论弃权和禁止反言原则在海上保险中的适用
摘要
弃权和禁止反言原则是英美合同法中两个极具特色的原则,在英美合同法领域,包括在海上保险合同法领域发挥着利益平衡的重要作用。这两项原则也是海上保险最大诚信原则对保险人的约束,体现了海上保险立法及实践有更注重保护投保人或被保险人利益的趋势。本文通过案例分析及理论探讨的方法,分析了弃权和禁止反言原则在英美海上保险中的适用,并与大陆法系相关制度作比较,以期借鉴弃权和禁止反言原则完善我国海上保险法律制度,促进我国海上保险业的健康发展。
本文共分为五章,对弃权和禁止反言原则在海上保险中的适用进行分析研究。
第一章从介绍弃权和禁止反言原则的产生和发展入手,指出弃权和禁止反言原则是为了弥补英美合同法对价理论的缺陷,实现法律的公平正义而产生发展起来的。而为了实现海上保险最大诚信原则的利益平衡要求,弃权和禁止反言原则作为最大诚信原则对保险人的约束在海上保险中得以适用。本文进一步分析了弃权和禁止反言的概念,并指出弃权和禁止反言原则是两个相互独立的原则,虽然在特征上、结果上都表现出相似性,但两个原则的区别十分明显,在适用过程中也有不同的要求。
第二章主要介绍了大陆法系失权制度、缔约过失责任制度、表见代理制度的规定,并将这些制度与英美法系的弃权和禁止反言原则进行比较,以寻求大陆法系合同法借鉴英美法弃权和禁止反言原则的可能性。
第三章和第四章分别探讨弃权原则和禁止反言原则在海上保险中的适用。通过引用英美法院的判例详细分析了两个原则的构成要件、在海上保险中的适用范围及适用限制,以及一些特殊的适用规则。凸显了弃权和禁止反言原则在海上保险中对限制保险人权利滥用、维护投保人或被保险人的合法利益所发挥的重要作用。
在前四章的基础上,本文在第五章提出了借鉴弃权和禁止反言原则以完善我国海上保险法律制度的构想。指出了最大诚信原则在我国的发展决定了两原则不可缺失,而我国海上保险立法及实践的现状也需要引入弃权和禁止反言原则,并分析了我国借鉴两原则对完善我国海上保险法律制度的重要意义。在此基础上,提出了借鉴弃权和禁止反言原则完善我国海上保险法律制度的具体构想,以期为完善我国海上保险法律制度贡献绵薄之力。
Waiver and estoppel which are the two unusually characteristic principles in Anglo-American contract law have a vital role to play in the balancing of interest in the area of the Anglo-American contract law and contract of marine insurance law. These two principles are also the restraints of the principle of utmost good faith to the insurer and show the tendency which the legislation and practice of marine insurance pays more attention to protecting the interest of the insurance applicant or the insured. This thesis analyses the application of waiver and estoppel in marine insurance law and compares these two principles with the relevant legal systems in the continental law system by the means of case analyses and theory researches in order to perfect Chinese marine insurance legal system and promote the healthy development of the Chinese marine insurance industry by learning from waiver and estoppel.
This thesis falls into five chapters to analyze and research the application of waiver and estoppel in marine insurance.
In Chapter One, this thesis begins from introducing the emergence and development of the waiver and estoppel, and points out that waiver and estoppel emerged and developed in order to remedy the limitation of the consideration doctrine in the Anglo-American contract law and realize the fairness and justice of law. And for the sake of realization of interest balance under the principle of utmost good faith in marine insurance, waiver and estoppel were applicable to restraint of the insurer. This thesis further analyses the definition of waiver and estoppel and points out that these two principles are interdependent. Although these two principles show the comparability in characters and results, the difference between them is completely obvious and they have the different requests in application.
In Chapter Two, this thesis mainly introduces the relevant legal systems in the continental law system such as verwirkung, culpa in contrahendo and agency by estoppel and compares these legal systems with waiver and estoppel in the Anglo-American law system in order to seek the possibility that contract law in the continental law system can learn from waiver and estoppel in the Anglo-American law system.
