裂隙储层地震反演方法研究
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摘要
本文在总结各向异性理论在裂隙性储层理论研究的发展历程之上,利用Hudson模型得到垂直裂隙模型的等效弹性系数,给出了计算地震波在垂直裂隙介质中的传播速度和衰减系数的方法。通过数值模拟分析了垂直裂隙介质中裂隙密度、裂隙纵横比、裂隙充填物等对qP波、qSV波和qSH波的相速度和衰减系数的影响,讨论了垂直裂隙介质中各相速度和衰减系数的方位异常。从模拟计算得到方位衰减系数比传播速度对裂隙更敏感的结论。对某探区的实际三维数据进行叠后时频分析,利用对X-1井和X-3井旁道的时频分析得到的各种频率属性进行优选,发现起始衰减频率和低频能量比能很好的和井区孔隙解释结果相吻合。对全区叠后道集提取这两种频率属性,得到了储层的物性平面展布图,为工区储层预测提供了可靠的资料。
This paper summarizes the anisotropic theory of crack reservoir. We get the equivalent elastic coefficients of crack media on the use of Hudson’s model, and provide the method how to get wave propagation velocity and attenuation coefficient in the fractured media which has a horizon symmetry axis. We simulate the variation of phase velocity and attenuation coefficient while crack parameters change., and find that the attenuation coefficient is more reliable than wave velocity. So we do an actual application here.
The data of the exploration area is a three-dimension data. We applied time-frequency analysis and frequency attenuation attribute to predict the distribution of reservoir physicality. During analysing the frequency spectrum attribute of well X-1 and well X-3 we found that the starting attenuate frequency and low-frequency energy dovetail well with the interpretation pore. We extracted this tow frequency properties from stack gather of this region, and obtained reservoir properties for the reservoir layers. By stacking the pre-stack gather in different azimuth, we got two azimuth gathers which have uniform coverage and high S/N Ratio. We detect the fracture development level using the difference of the frequency of 85% energy in the two azimuth gathers. Finally we provided the distribution planes of fracture presence in every reservoirs and cap rock.
In this exploration area, there isn’t S-velocity logging. But S-velocity log of the well is very important during some inversion works, such as impedance inversion and elastic impedance inversion. It can provide both low frequency model and high frequency model. We must use it during the extraction of angel wavelet too. Fluid replacement based on rock physics model of Gassmann equation can inversion the S-velocity using both logging data and the analysis of core sample. Logging data can provide reliable petrophysical parameters. Using the explanation of log datas and the inverted S-velocity to forward the AVO of the aim reservoir layer can provide some information about using reflection to detect fracture. We forwarded the AVO response and found that if only using wide-azimuth gather’s large incident angel data can detect fracture effectively. But the data of this area can provide narrow azimuth only. So we don’t use the AVO information of different azimuth to detect fracture. The data of this exploration has a high S/N Ratio. The max of incidence angel for the aim reservoir layers is 31 degree. It comes up to the conventional pre-stack elastic impedance inversion requirement. We extracted four angel gathers from the pre-stack data and did the elastic impedance inversion.
This paper summarizes the anisotropic theory of crack reservoir. We get the equivalent elastic coefficients of crack media on the use of Hudson’s model, and provide the method how to get wave propagation velocity and attenuation coefficient in the fractured media which has a horizon symmetry axis. We simulate the variation of phase velocity and attenuation coefficient while crack parameters change., and find that the attenuation coefficient is more reliable than wave velocity. So we do an actual application here.
The data of the exploration area is a three-dimension data. We applied time-frequency analysis and frequency attenuation attribute to predict the distribution of reservoir physicality. During analysing the frequency spectrum attribute of well X-1 and well X-3 we found that the starting attenuate frequency and low-frequency energy dovetail well with the interpretation pore. We extracted this tow frequency properties from stack gather of this region, and obtained reservoir properties for the reservoir layers. By stacking the pre-stack gather in different azimuth, we got two azimuth gathers which have uniform coverage and high S/N Ratio. We detect the fracture development level using the difference of the frequency of 85% energy in the two azimuth gathers. Finally we provided the distribution planes of fracture presence in every reservoirs and cap rock.
