日常会话中疑问句功能的语用研究
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摘要
近年来,作为日常会话重要组成部分的疑问句,由于其多功能性以及功能识别的复杂性,备受语言学家的关注。但大多研究的焦点是疑问句在会话组织中的功能以及在机构会话中的使用。本研究则以日常会话中的疑问句为研究对象,通过探讨疑问句功能的识别与分类,分析其使用的顺应特点,以揭示疑问句产生与理解的潜在机制。
本研究以Verschueren(2000)的语言顺应论为理论基础来揭示日常会话疑问句的顺应性使用。疑问句的使用是一个选择的过程,各种相关的语言因素可以用来识别疑问句的功能。这些功能识别标记包括语音、词汇、句式、会话结构、以及答语标记。语言语境虽然具有稳定性和可控性特点,但是仅靠这些不足以完全确定疑问句的功能。通过结合语言语境与其他语境因素,结合使用者的意图,疑问句的功能可分为三大类:信息类功能、表达类功能和动作类功能。疑问句功能的实现、交际目的的完成,是语言形式和语境相互作用的结果。所以,疑问句的使用是一个语言形式顺应各种语境因素的过程。疑问句使用具有语境适应性和策略性,说话人经常依据语境情况调整自己的问句形式;使用疑问句可以实施消极礼貌策略,也可以实施积极礼貌策略。
此研究的意义在于:一方面有助于更好的理解疑问句以及日常会话,另一方面帮助唤起语言使用者在使用疑问句过程中的元语用意识。疑问句可以实施多种语用功能,其功能的产生和理解是一个形式与语境动态顺应的过程。所以,语言使用者在选择和使用疑问句时应考虑语言以及语言外的诸因素,注重交际策略,更好地实现交际目的。
As an essential constituent of oral communication, questions are often the concern of researchers from various linguistic fields because of their multifunctional nature and complex function identification. Recent linguists concern themselves much with mapping of questions' forms and their functions and pragmatic study of questions in institutional dialogues. Yet, few attempts have been made to address pragmatic functions of questions in casual conversations. The present enterprise is aimed at providing a panoramic view of the functioning of questions in casual conversations.
Verschueren (2000)'s Linguistic Adaptation Theory is employed as the theoretical foundation to account for the adaptive use of questions in casual conversations from several aspects. Question use is a process of choice making and the linguistic choices related to questioning can be used as identification markers of questions' functions. The linguistic identification markers range from phonological markers to lexical, syntactical, conversation-structural and even responsive markers. Linguistic context cannot fully fulfill the task of function identification. However, by incorporating it with other aspects of context, three major categories of functions can be found in casual conversations-information-oriented functions, expression-oriented functions and action-oriented functions. The fulfillment of the pragmatic functions of questions and the achievement of the communicative needs result from the interplay of the linguistic forms and their contexts. Thus, question use is an adaptive process involving the adaptation of linguistic forms to the contextual correlates. Central to discussion are the interpersonal correlates such as the role relation between participants and power distribution among language users, and the situational correlates such as the physical setting and the psychological state of language users. While adapting to these contextual correlates, question users will resort to different linguistic strategies such as politeness strategies to achieve their goals. Both positive politeness strategies and negative politeness strategies are often employed for the establishment of interactional harmony and the redressing of detrimental communicative ends.
The study claims that question use in casual conversations is a process of dynamic interadaptation between linguistic forms and context. It involves not only linguistic factors but also an array of extra-linguistic correlates concerning the language users, the social world, the mental world and the physical world. The analysis sheds light on the mechanism of production and interpretation of questions in casual conversations and could help develop the metapragmatic awareness of language learners.
本研究以Verschueren(2000)的语言顺应论为理论基础来揭示日常会话疑问句的顺应性使用。疑问句的使用是一个选择的过程,各种相关的语言因素可以用来识别疑问句的功能。这些功能识别标记包括语音、词汇、句式、会话结构、以及答语标记。语言语境虽然具有稳定性和可控性特点,但是仅靠这些不足以完全确定疑问句的功能。通过结合语言语境与其他语境因素,结合使用者的意图,疑问句的功能可分为三大类:信息类功能、表达类功能和动作类功能。疑问句功能的实现、交际目的的完成,是语言形式和语境相互作用的结果。所以,疑问句的使用是一个语言形式顺应各种语境因素的过程。疑问句使用具有语境适应性和策略性,说话人经常依据语境情况调整自己的问句形式;使用疑问句可以实施消极礼貌策略,也可以实施积极礼貌策略。
此研究的意义在于:一方面有助于更好的理解疑问句以及日常会话,另一方面帮助唤起语言使用者在使用疑问句过程中的元语用意识。疑问句可以实施多种语用功能,其功能的产生和理解是一个形式与语境动态顺应的过程。所以,语言使用者在选择和使用疑问句时应考虑语言以及语言外的诸因素,注重交际策略,更好地实现交际目的。
As an essential constituent of oral communication, questions are often the concern of researchers from various linguistic fields because of their multifunctional nature and complex function identification. Recent linguists concern themselves much with mapping of questions' forms and their functions and pragmatic study of questions in institutional dialogues. Yet, few attempts have been made to address pragmatic functions of questions in casual conversations. The present enterprise is aimed at providing a panoramic view of the functioning of questions in casual conversations.
