基于XML/RDF数字图书馆信息资源描述与应用研究
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摘要
上世纪90年代以来，在计算机、网络和通信技术的迅猛发展并广泛运用的基础上，为了满足处理大量信息资源的要求，提高信息资源的组织、加工、传递和有序发布以及用户检索、获取所需信息资源的效率，数字图书馆的理论和技术应运而生，并成为传统图书馆发展的目标和方向。数字图书馆是数字化、网络化发展的产物，它以信息资源的数字化加工、存储、管理和传输为主要特征，采用多媒体存取、智能化检索、远程网络传输、跨库无缝链接等方式，实现了超时空数字信息服务。
数字图书馆是适应网络发展需求而产生的新一代信息资源管理模式，数字化、多媒体信息资源是数字图书馆服务的基础和前提，信息资源的建设是数字图书馆建设的核心和关键。数字图书馆信息资源建设主要包括馆藏信息资源数字化和网上信息资源馆藏化两方面。传统图书馆使用MARC书目数据描述馆藏资源，用户只有使用符合MARC规范的OPAC和Z39.50搜索引擎才能获得正确的MARC数据，这就是目前大量的MARC书目数据无法使用通用的搜索引擎向Internet用户提供链接的主要原因；另一方面，随着WWW的不断发展，网络信息资源呈不断增多的趋势，但随之而来的问题是，人们在海量的网络信息资源环境中，信息的查找和检索变得越来越困难。因此，如何利用元数据来描述信息资源，同时解决数字图书馆中各种元数据的并存问题，是数字图书馆信息资源建设必须要解决的问题。
本文首先论述了数字图书馆概念的形成、演变和发展以及数字图书馆的技术体系结构和数字图书馆建设中面临的主要困难；其次，对数字图书馆中的信息资源建设进行详细的理论分析，主要研究了数字图书馆中的元数据问题以及元数据框架设计；另外，还研究了传统图书馆中MARC书目数据的描述转换问题；最后，论述了如何存储、检索和动态发布基于XML／RDF的资源描述文档。
Since the last decade of the 20th century, the computer network and communication technology have been developing very fast. In order to improve the efficiency of processing, organizing, manipulating and transmitting large numbers of information resources, theories and technologies on Digital Library (DL) have been developed and then become the aim and direction of traditional library. DL, a brand-new concept and practice, characterized by the digitized process, storage, management and transmission, has achieved the information services beyond the physical space by means of multi-media access, Telnet transmission intelligent retrieval and seamless links across different databases.
DL is a new management mode of information resources. The foundation and precondition of DL's services is digital, multi-media information resources. The core of DL's construction is the building of information resources. The construction of information resources in DL includes the digital of resources stored and the storage of Internet resources. The traditional library describes resources in MARC, and the users gain the correct MARC data merely by using OPAC and Z39.50, this is the main reason that users could not obtain the MARC data with common search engine. On the other hand, with the development of WWW, Internet resources have been becoming more and more, but the search of resources becomes difficult under the circumstance of millions of Internet resources. And then, how to describe resources in metadata and to resolve the existence of metadata framework is main problem in building the information resources.
In this dissertation, firstly, the form, evolvement, development of the concept of DL, the systematic framework and the challenge in building DL have been discussed; Secondly, the theory of information resources in DL has been analyzed, and the problem and framework of metadata have been studied; then, the conversion of description of MARC has been studied; At last, the storage, search and dynamic display of documents based on XML/RDF have been discussed.
数字图书馆是适应网络发展需求而产生的新一代信息资源管理模式，数字化、多媒体信息资源是数字图书馆服务的基础和前提，信息资源的建设是数字图书馆建设的核心和关键。数字图书馆信息资源建设主要包括馆藏信息资源数字化和网上信息资源馆藏化两方面。传统图书馆使用MARC书目数据描述馆藏资源，用户只有使用符合MARC规范的OPAC和Z39.50搜索引擎才能获得正确的MARC数据，这就是目前大量的MARC书目数据无法使用通用的搜索引擎向Internet用户提供链接的主要原因；另一方面，随着WWW的不断发展，网络信息资源呈不断增多的趋势，但随之而来的问题是，人们在海量的网络信息资源环境中，信息的查找和检索变得越来越困难。因此，如何利用元数据来描述信息资源，同时解决数字图书馆中各种元数据的并存问题，是数字图书馆信息资源建设必须要解决的问题。
本文首先论述了数字图书馆概念的形成、演变和发展以及数字图书馆的技术体系结构和数字图书馆建设中面临的主要困难；其次，对数字图书馆中的信息资源建设进行详细的理论分析，主要研究了数字图书馆中的元数据问题以及元数据框架设计；另外，还研究了传统图书馆中MARC书目数据的描述转换问题；最后，论述了如何存储、检索和动态发布基于XML／RDF的资源描述文档。
Since the last decade of the 20th century, the computer network and communication technology have been developing very fast. In order to improve the efficiency of processing, organizing, manipulating and transmitting large numbers of information resources, theories and technologies on Digital Library (DL) have been developed and then become the aim and direction of traditional library. DL, a brand-new concept and practice, characterized by the digitized process, storage, management and transmission, has achieved the information services beyond the physical space by means of multi-media access, Telnet transmission intelligent retrieval and seamless links across different databases.