In Chapter Three and Chapter Four, this thesis discusses respectively the application of waiver and estoppel in marine insurance and analyses in detail the constitutive requirements, the scope of application and limitation in marine insurance and some special applicable rules. Waiver and estoppel are highlighted the importance for restraint of the insurer's abuse of power and protection of the lawful rights enjoyed by the insurance applicant or the insured in marine insurance.
In Chapter Five, on the basis of the preceding four chapters, this thesis puts forward the suggestion that we can learn from waiver and estoppel in order to perfect Chinese marine insurance legal system. This thesis points out that the development of the principle of utmost good faith in China determines the indispensability of waiver and estoppel and that the legislation and practice of marine insurance in China also requires learning from waiver and estoppel. Then this thesis analyses the important meaning of perfect Chinese marine insurance legal system by learning from these two principles. On this basis, the author puts forward the suggestion which is to learn from waiver and estoppel in order to contribute the author's mite to perfecting Chinese marine insurance legal system.
本文共分为五章,对弃权和禁止反言原则在海上保险中的适用进行分析研究。
第一章从介绍弃权和禁止反言原则的产生和发展入手,指出弃权和禁止反言原则是为了弥补英美合同法对价理论的缺陷,实现法律的公平正义而产生发展起来的。而为了实现海上保险最大诚信原则的利益平衡要求,弃权和禁止反言原则作为最大诚信原则对保险人的约束在海上保险中得以适用。本文进一步分析了弃权和禁止反言的概念,并指出弃权和禁止反言原则是两个相互独立的原则,虽然在特征上、结果上都表现出相似性,但两个原则的区别十分明显,在适用过程中也有不同的要求。
第二章主要介绍了大陆法系失权制度、缔约过失责任制度、表见代理制度的规定,并将这些制度与英美法系的弃权和禁止反言原则进行比较,以寻求大陆法系合同法借鉴英美法弃权和禁止反言原则的可能性。
第三章和第四章分别探讨弃权原则和禁止反言原则在海上保险中的适用。通过引用英美法院的判例详细分析了两个原则的构成要件、在海上保险中的适用范围及适用限制,以及一些特殊的适用规则。凸显了弃权和禁止反言原则在海上保险中对限制保险人权利滥用、维护投保人或被保险人的合法利益所发挥的重要作用。
在前四章的基础上,本文在第五章提出了借鉴弃权和禁止反言原则以完善我国海上保险法律制度的构想。指出了最大诚信原则在我国的发展决定了两原则不可缺失,而我国海上保险立法及实践的现状也需要引入弃权和禁止反言原则,并分析了我国借鉴两原则对完善我国海上保险法律制度的重要意义。在此基础上,提出了借鉴弃权和禁止反言原则完善我国海上保险法律制度的具体构想,以期为完善我国海上保险法律制度贡献绵薄之力。
Waiver and estoppel which are the two unusually characteristic principles in Anglo-American contract law have a vital role to play in the balancing of interest in the area of the Anglo-American contract law and contract of marine insurance law. These two principles are also the restraints of the principle of utmost good faith to the insurer and show the tendency which the legislation and practice of marine insurance pays more attention to protecting the interest of the insurance applicant or the insured. This thesis analyses the application of waiver and estoppel in marine insurance law and compares these two principles with the relevant legal systems in the continental law system by the means of case analyses and theory researches in order to perfect Chinese marine insurance legal system and promote the healthy development of the Chinese marine insurance industry by learning from waiver and estoppel.
This thesis falls into five chapters to analyze and research the application of waiver and estoppel in marine insurance.
In Chapter One, this thesis begins from introducing the emergence and development of the waiver and estoppel, and points out that waiver and estoppel emerged and developed in order to remedy the limitation of the consideration doctrine in the Anglo-American contract law and realize the fairness and justice of law. And for the sake of realization of interest balance under the principle of utmost good faith in marine insurance, waiver and estoppel were applicable to restraint of the insurer. This thesis further analyses the definition of waiver and estoppel and points out that these two principles are interdependent. Although these two principles show the comparability in characters and results, the difference between them is completely obvious and they have the different requests in application.