In this exploration area, there isn’t S-velocity logging. But S-velocity log of the well is very important during some inversion works, such as impedance inversion and elastic impedance inversion. It can provide both low frequency model and high frequency model. We must use it during the extraction of angel wavelet too. Fluid replacement based on rock physics model of Gassmann equation can inversion the S-velocity using both logging data and the analysis of core sample. Logging data can provide reliable petrophysical parameters. Using the explanation of log datas and the inverted S-velocity to forward the AVO of the aim reservoir layer can provide some information about using reflection to detect fracture. We forwarded the AVO response and found that if only using wide-azimuth gather’s large incident angel data can detect fracture effectively. But the data of this area can provide narrow azimuth only. So we don’t use the AVO information of different azimuth to detect fracture. The data of this exploration has a high S/N Ratio. The max of incidence angel for the aim reservoir layers is 31 degree. It comes up to the conventional pre-stack elastic impedance inversion requirement. We extracted four angel gathers from the pre-stack data and did the elastic impedance inversion.
引文
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[2]宋惠珍,贾承造,欧阳健.裂缝性储集层研究理论与方法[M].石油工业出版社,2001.
[3]喻岳钰,杨长春,王彦飞等.瞬时频域衰减属性及其在碳酸盐岩裂缝检测中的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2009,24(5),1717-1722.
[4] Crampin S. Seismic wave propagation through a cracked solid:Polarization as a possible diagnostic [J].Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1978,53(3), 467-496.
[5] Crampin S. A review of wave motion in anisotropic and cracked elastic media [J]. Wave Motion, 1981,3(4),343-391.
[6] Hudson J A. Overall properties of a cracked solid [J]. Math Proc Camb phil Soc ,1980, 88(2),371-384.
[7] Hudson J A. Wave speeds and attenuation of elastic waves in material containing cracks [J]. Geophys J R Astr Soc,1981,64(1),133-150.
[8] Hudson J A,Enru Liu. Effective elastic properties of heavily faulted structures [J].Geophysics,1999,64(2),479-485.
[9] Crampin S, McGonigle R, Ando M. Extensive-dilatancy anisotropy beneath Mount Hood, Oregon, and the effect of aspect ratio on seismic velocities through aligned cracks [J]. J. Geophys. Res., 1986, 91(B12), 12703-12710.
[10] Hudson J. A, Enru Liu and Crampin S. The mechanical properties of materials with interconnected cracks and pores [J]. Geophysics, 1996, 124,105-112.
[11] Cheng C H. Crack models for a transversely anisotropic medium [J]. Geohys Res, 1993, 98.675-684.
[12] Thomsen L. Weak elastic anisotropy [J].Geophysics,1 986, 51 (10), 1954-1966.
[13]刘前坤.方位各向异性介质AVO及弹性阻抗研究[D].长春:吉林大学,2008.
[14] Rüger A. P-wave reflection coefficients for transversely isotropic models with vertical and horizontal axis of symmetry [J]. Geophysics, 1997,62(3), 713-722.
[15] Rüger A. Variation of P-wave reflectivity with offset and azimuth in anisotropic media [J]. Geophysics, 1998, 63(3), 935-947.
[16] P?en?ík I and Vavry?uk V. Weak Contrast PP Wave Displacement R/T Coefficients in Weakly Anisotropic Elastic Media [J]. Pure and Applied Geophysics. 1998, 151, 699–718.
[17] Vavry?uk V, and P?en?ík I , PP-wave reflection coefficients in weakly elastic media [J]. Geophysics, 1998, 63(6), 2129–2141.
[18] Tsvankin I and Thomsen L. Non-hyperbolic reflection moveout in anisotropic media [J]. Geophysics, 1994, 59(8), 1290-1304.
[19] Ilya Tsvankin and Vladimir Grechka.3D description and inversion of reflection moveout of PS–waves in anisotropic media [J]. Geophysical Prospecting, 2002, 50, 301-316.
[20] Xu X, Tsvankin I. Anisotropic geometrical-spreading correction for wide-azimuth P-wave reflections [J]. Geophysics, 2006, 71(5), 161-170.
[21] Xu X, Tsvankin I. A case study of azimuthal AVO analysis with anisotropic spreading correction [J]. The Leading Edge, 2007, 26(12), 1552- 1561.
