学习对象理论与网络课程开发
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摘要
伴随着信息技术的蓬勃发展，网络教学正在全面兴起。通过各种措施来提高网络远程教学的质量正逐步成为教育技术界研究人士倍受关注的主题。系统的网络教学多以网络课程的形式进行。但是，当前国内在网络课程资源的开发建设中却存在着许多混乱不足之处。对此，本文引出一个正在国际教育技术研究界逐渐流行的术语——“学习对象(Learning Object)”，以此作为研究网络课程开发的切入点和创新之处。
学习对象是一种可重用的数字化教学构件，作为面向对象的计算机科学思想在教育技术领域中的方法延伸，它有着极高的实用价值和广阔的应用前景。本文在参阅大量国外文献的基础之上，首先细致而系统地研究了学习对象的概念特点、思想来源、理论基础；接着剖析了学习对象的粒度分类和编列理论两大主题，并进而就其在网络教学中的应用价值和实例进行了阐述说明；随后，本文将学习对象与LOM(Learning Object Metadata Standard：学习对象元数据标准)相结合，构造了一个基于LOM的新型网络课程系统模型(LOMWS：LOM-based Web-course System)。该系统利用XML技术来实现LOM，并具有实施个性化课程编列等功能。最后，本人开发试行了该系统的演示版本，并对研究工作做出了小结。
With the vigorous development of IT, the tide of distance learning is coming. How to improve the quality of distance learning by various means has become a common concern in the domain of Educational Technology. Usually the systematic distance learning is performed in the form of web-course. However, there are common shortcomings during the process of developing the instructional materials of web-courses nowadays. This paper introduces a new term named "Learning Object"(LO) that is prevailing in the domain of distance learning worldwide, and uses it as an innovative key element for the development of the web-based courses.
Learning Object represents a sort of reusable digital instructional component, which is reusable, sharable. and it can be aggregated, sequenced, and tagged by metadata. Being a new type of instructional component, which grounded in the object-oriented paradigm of programming, LO has great values of application. Based on the analysis of a lot of literatures, this paper systematically goes into research on the theory of LO, including its concept, features, origin, theoretical basis, granularity, taxonomy, sequence, and further discusses the values and samples of LO's applications in distance learning. Following, this paper combines the LO and LOM (Learning Object Metadata Standard) to construct a platform model named LOMWS (LOM-based Web-course System) which uses XML to realize LOM and can function as course sequencing for individual learning. In the last part, this paper describes a prototype of LOMWS, followed by some conclusions resulted from the research mentioned above.
学习对象是一种可重用的数字化教学构件，作为面向对象的计算机科学思想在教育技术领域中的方法延伸，它有着极高的实用价值和广阔的应用前景。本文在参阅大量国外文献的基础之上，首先细致而系统地研究了学习对象的概念特点、思想来源、理论基础；接着剖析了学习对象的粒度分类和编列理论两大主题，并进而就其在网络教学中的应用价值和实例进行了阐述说明；随后，本文将学习对象与LOM(Learning Object Metadata Standard：学习对象元数据标准)相结合，构造了一个基于LOM的新型网络课程系统模型(LOMWS：LOM-based Web-course System)。该系统利用XML技术来实现LOM，并具有实施个性化课程编列等功能。最后，本人开发试行了该系统的演示版本，并对研究工作做出了小结。
With the vigorous development of IT, the tide of distance learning is coming. How to improve the quality of distance learning by various means has become a common concern in the domain of Educational Technology. Usually the systematic distance learning is performed in the form of web-course. However, there are common shortcomings during the process of developing the instructional materials of web-courses nowadays. This paper introduces a new term named "Learning Object"(LO) that is prevailing in the domain of distance learning worldwide, and uses it as an innovative key element for the development of the web-based courses.