In Chapter Two, this thesis mainly introduces the relevant legal systems in the continental law system such as verwirkung, culpa in contrahendo and agency by estoppel and compares these legal systems with waiver and estoppel in the Anglo-American law system in order to seek the possibility that contract law in the continental law system can learn from waiver and estoppel in the Anglo-American law system.
In Chapter Three and Chapter Four, this thesis discusses respectively the application of waiver and estoppel in marine insurance and analyses in detail the constitutive requirements, the scope of application and limitation in marine insurance and some special applicable rules. Waiver and estoppel are highlighted the importance for restraint of the insurer's abuse of power and protection of the lawful rights enjoyed by the insurance applicant or the insured in marine insurance.
In Chapter Five, on the basis of the preceding four chapters, this thesis puts forward the suggestion that we can learn from waiver and estoppel in order to perfect Chinese marine insurance legal system. This thesis points out that the development of the principle of utmost good faith in China determines the indispensability of waiver and estoppel and that the legislation and practice of marine insurance in China also requires learning from waiver and estoppel. Then this thesis analyses the important meaning of perfect Chinese marine insurance legal system by learning from these two principles. On this basis, the author puts forward the suggestion which is to learn from waiver and estoppel in order to contribute the author's mite to perfecting Chinese marine insurance legal system.
引文
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2杨桢.英美契约法.第3版.北京:北京大学出版社,2003.63
3同上
4Currie v.Misa(1875)L.R.10 EX.153.162
5王军.美国合同法.第二版.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004.32
6杨良宜.国际商务游戏规则——英国合约法.2003年修订版.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2003.395
7杨良宜.国际商务游戏规则——英国合约法.2003年修订版.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2003.393-394
8傅静坤.二十世纪契约法.北京:法律出版社,1997.58
9Jorden v.Money(1854)5 H.L Cas.185,H.L
10Foakes v.Beer(1884)9 App.Cas.605,H.L.
11杨桢.英美契约法.第3版.北京:北京大学出版社,2003.88
12Central London Property Trust Ltd.v.High Trees House Ltd.,(1947)K.B,130
13Ricketts v.Scothorn(1898)5F Neb.51,80 N.W.265
14王军.美国合同法.第二版.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004.34
15科宾.科宾论合同(上册,中文本).北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1995.375
16张文彬.论普通法上的禁止反言原则.贵州师范学院学报,2001,4:50
17格兰特·吉尔莫.契约的死亡,曹士兵等译.见:梁慧星编.民商法论丛(第3卷).北京:法律出版社,1995.110
18张湘兰.海上保险法.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1997.8
19黄华明.风险与保险.北京:中国国法制出版社,2002.74
20杨良宜.国际商务游戏规则——英国合约法.2003年修订版.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2003.393
21科宾.科宾论合同(上册,中文本).北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1995.375
22丹宁勋爵.法律的训诫,杨百揆,刘庸安,丁健译.北京:群众出版社,1985.195-196
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24沈达明.英美合同法引论.北京:对外贸易教育出版社,1993.180-181
25贾林清.保险法.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2006.92
26杨良宜.国际商务游戏规则——英国合约法.2003年修订版.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2003.393
27杨桢.英美契约法.第3版.北京:北京大学出版社,2003.190
28施文森.保险法总论.北京:三民书局,1984.225
29艾伦沃森.民法法系的演变及形成,李静冰译.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1992.245-246
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32崔秉祚.韩国继受德国民法问题研究.见:范健等编.中德法律继受与法典编纂.北京:法律出版社,2000.54