DL is a new management mode of information resources. The foundation and precondition of DL's services is digital, multi-media information resources. The core of DL's construction is the building of information resources. The construction of information resources in DL includes the digital of resources stored and the storage of Internet resources. The traditional library describes resources in MARC, and the users gain the correct MARC data merely by using OPAC and Z39.50, this is the main reason that users could not obtain the MARC data with common search engine. On the other hand, with the development of WWW, Internet resources have been becoming more and more, but the search of resources becomes difficult under the circumstance of millions of Internet resources. And then, how to describe resources in metadata and to resolve the existence of metadata framework is main problem in building the information resources.
In this dissertation, firstly, the form, evolvement, development of the concept of DL, the systematic framework and the challenge in building DL have been discussed; Secondly, the theory of information resources in DL has been analyzed, and the problem and framework of metadata have been studied; then, the conversion of description of MARC has been studied; At last, the storage, search and dynamic display of documents based on XML/RDF have been discussed.
引文
[1] (美)William Y．Arms著，施伯乐等译．数字图书馆概论[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，2001．1
[2] 高文等著，数字图书馆—原理与技术实现．北京：清华大学出版社[M]，2000．10
[3] 田捷著，数字图书馆技术与应用[M]．北京：科学出版社，2002．6
[4] (美)Bruce Eckel著，候捷译．Java编程思想(第二版)[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，2002．9
[5] (美)Borland Software Corporation著，周鹏等译．JBuilder培训教程[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，2002．1
[6] 田勇孙新等著．JBuilder开发人员指南[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，2001．7
[7] (美)Steven Holzner著．XML完全探索[M]．北京：中国青年出版社，2001．10
[8] (美)Michael Morrison, et al．著．XML揭密—入门．应用．精通[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，2001．6
[9] (美)Jayson Falkner等著，司光亚等译．JsP Web编程指南[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，2002．2
[10] 李培，魏闻潇著．中外数字图书馆之比较研究[J]．津图学报．2000．3
[11] 蒋志斌著．中外数字图书馆的发展与比较[J]．理论观察．2001．1
[12] 崔丽彬等著．中国数字图书馆刍议[J]．情报科学．2001．2
[13] William Y. Arms. Key Concepts in the Architecture of the Digital Library.http://www.dlib.org/dlib/July95/07arms.html
[14] 郭景峰，陈玲灵．基于XML的数字图书馆技术体系结构研究[J]．计算机科学2002
[15] Kyle Banerjee. How does XML help Libraries?.http://www.infotoday.com/cilmag/sepO2/Banerjee.htm
[16] http://www.w3.org/XML/
[17] Digital Libraries: Metadata Resources http://www.ifta.org/II/metadata.htm
[18] 都柏林核心(Dublin Core)元数据发展简史
[19] 刘炜，张亮．数字图书馆的体系结构与元数据方案．http://www.library.sh.cn/libnet/sztsg/fulltext/reports/2OO2/DL Archit ecture.htm
[20] 孙坦．数字图书馆理论与发展模式研究．中国科学院博士研究生学位论文，2000
[21] 李秀．数字图书馆系统互操作问题解决方案研究．中国科学院研究生院硕士学位论文．2001
[22] 高芹许绥文．中国数字图书馆的资源建设．http://www5.nlc.gov.cn/shuzi/forum3.htm
[23] http://www.w3.org/RDF/
[24] Eric Miller. An Introduction to the Resource Description Framework.http://www.dlib.org/dlib/may98/miller/05miller.html
[25] Jennifer Widom. Data management for XML: research directions(electronic version). [J].IEEE Data Engineering Bulletin, 1999, 22(3):44-52
[26] Deutsch Alin, Fernandez Mary, Florescu Daniela. A Query Language for XML.http://www8.org/w8-papers/lc-xml/query/query.html
[27] 张学波．基于数字图书馆的远程教育探讨[J]．中国远程教育．2002．8
[28] 谢春枝 著．电子商务在数字图书馆中的应用[J]．现代图书馆情报技术．2001．2
[29] D-Lib Magazine. http://www.dlib.org/
[30] 中国国家图书馆．http://www.nlc.gov.cn/
[31] 中国数字图书馆．http://www.d-library.com.cn/
[32] 上海数字图书馆．http://www.digilib.sh.cn/dl/
[33] 超星数字图书馆．http://www.ssreader.com/
[34] 书生之家数字图书馆．http://www.21dmedia.com/default.asp
