秦岭箭竹种群无性繁殖及生存策略研究
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摘要
秦岭箭竹(Fargesia qinlingensis)为我国特有竹种,仅分布于秦岭地区,是秦岭大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)冬居地的主食竹种。本文以秦岭箭竹分布最为集中的秦岭南坡为研究区域,通过样地调查、定位观察,系统研究了秦岭箭竹的地理分布、个体生物学特性、种群数量动态、无性繁殖特性、人工栽培措施,为秦岭箭竹天然林的抚育和人工林的建设提供理论依据。主要结论如下:
1、秦岭箭竹分布于秦岭中高山地带,海拔1100到3000m之间。秦岭箭竹天然种群可划分为4个群落类型;立地条件差异导致秦岭箭竹平均个体的生长势不同。在天然条件下,分布于海拔2000m以上的秦岭箭竹生长较好。
2、不同生境秦岭箭竹无性系分株种群年龄结构均呈稳定型;在四个生境中,秦岭箭竹无性系小株数量占总数的比例均不超过25%;四个种群的静态生命表中在不同年龄段均有负值,这是由于成熟个体对营养和空间的需求不断增大,导致自疏作用。
3、发笋是秦岭箭竹无性繁殖主要方式,立竹密度、海拔、气候对发笋均有影响;适中的立竹密度(52500～64500株/hm~2)有利于增加出笋数量;在海拔2000～2200m的范围内发笋数量最大(43850～56000株/hm~2);分布于海拔2000～2400m范围内的秦岭箭竹无性系分株各构件的生物量明显大于海拔1600～2000m范围内的;通过对秦岭箭竹表型特征主成分分析,得出H4生境(海拔2200～2400m)是秦岭箭竹生长的最适生境,其立竹密度为115000～140000株/hm~2。
4、秦岭箭竹人工营林3年后,无性系分株的保存率在海拔2000m以上可高达80%。秦岭箭竹人工种群随着海拔升高,种群密度增加,无性系分株死亡率降低;比较同一群落类型,阳坡内幼龄分株的数量大于阴坡,且无性系分株死亡率低于阴坡。平茬可以促进竹笋萌发的数量,但随后萌发竹笋的地径和高度较小。
Fargesia qinlingensis is an endemic species in China, distributing in the Qinling Mountain. It is important for Ailuropoda melanoleuca as the edible bamboo in winter, so that the growth and its productivity of bamboo contribute to Ailuropoda melanoleuca conservation. In this paper, the south slope of the Qinling Mountain in which the distribution of F. qinlingensis is the most concentrated was tested, through the sample survey and positioning observation, the geographical distribution, individual biological characteristics, population dynamics, asexual reproductive characteristics, artificial cultivation practices of F. qinlingensis were systematically studied. The object was to provide the theoretical basis for tending this bamboo forests. The results showed that:
1. F. qinlingensis mainly distributes in the warm temperate and subtropical bamboo distribution of the transition zone in the the Qinling Mountain area, covering the medium and alpine area, from 1100m to 3000m. There were four communities through cluster analysis of species importance value; the average growth status varied with different habitats. In natural conditions, the growth status of F. qinlingensis above 2000m altitude was better than that below 2000m.
2. The natural population of F. qinlingensis in different habitats had the stable age structure, but there existed certain degree of difference. The young ramet propitiation was no more than 25% in the four habitats. According to the study of static life table, it showed that negative values appeared at different age classes in the four habitats, because the mature individuals demanded much more nutrition and bigger space, and then led to self-thinning effect.
3. Bamboo shooting was the chief mode of F. qinlingensis for asexual prorogation, and germination was influenced by standing bamboo density, altitude and climate. The amount of bamboo shooting was more in the appropriate of standing bamboo density(52500～64500 individual /hm~2) than that in the maximum and minimum germination density. The amount of bamboo shooting was the most ( 43850～56000 individual /hm~2 ) in the attitude (2000～2200m). The modular biomass of F. qinlingensis ramet in the altitude (2000～2400m) was greater significantly than that in the altitude (1600～2000m). Principal component analysis showed that H4 habitat(2200～2400m)got the score of phenotype characteristic among the different habitats. It means that H4 suit for the growth of F. qinlingensis and the appropriate of standing bamboo density was 115000～140000 individual /hm~2.
4. The survival rate was different from the different altitudes with the 3-year-old artificial plantations. The maximum of survive rate arrived at 80% above the altitude 2000m. The generation and growth of F. qinlingensis were effected by the light and the altitude. The bamboo density increased and death rate of ramet decreased with the increasing altitude. The amount of young ramets in the sunny slope was greater than that in the shady slope, and the same trend was observed in the death rate of ramets. Bamboo rhizome pruning and stump cutting benefit for the generation of bamboo population. The amount of bamboo shooting increased after stump cutting, while the DHB and height for pre-cutting were lower than that for post-cutting. It means that severing promotes the amount of bamboo shooting but they were weedy.