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34王利明.民法.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2002.538
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41Swedish American Insurance Co.v.Knutson.72 P.526(Kan.1903)
42Southern States Fire Ins.Co.v.Krenenberg.,74 So.63(Ala.1917)
43Titus v.Glens Ins.Co.,81 NY 410(1880)
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45Pan Atlantic Insurance Co.Ltd.v.Pine Top Insurance Co.Ltd.,(1994)2 Lloyd's Rep.427
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47约翰·伯茨.现代保险法,陈丽洁译.郑州:河南人民出版社,1987.66,80
48Asfarv.Blundell(1896)1 Q.B.123
49Hair v.Prudential Assurance(1983)2 Lloyd's Rep.667
50徐卫东.商法基本问题研究.北京:法律出版社,2002.306
51李玉泉.保险法.北京:法律出版社,1998.61
52The Bank of Nova Scotia v.Hellenic Mutual War Risks Association(Bermuda)Ltd.(The "Good Luck")(1991)2 Lloyd's Law Rep.191
53杨桢.英美契约法.第3版.北京:北京大学出版社,2003.190
54Faymanvv.Franklin Life Insurance Co.,386 S.W.(2d)52(1965)
55Me Gehee v.Farmerslnsco,734F 2d 1422 10th Cir.(1984)
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57李玉泉.保险法.北京:法律出版社,1998.67
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59杨良宜,汪鹏南.英国海上保险条款详论.大连:大连海事大学出版社,1998.327
60汪鹏南.海上保险合同法详论.第二版.大连:大连海事出版社,2004.265-266
61Lee,Introduction to Anglo-American Law,15ed,1970,136
62Pooloch v.Conneticut Fire Ins.Co.(1935)199 N.E.816
63李玉泉.保险法.北京:法律出版社,1998.68-69
64Davis v.Wakelee(1895),156 U.S.680-689
65Gall v.Provans(1906)131 Lowa 277,108 N.W.760
66王利明.民法.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2002.35
67艾伦·沃森.民法法系的演变及形成.李静冰译.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1992.29
68同上.
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[4]杨良宜.国际商务游戏规则——英国合约法.2003年修订版.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2003
[5]傅静坤.二十世纪契约法.北京:法律出版社,1997
[6]科宾.科宾论合同(下册,中文本).北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1995
[7]丹宁勋爵.法律的训诫,杨百揆,刘庸安,丁健译.北京:群众出版社,1985
[8]Black's Law Dictionary.Fifth Edition.1979
[9]张文彬.论普通法上的禁止反言原则.贵州师范学院学报,2001,(4)
[10]格兰特·吉尔莫著,曹士兵等译.契约的死亡.见:梁慧星编.民商法论丛(第3卷).北京:法律出版社,1995
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[19]崔秉祚.韩国继受德国民法问题研究.见:范健等编.中德法律继受与法典编纂.北京:法律出版社,2000
[20]王泽鉴.民法学说与判例研究(第一册).北京:中国政法大学出版社,1998
[21]王利明.民法.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2002
[22]裴明学.缔约过失责任与允诺禁反言原则比较研究.现代法学,2004,26(2)
[23]梁慧星.民法总论.北京:法律出版社,1998
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[25]李玉泉.保险法.北京:法律出版社,1998
[26]林宝清.保险法原理与案例.北京:清华大学出版社,2006
[27]汪鹏南.海上保险合同法详论.第二版.大连:大连海事出版社,2004
[28]约翰·伯茨.现代保险法,陈丽洁译.郑州:河南人民出版社,1987
[29]徐卫东.商法基本问题研究.北京:法律出版社,2002
[30]杨良宜,汪鹏南.英国海上保险条款详论.大连:大连海事大学出版社,1998
[31]何彬.浅谈弃权和禁止反言在保险中的运用.南通职业大学学报,2003,17(1)
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[34]Lloyd's Law Reports
2杨桢.英美契约法.第3版.北京:北京大学出版社,2003.63
3同上
4Currie v.Misa(1875)L.R.10 EX.153.162
5王军.美国合同法.第二版.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004.32
6杨良宜.国际商务游戏规则——英国合约法.2003年修订版.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2003.395
7杨良宜.国际商务游戏规则——英国合约法.2003年修订版.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2003.393-394
8傅静坤.二十世纪契约法.北京:法律出版社,1997.58
9Jorden v.Money(1854)5 H.L Cas.185,H.L
10Foakes v.Beer(1884)9 App.Cas.605,H.L.
11杨桢.英美契约法.第3版.北京:北京大学出版社,2003.88
12Central London Property Trust Ltd.v.High Trees House Ltd.,(1947)K.B,130
13Ricketts v.Scothorn(1898)5F Neb.51,80 N.W.265
14王军.美国合同法.第二版.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004.34
15科宾.科宾论合同(上册,中文本).北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1995.375
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