Learning Object represents a sort of reusable digital instructional component, which is reusable, sharable. and it can be aggregated, sequenced, and tagged by metadata. Being a new type of instructional component, which grounded in the object-oriented paradigm of programming, LO has great values of application. Based on the analysis of a lot of literatures, this paper systematically goes into research on the theory of LO, including its concept, features, origin, theoretical basis, granularity, taxonomy, sequence, and further discusses the values and samples of LO's applications in distance learning. Following, this paper combines the LO and LOM (Learning Object Metadata Standard) to construct a platform model named LOMWS (LOM-based Web-course System) which uses XML to realize LOM and can function as course sequencing for individual learning. In the last part, this paper describes a prototype of LOMWS, followed by some conclusions resulted from the research mentioned above.
引文
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[7] 胡小勇，《网络课程传播模式初探》，《教育传播与技术》，2001年1月。
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[33] Cisco Systems, Inc. April 22, 2000: Reusable Learning Object Strategy: Definition, Creation Process, and Guidelines for Building, [Online] Available:http://www. cisco.com/warp/public/10/wwtraining/elearning/implement/rlo_strategy_v3-1.pdf, 2002/4/23.
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[35] M. David Merrill, Utah State University, Instructional Transaction Theory (ITT):Instructional Design Based on Knowledge Objects. [Online] Available: http://id2.usu.edu/Papers/7R eigChp. PDF, 2002/4/23.
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[45] Brent Wilson & Peggy Cole,A Critical Review Of Elaboration Theory, University of Colorado at Denver, [Online] Available:http://carbon.cudenver.edu/～bwilson/ela b.html, 2002/4/4.
[46] Stephanie R. Boger-Mehall, University of Houston, Cognitive Flexibility Theory: Implications for Teaching and Teacher Education, [Online] Available: http://www. kdassem.dk/didaktik/14-16.htm, 2002/4/4.
[47] Who: Rand Spiro, What: Cognitive Flexibility Theory, [Online] Available: http://www. personal.psu.edu/staff/j/l/jll191/knowledgebase/theories/spiro.htm, 2002/4/4.
[48] Cognitive Flexibility Theory, [Online] Available: http://tip.psychology.org/spiro.html, 2002/4/4.
[49] Clive Shepherd, Objects of interest, [Online] Available: http://www.fastrak-consult ing.co.uk/tactix/features/objects/objects.htm, 2001/12/4.
[50] Margaret Martinez, Key Design Considerations for Personalized Learning on the Web, [Online]Available: http://ifets.ieee. org/periodical/vol_1_2001/martinez. html, 2002/2/8.
[51] R.William Maule, Cognitive maps, Al agents and personalized virtual environments in Internet learning experiences, [Online] Available: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/pd fs/1999104.pdf, 2002/5/8.
[52] Instructional Design Based On Reusable Learning Objects: Applying Lessons Of Object-Oriented Software Engineering To Learning Systems Design, lan Douglas, [Online] Available: http://fie.engmg.pitt.edu/fie2001/papers/1118.pdf, 2001/12/4.
[53] Stephen Downes, Learning Objects: Resources For Distance Education Worldwide, International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning: 2.1, [Online] Available: http://www.icaap.org/iuicode?149.2.1.2, 2001/12/4.
[54] Jeanette Muzio, Tanya Heins, Roger Mundell, Experiences with Reusable eLearning Objects:From Theory to Practice, [Online] Available: http://www.cedarlearning.com/ CL/elo/eLearningObjects_sml.pdf, 2001/12/4.
[55] Project Summary: ITR/PE+IM, EduCommons: A peer-to-peer (P2P) system for sharing, discovering, and using learning objects, http://www.reusability.org/educom mons.pdf, 2001/12/4.
[56] Charalampos Karagiannidis, Integrating Adaptive Educational Content into Different Courses and Curricula, [Online] Available: http://ifets.ieee.org/periodical/vol_3_2001 /karagian nidis.pdf, 2001/12/4.