[22] Xu X, Tsvankin I. Moveout-based geometrical-spreading correction for PS-waves in layered anisotropic media [J]. Journal of Geophysics and Engineering, 2008, 5, 195-202.
[23] Mavko M and Nur A. Wave attenuation in partially saturated rocks[J]. 1979, 44(2), 161-178.
[24] Hosten B, Deschamps M, Tittmann B R. Inhomogeneous wave generation and propagation in lossy anisotropic solids: Application to the characterization of viscoelastic composite materials [J]. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1987, 82(5), 1763-1770.
[25] Arts R J, Rasolofosaon P N J. Approximation of velocity and attenuation in general anisotropic rocks [C]. 62nd Annual International Meeting, SEG, Expanded Abstracts, 1992, 640-643.
[26] Cerveny V and Psencik I. Plane waves in viscoelastic anisotropic media—I [J]. Theory, Geophysical Journal International, 2005a, 161, 197-212.
[27] Cerveny V, Psencik I. Plane waves in viscoelastic anisotropic media—II [J]. Numerical examples, Geophysical Journal International, 2005b, 161, 213-229.
[28] Zhu Y, Tsvankin I. Plane-wave propagation in attenuative transversely isotropic media [J]. Geophysics, 2006, 71(2), 17-30.
[29] Zhu Y, Tsvankin I, Dewangan P, Wijk van K. Physical modeling and analysis ofP-wave attenuation anisotropy in transversely isotropic media [J]. Geophysics,2007, 72(1),1-7.
[30] Zhu Y, Tsvankin I. Plane-wave attenuation anisotropy in orthorhombic media[J]. Geophysics, 2007, 72(1), 9-19.
[31] Zhu Y, Tsvankin I, Vasconcelos I. Effective attenuation anisotropy of thin-layered media [J]. Geophysics, 2007, 72(5), 93-106.
[32] Chichinina T, Sabinin V, Ronquillo-Jarrillo G. P-wave attenuation anisotropy for fracture characterization: Numerical modeling in re?ection data [J]. 74th Annual International Meeting, SEG, Expanded Abstracts, 2004, 143-146.
[33]何樵登.地震勘探原理和方法[M].北京:地质出版社,1986.
[34]何樵登,陶春晖.用遗传算法反演裂隙各向异性介质[J].石油物探1995,34(3),46~50
[35]张文生,何樵登等.用遗传算法反演各向异性介质弹性参数[J].物探化探计算技术1998,20(4),293~299
[36]周辉,何樵登.横向各向同性介质走时反演[J].石油物探1995,34(3):63~68
[37]何樵登,张中杰.横向各向同性介质中地震波及其数值模拟[M].长春:吉林大学出版社,1996.
[38]轩义华.倾斜横向各向同性介质(TT1)参数反演方法研究[D].长春:吉林大学.2007.
[39]王晓欢.TTI介质中地震波传播特性研究[D].长春:吉林大学.2006.
[40]郝奇.三维TTI介质地震波场正演模拟[D].长春:吉林大学.2007.
[41]董敏煜,汪和杰. EDA介质中弹性波VSP模拟和横波双折射分析[C]. 1992年中国地球物理学会第八届学术年会论文集.
[42]杜启振,杨慧珠.裂缝性地层黏弹性地震多波波动方程[J].物理学报,2004,53(8),2801-2806.
[43]王德利,何樵登.裂隙型单斜介质中弹性系数的计算及波的传播特性研究[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2002,32(2),91-96.
[44]王德利,何樵登,韩立国.裂隙型单斜介质中多方位地面三分量记录模拟[J].地球物理学报,2005,48(2),386-393.
[45]李亚林,贺振华,黄德济等.露头砂岩纵横波衰减的各向异性实验研究[J].石油地球物理勘探,1999,34(6),658-664.
[46]杜正聪,贺振华,黄德济.缝洞储层地震波场数值模拟[J].勘探地球物理进展,2003,26(2),103-108.
[47]桂志先,贺振华.裂隙参数对P波的影响及裂隙检测可行性数值研究[J].物探化探计算技术,2003,25(1),35-38.
[48]何建军.致密碳酸盐岩缝洞储层地震检测方法研究[D].成都:成都理工大学,2008.
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