1、秦岭箭竹分布于秦岭中高山地带,海拔1100到3000m之间。秦岭箭竹天然种群可划分为4个群落类型;立地条件差异导致秦岭箭竹平均个体的生长势不同。在天然条件下,分布于海拔2000m以上的秦岭箭竹生长较好。
2、不同生境秦岭箭竹无性系分株种群年龄结构均呈稳定型;在四个生境中,秦岭箭竹无性系小株数量占总数的比例均不超过25%;四个种群的静态生命表中在不同年龄段均有负值,这是由于成熟个体对营养和空间的需求不断增大,导致自疏作用。
3、发笋是秦岭箭竹无性繁殖主要方式,立竹密度、海拔、气候对发笋均有影响;适中的立竹密度(52500～64500株/hm~2)有利于增加出笋数量;在海拔2000～2200m的范围内发笋数量最大(43850～56000株/hm~2);分布于海拔2000～2400m范围内的秦岭箭竹无性系分株各构件的生物量明显大于海拔1600～2000m范围内的;通过对秦岭箭竹表型特征主成分分析,得出H4生境(海拔2200～2400m)是秦岭箭竹生长的最适生境,其立竹密度为115000～140000株/hm~2。
4、秦岭箭竹人工营林3年后,无性系分株的保存率在海拔2000m以上可高达80%。秦岭箭竹人工种群随着海拔升高,种群密度增加,无性系分株死亡率降低;比较同一群落类型,阳坡内幼龄分株的数量大于阴坡,且无性系分株死亡率低于阴坡。平茬可以促进竹笋萌发的数量,但随后萌发竹笋的地径和高度较小。
Fargesia qinlingensis is an endemic species in China, distributing in the Qinling Mountain. It is important for Ailuropoda melanoleuca as the edible bamboo in winter, so that the growth and its productivity of bamboo contribute to Ailuropoda melanoleuca conservation. In this paper, the south slope of the Qinling Mountain in which the distribution of F. qinlingensis is the most concentrated was tested, through the sample survey and positioning observation, the geographical distribution, individual biological characteristics, population dynamics, asexual reproductive characteristics, artificial cultivation practices of F. qinlingensis were systematically studied. The object was to provide the theoretical basis for tending this bamboo forests. The results showed that:
1. F. qinlingensis mainly distributes in the warm temperate and subtropical bamboo distribution of the transition zone in the the Qinling Mountain area, covering the medium and alpine area, from 1100m to 3000m. There were four communities through cluster analysis of species importance value; the average growth status varied with different habitats. In natural conditions, the growth status of F. qinlingensis above 2000m altitude was better than that below 2000m.
2. The natural population of F. qinlingensis in different habitats had the stable age structure, but there existed certain degree of difference. The young ramet propitiation was no more than 25% in the four habitats. According to the study of static life table, it showed that negative values appeared at different age classes in the four habitats, because the mature individuals demanded much more nutrition and bigger space, and then led to self-thinning effect.
3. Bamboo shooting was the chief mode of F. qinlingensis for asexual prorogation, and germination was influenced by standing bamboo density, altitude and climate. The amount of bamboo shooting was more in the appropriate of standing bamboo density(52500～64500 individual /hm~2) than that in the maximum and minimum germination density. The amount of bamboo shooting was the most ( 43850～56000 individual /hm~2 ) in the attitude (2000～2200m). The modular biomass of F. qinlingensis ramet in the altitude (2000～2400m) was greater significantly than that in the altitude (1600～2000m). Principal component analysis showed that H4 habitat(2200～2400m)got the score of phenotype characteristic among the different habitats. It means that H4 suit for the growth of F. qinlingensis and the appropriate of standing bamboo density was 115000～140000 individual /hm~2.
4. The survival rate was different from the different altitudes with the 3-year-old artificial plantations. The maximum of survive rate arrived at 80% above the altitude 2000m. The generation and growth of F. qinlingensis were effected by the light and the altitude. The bamboo density increased and death rate of ramet decreased with the increasing altitude. The amount of young ramets in the sunny slope was greater than that in the shady slope, and the same trend was observed in the death rate of ramets. Bamboo rhizome pruning and stump cutting benefit for the generation of bamboo population. The amount of bamboo shooting increased after stump cutting, while the DHB and height for pre-cutting were lower than that for post-cutting. It means that severing promotes the amount of bamboo shooting but they were weedy.
引文
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