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[2] 祝智庭，“教师教育网络课程的设计策略”，《中国远程教育》2000年12期。
[3] 祝智庭主编，《现代教育技术——走向教育信息化》，高等教育出版社，2001年12月版。
[4] 祝智庭主编，《因特网教育资源利用》，高等教育出版社，2001年3月版。
[5] 祝智庭主编，《网络教育应用教程》，北京师范大学出版社，2001年9月版。
[6] 胡小勇、祝智庭，《学习对象——网络教学技术新理念》，《电化教育研究》，2002年第4期。
[7] 胡小勇，《网络课程传播模式初探》，《教育传播与技术》，2001年1月。
[8] 中国教育信息化技术标准化委员会“网络课程资源评价标准”课题组，“网络课程质量评价标准”(征求意见稿)，2002年3月。
[9] 教育部第一届CELTS用户培训资料，上海，2002年1月。
[10] 黎加厚，从课件到积件：我国学校课堂计算机辅助教学的新发展，《电化教育研究》，1997年第3、4期，1998年第1期。
[11] 张家浚，《加入WTO对我国现代远程教育的影响》，《中国远程教育》，2002年第1期。
[12] 杨芙清、梅宏、李克勤，“软件复用与软件构件技术”，电子学报1999年第2期。
[13] 钟启泉编著，《现代课程论》，上海教育出版社，1999年版
[14] 张海潘著，《软件工程导论》，清华大学出版社，1998年版
[15] 陈锦辉编著，《XML与ASP网站制作实作大全》，中国铁道出版社，2001年版。
[16] [美]劳伦特著，云舟工作室译，《XML基础与应用》，中国水利水电出版社，2002年3月版。
[17] 胡海静、王育平等编著，《XML技术精粹》，机械工业出版社，2002年1月版。
[18] 汪小平，吴勇强等编著，《ASP网络开发技术》，人民邮电出版社，2000年版
[19] 廖信彦编著，《ASP应用经典》，中国铁道出版社，2000年9月版。
[20] 汪晓平等编著，《ASP网络开发技术》，人民邮电出版社，2000年1月版。
[21] 李楠，李志强编著，《Visual InterDev 6开发指南》，人民邮电出版社，1999年11月版。
[22] 王国荣编著，《ActiveX Server Pages & Web数据库》，1999年3月版。
[23] 赵昊彤等，《VBScript制作实例》，人民邮电出版社，1999年3月版。
[24] TCL开放教育平台，[Online]Available:http://www.ejiajia.com/tcledu_intro/mdex.htm。
[25] 中国教育科研网，[Online] Available: http://www.edu.cn/jiaoyufw/wang_luo_dx/index.htm,2002/4/4。
[26] IEEE P1484.12 Learning Object Metadata Working Group, [Online] Available:http:// Itsc.ieee.org/wg12/s_p. html, 2002/4/23.
[27] IEEE P1484.12/D6.30, Draft Standard for Learning Object Metadata. [Online] Availabl e:http://Itsc.ieee.org/wg12/, 2002/4/4.
[28] IEEE P1484.12 Learning Object Metadata Working Group [Online] Available: http:// Itsc.ieee.org/wg 12/, 2002/4/23.
[29] David A. Wiley, Connecting learning objects to instructional design theory: A definition, a metaphor, and a taxonomy. [Online] Available: http://www.reusability.org/read/cha pters/wiley.doc, 2002/4/4.
[30] David A. Wiley, Learning Object Design And Sequencing Theory, [Online] Available: http://wiley.ed.usu.edu/docs/dissertation.pdf, 2001/12/4.
[31] David Wiley, The Post-LEGO Learning Object, [Online] Available: http://wiley.byu.edu/ post-lego/post-lego.pdf, 2001/12/15.
[32] David A. Wiley, Learning objects need instructional design theory. [Online] Available: http://wiley. ed. usu.edu/docs/astd.pdf, 2002/4/4.
[33] Cisco Systems, Inc. April 22, 2000: Reusable Learning Object Strategy: Definition, Creation Process, and Guidelines for Building, [Online] Available:http://www. cisco.com/warp/public/10/wwtraining/elearning/implement/rlo_strategy_v3-1.pdf, 2002/4/23.
[34] M. David Merrill, Utah State University, Knowledge Objects and Mental Models, [Online] Available:http://wwwis.win.tue.nl/～alex/Conferences/IWALT_PANEL/ PAPERS/1Panel-1DMerrill.PDF,2002/4/23.