[35] 广东省立中山图书馆．http://www.zslib.com.cn/zslib90th/index2.htm
[36] http://www.oclc.org/home/
[37] http://www.w3.org/
[38] Dave Beckett, Eric Miller, Dan Brickley. Expressing Simple Dublin Core in RDF/XML. http://dublincore.org/documents/2OO2/O7/31/dcmes-xml/
[39] Network Development and MARC Standards Office Library of Congress.MARC to Dublin Core Crosswalk. http://www.loc.gov/marc/marc2dc.html
[40] Jinfang Niu. A Metadata Framework Developed at the Tsinghua University Library to Aid in the Preservation of Digital Resources.http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november02/niu/11 niu.html
[41] 习万球著．中外数字图书馆建设的比较与思考[J]．图书馆论坛．2001．8
[42] 朱岩著．Dublin Core与XML结合---网上资源有效检索的重要措施 http://www.library.hn.cn/tsg/20001222/Content/OO162041.htm
[2] 高文等著，数字图书馆—原理与技术实现．北京：清华大学出版社[M]，2000．10
[3] 田捷著，数字图书馆技术与应用[M]．北京：科学出版社，2002．6
[4] (美)Bruce Eckel著，候捷译．Java编程思想(第二版)[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，2002．9
[5] (美)Borland Software Corporation著，周鹏等译．JBuilder培训教程[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，2002．1
[6] 田勇孙新等著．JBuilder开发人员指南[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，2001．7
[7] (美)Steven Holzner著．XML完全探索[M]．北京：中国青年出版社，2001．10
[8] (美)Michael Morrison, et al．著．XML揭密—入门．应用．精通[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，2001．6
[9] (美)Jayson Falkner等著，司光亚等译．JsP Web编程指南[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，2002．2
[10] 李培，魏闻潇著．中外数字图书馆之比较研究[J]．津图学报．2000．3
[11] 蒋志斌著．中外数字图书馆的发展与比较[J]．理论观察．2001．1
[12] 崔丽彬等著．中国数字图书馆刍议[J]．情报科学．2001．2
[13] William Y. Arms. Key Concepts in the Architecture of the Digital Library.http://www.dlib.org/dlib/July95/07arms.html
[14] 郭景峰，陈玲灵．基于XML的数字图书馆技术体系结构研究[J]．计算机科学2002
[15] Kyle Banerjee. How does XML help Libraries?.http://www.infotoday.com/cilmag/sepO2/Banerjee.htm
[16] http://www.w3.org/XML/
[17] Digital Libraries: Metadata Resources http://www.ifta.org/II/metadata.htm
[18] 都柏林核心(Dublin Core)元数据发展简史
[19] 刘炜，张亮．数字图书馆的体系结构与元数据方案．http://www.library.sh.cn/libnet/sztsg/fulltext/reports/2OO2/DL Archit ecture.htm
[20] 孙坦．数字图书馆理论与发展模式研究．中国科学院博士研究生学位论文，2000
[21] 李秀．数字图书馆系统互操作问题解决方案研究．中国科学院研究生院硕士学位论文．2001
[22] 高芹许绥文．中国数字图书馆的资源建设．http://www5.nlc.gov.cn/shuzi/forum3.htm
[23] http://www.w3.org/RDF/
[24] Eric Miller. An Introduction to the Resource Description Framework.http://www.dlib.org/dlib/may98/miller/05miller.html
[25] Jennifer Widom. Data management for XML: research directions(electronic version). [J].IEEE Data Engineering Bulletin, 1999, 22(3):44-52
[26] Deutsch Alin, Fernandez Mary, Florescu Daniela. A Query Language for XML.http://www8.org/w8-papers/lc-xml/query/query.html
[27] 张学波．基于数字图书馆的远程教育探讨[J]．中国远程教育．2002．8
[28] 谢春枝 著．电子商务在数字图书馆中的应用[J]．现代图书馆情报技术．2001．2
[29] D-Lib Magazine. http://www.dlib.org/
[30] 中国国家图书馆．http://www.nlc.gov.cn/
[31] 中国数字图书馆．http://www.d-library.com.cn/
[32] 上海数字图书馆．http://www.digilib.sh.cn/dl/
[33] 超星数字图书馆．http://www.ssreader.com/
[34] 书生之家数字图书馆．http://www.21dmedia.com/default.asp
[35] 广东省立中山图书馆．http://www.zslib.com.cn/zslib90th/index2.htm
[36] http://www.oclc.org/home/
[37] http://www.w3.org/
[38] Dave Beckett, Eric Miller, Dan Brickley. Expressing Simple Dublin Core in RDF/XML. http://dublincore.org/documents/2OO2/O7/31/dcmes-xml/
[39] Network Development and MARC Standards Office Library of Congress.MARC to Dublin Core Crosswalk. http://www.loc.gov/marc/marc2dc.html
[40] Jinfang Niu. A Metadata Framework Developed at the Tsinghua University Library to Aid in the Preservation of Digital Resources.http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november02/niu/11 niu.html
[41] 习万球著．中外数字图书馆建设的比较与思考[J]．图书馆论坛．2001．8
[42] 朱岩著．Dublin Core与XML结合---网上资源有效检索的重要措施 http://www.library.hn.cn/tsg/20001222/Content/OO162041.htm