，陆士良．泥岩遇水崩解软化机理的研究[J]．岩土力学，2000(21)，1：28-30
[35] 朱效嘉．软岩的水理性质[J]．矿业科学技术，1996，3：46-48
[36] 谭罗荣．关于粘土岩崩解、泥化机理的讨论[J]．岩土力学，2001(22)，1：1-3
[37] 刘长武．构造应力对巷道维护的影响[J]．矿山压力与顶板管理，1999，2：22-24
[38] 董方庭，宋宏伟，郭志宏等．巷道围岩松动圈支护理论[J]．煤炭学报，1994，19(1)：21-32
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