[35] M. David Merrill, Utah State University, Instructional Transaction Theory (ITT):Instructional Design Based on Knowledge Objects. [Online] Available: http://id2.usu.edu/Papers/7R eigChp. PDF, 2002/4/23.
[36] Ed-Media 99 Invited: Wayne Hodgins, [Online] Available: http://www.aace.org/conf/ edmedia/99/hodgins.htm, 2002/4/4.
[37] What are learning objects,[Online] Available:http://www.wisc-online.com/what_are_ learning _objects.htm, 2002/4/23.
[38] Learning Content Management Systems.pdf, [Online] Available: http://www.brandonh all.com/public/execsums/execsum_lcms, pdf, 2002/4/23.
[39] Andrew S. Gibbons, Jon Nelson, Utah State University; Robert Richards, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory: The Nature and Origin of Instructional Objects [Online] Available: http://www.reusability.org/read/, 2002/4/23.
[40] Sharable Content Object Reference Model, [Online] Available: http://www.adlnet.org, 2002/4/4.
[41] Educational Technology& Learning, [Online] Available: http://www.etl.techbc.ca,2001/12/4.
[42] Component Display Theory, [Online] Available:http://www.gsu.edu/～mstswh/courses /it7000/papers/componen.htm, 2002/4/4.
[43] Component Display Theory, [Online] Available:http://comp.uark.edu/～brooks/compon ent. html, 2002/4/4.
[44] The Elaboration Theory of Instruction, [Online] Available: http://comp.uark.edu/～broo ks/elaboration.html, 2002/4/4.
[44] The Elaboration Theory of Instruction, [Online] Available: http://comp.uark.edu/～broo ks/elaboration.html, 2002/4/4.
[45] Brent Wilson & Peggy Cole,A Critical Review Of Elaboration Theory, University of Colorado at Denver, [Online] Available:http://carbon.cudenver.edu/～bwilson/ela b.html, 2002/4/4.
[46] Stephanie R. Boger-Mehall, University of Houston, Cognitive Flexibility Theory: Implications for Teaching and Teacher Education, [Online] Available: http://www. kdassem.dk/didaktik/14-16.htm, 2002/4/4.
[47] Who: Rand Spiro, What: Cognitive Flexibility Theory, [Online] Available: http://www. personal.psu.edu/staff/j/l/jll191/knowledgebase/theories/spiro.htm, 2002/4/4.
[48] Cognitive Flexibility Theory, [Online] Available: http://tip.psychology.org/spiro.html, 2002/4/4.
[49] Clive Shepherd, Objects of interest, [Online] Available: http://www.fastrak-consult ing.co.uk/tactix/features/objects/objects.htm, 2001/12/4.
[50] Margaret Martinez, Key Design Considerations for Personalized Learning on the Web, [Online]Available: http://ifets.ieee. org/periodical/vol_1_2001/martinez. html, 2002/2/8.
[51] R.William Maule, Cognitive maps, Al agents and personalized virtual environments in Internet learning experiences, [Online] Available: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/pd fs/1999104.pdf, 2002/5/8.
[52] Instructional Design Based On Reusable Learning Objects: Applying Lessons Of Object-Oriented Software Engineering To Learning Systems Design, lan Douglas, [Online] Available: http://fie.engmg.pitt.edu/fie2001/papers/1118.pdf, 2001/12/4.
[53] Stephen Downes, Learning Objects: Resources For Distance Education Worldwide, International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning: 2.1, [Online] Available: http://www.icaap.org/iuicode?149.2.1.2, 2001/12/4.
[54] Jeanette Muzio, Tanya Heins, Roger Mundell, Experiences with Reusable eLearning Objects:From Theory to Practice, [Online] Available: http://www.cedarlearning.com/ CL/elo/eLearningObjects_sml.pdf, 2001/12/4.
[55] Project Summary: ITR/PE+IM, EduCommons: A peer-to-peer (P2P) system for sharing, discovering, and using learning objects, http://www.reusability.org/educom mons.pdf, 2001/12/4.
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