抽动障碍儿童免疫功能变化及其危险因素研究
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摘要
目的:抽动障碍(tic disorders)是起病于儿童和青少年时期,具有
    明显遗传倾向的精神、行为障碍,它是一种多因素共同作用导致的疾病,
    在治疗过程中容易反复,因此,本课题就抽动障碍儿童细胞免疫功能的变
    化、抗核抗体的产生、儿童心理个性、母亲孕产期情况、父母教育方法以
    及家庭情况进行了研究,进一步探讨抽动障碍的病因及发病机制,为临床
    提供相应的治疗对策。 
        方法:本研究采用病例对照的实验方法,对 30 例抽动障碍儿童和 30
    例正常儿童实施了血液抗核抗体、T 淋巴细胞亚群总 T 淋巴细胞百分率
    (CD3)、辅助 T 淋巴细胞百分率(CD4)、抑制性 T 淋巴细胞百分率(CD8)
    和 CD4/CD8 比值的实验室检查,以及家庭情况调查问卷、艾森克个性问卷
    (儿童)、父母亲养育方式量表调查,资料使用 SPSS11.0 软件进行 t-检验、
    χ2检验、Spearman等级相关分析以及SAS8.0软件进行Logistic回归分析。 
         结果:病例组 CD3、CD4、CD4/CD8 比值显著低于对照组,病例组抗核
    抗体(ANA)吸光度值显著高于对照组。家庭情况调查问卷显示遗传因素、
    父母婚姻状况、孕期情绪不良、出生窒息、孕期接触有毒物体、患儿精神
    过度紧张等 9 个因素,病例组与对照组有显著性差异。父母养育方式量表
    结果显示: 病例组父母“情感温暖、理解”得分显著低于对照组,而病例
    组父母“惩罚、严厉” 、“拒绝、否认” 、“过分干涉”因子得分明显高
    于对照组。艾森克个性问卷(儿童)结果显示病例组 EPQ 得分在 P(精神质)、
    N(神经质)上显著高于对照组,在 L(掩饰性)效度得分显著低于对照组。
    对上述统计检验有显著性差异的资料进行单因素 Logistic 回归分析,结果
    显示 EPQ-P,EPQ-L、EPQ-N,父“温暖理解”、父“拒绝”、父“干涉”、母“拒
    绝”、母“干涉”、母“温暖理解”、CD4 等 10 个因素有显著性差异,在单因
    素分析的基础上, 将分析中有显著意义的变量共 10 个引入回归方程,在
    SAS8.0 统计软件包上进行逐步非条件 Logistic 回归分析,结果父亲“拒绝
    因子”及母亲“拒绝因子”为显著危险因素。 
     结论:抽动障碍儿童存在细胞免疫功能紊乱,即细胞免疫功能降低以
    及病毒或细菌感染后自身抗体(抗核抗体)的产生。母亲孕期情绪不良、
     II
    
    
    孕期接触有害物质、患儿出生窒息、患儿长期精神紧张、发病前诱发因素
    (如遭受打骂)、学习负担过重、患儿个性偏于神经质和精神质以及父母亲
    的不良教育方式都可能是儿童发生抽动障碍的危险因素,其中父母亲对患
    儿过多的拒绝和否定为显著危险因素。
Objective:Tic disorders is a kind of neural and mental disease with evident
    hereditary tendency. It has been found in some adolescents. Because we have
    known many factors can lead to tic disorders ,the study aimed at investigating
    deeply its cellular immune function 、anti-ANA(antinuclear antibody)、
    personality、 mother's  pregnancy 、parental rearing patterns and family
    surroundings ,exploring profoundly its etiology mechanism and providing
    appropriate measures of clinical intervention.
    Method:The paper adopted case control experimental method.The 30 children
    with TD and 30 normal children were implemented laboratory check about
    antinuclear antibody(ANA)、T lymphocyte subsets such as total T lymphocyte
    percent CD3、helper T cell percent CD4、suppressor T cell percent CD8 and
    help/suppressor radio(CD4/CD8)in blood and questionnaire about tic disorders
    family status,EPQ (children)and Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran
    (EMBU).The data was handled and analysed with SPSS11.0 and SAS8.0
    statistical soft system.
    Results: The CD3、CD4 and helper/suppressor ratio (CD4/CD8)were
    significantly lower in case group than in control group, the absorbency of
    anti-ANA were significantly higher in case group than in control group.
    Family status questionnaire indicated that there were 9 factors which had
    significant difference between the case group and the control group .The 9
    factors were heredity、parental marriage status、bad mood during the pregnancy、
    asphyxia of newborn、poisonous matter 、children's over-tension in mental
    state、catching a cold recently、inducing factors and the heavy study burden one
    by one. EMBU showed: the factor“affect warmth”scores for the father and
    mother scale of EMBU in case group were significantly lower than those of
     IV
    
    
    control group. The scores on factors such as “punishment” 、“refusal” 、
    “interference ”of father and mother scale of EMBU in case group were found
    significantly higher than those of the control group. EPQ showed:the scores of
    P、N were significantly higher in case group than in control group. The scores of
    L were significantly lower in case group than in control group. Single factor
    logistic regression analysis indicated that the following factors EPQ-P、
    EPQ-L、EPQ-N、“punishment”,“refusal”“interference ”“affect warmth”
    of parents scale of EMBU and CD4 had significant difference. Logistic
    stepwise regression analysis indicated that“refusal”of father and mother scale
    of EMBU were the most risky factors.  
    Conclusion:Children with tic disorders had the abnormity of cellular immune
    function and the higher concentration of autoantibody being brought
    out after the patients were affected by the virus and bacteria. Heredity、
    parental marriage status、bad mood during pregnancy、asphyxia of newborn、
    poisonous matter 、children'over-tension in mental state、catching a cold
    recently、inducing factors 、the heavy study burden 、the personality of
    neurotic character 、psychic character and the parental bad rearing patterns
    would be the risky factors which resulted in tic disorders. Among these
    factors “refusal”of father and mother scale of EMBU were the most risky
    factors.
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