Verschueren (2000)'s Linguistic Adaptation Theory is employed as the theoretical foundation to account for the adaptive use of questions in casual conversations from several aspects. Question use is a process of choice making and the linguistic choices related to questioning can be used as identification markers of questions' functions. The linguistic identification markers range from phonological markers to lexical, syntactical, conversation-structural and even responsive markers. Linguistic context cannot fully fulfill the task of function identification. However, by incorporating it with other aspects of context, three major categories of functions can be found in casual conversations-information-oriented functions, expression-oriented functions and action-oriented functions. The fulfillment of the pragmatic functions of questions and the achievement of the communicative needs result from the interplay of the linguistic forms and their contexts. Thus, question use is an adaptive process involving the adaptation of linguistic forms to the contextual correlates. Central to discussion are the interpersonal correlates such as the role relation between participants and power distribution among language users, and the situational correlates such as the physical setting and the psychological state of language users. While adapting to these contextual correlates, question users will resort to different linguistic strategies such as politeness strategies to achieve their goals. Both positive politeness strategies and negative politeness strategies are often employed for the establishment of interactional harmony and the redressing of detrimental communicative ends.
The study claims that question use in casual conversations is a process of dynamic interadaptation between linguistic forms and context. It involves not only linguistic factors but also an array of extra-linguistic correlates concerning the language users, the social world, the mental world and the physical world. The analysis sheds light on the mechanism of production and interpretation of questions in casual conversations and could help develop the metapragmatic awareness of language learners.
引文
Allen, Donald E., & Guy, Rebecca F. (1974). Conversation Analysis: The Sociology of Talk. The Hague: Mouton.
Biber, D., S. Johansson, G. Leech, S. Conrad, and E. Finegan. (1999/2000). Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Beijing: Pearson Education Ltd& Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Brown & Levinson. (1987). Politeness: some universals in languguage use. Cambridge University Press.
Burton, D. (1980). Dialogue and Discourse: A social linguistic approach to modern drama dialogue and naturally occurring conversation. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul
Corder, S.P. (1983). "Strategies in communication". In C. Faerch and G. Kasper (eds.), Strategies in Interlanguage Communication. 15-19. London: Longman.
Fraser, B. (1974). 'An analysis of vernacular performative verbs', in Shuy and Bailey (eds.) 1974.
Fraser, B. (1975) a. 'Warning and Threatening'. Contrum 3/2, Fall 1972:169-80
Fraser, B. (1975) b. 'Hedged performatives', in Cole and Morgan (eds.) 1975.
Freed, Alice F. (1994). The form and function of questions in informal dyadic conversation. Journal of Pragmatics 21 (6): 621-644.
Fraser, Bruce. (1990). Perspectives on Politeness. Journal of Pragmatics 14(2):219-236
Frank, J. (1990). You call that a rhetorical questions? Forms and Functions of Rhetorical questions in Conversation. Journal of Pragmatics 14(5): 723-728
Gruber, Helmut. (2001). Questions and strategic orientation in verbal conflict sequences. Journal of Pragmatics,33(12):1815-1857:
Gu,Yueguo.(1990).Politeness phenomenon in modern Chinese.Journal ofpragmatics 1492):237-257
Halliday.M.A.K.(1994).An Introduction to Functional Grammar.London:Edward Arnold
Hartmann,R.R.K&G James.1998/2000.Dictionary of Lexicography.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press and Taylor& Francis Ltd.
Hartmann,RRK,StorkFC,语言与语言学词典[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,1981.)
Heritage,John.(2002).The limits of questioning:negative interrogatives and hostile question content.Journal of Pragmatics 34 910-11):1427-1446
Hymes,D.(1972).On communicative competence.In J.B.Pride and J.Holmes(eds.),Sociolinguistics,pp.269-93.Harmondsworth:Penguin.
Labov,W.and D.Fanshel.(1977).Therapeutic Discourse.New York:Academic Press.
Ilie,Cornelia.(1999).Question-response argumentation in talk shows.Journal of Pragmatics 33(12):1859-1880
Lyons,J.(1977).Semantics.Vol.2.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press
Jacob L.Mey.(2001).Pragmatics:An Introduction(second edition).Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press & Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
McHoul,A.W.(1987).Why there are no guarantees for interrogators.Journal of Pragmatics 11(4):455-471
Perkins.M.R.(1983).Modal Expressions in English:London:Francis Pinter.
P.H.Matthews.(2000)Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Quirk,R.,S.Greenbaum,G.Leech,and J.Svartvik.(1972).A Grammar of Contemporary English.London:Longman.
Quirk,R.,S.Greenbaum,G.Leech,and J.svartvik.(1972).A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language.London:Longman.
Rakic,Stanimit.(1984).Serbo-Croatian yes/no-questions and speech acts.Journal of Pragmatics,8(5-6):693-713.
Sacks,H.(1995).Lectures on Conversation.Vok.I.Ⅱ(G.Jefferson,ed.)Oxford:Blackwell
Sinclair,J.M& R.M.Coulthard.(1992)."Towardsan analysis of discourse." In M.Coulthard(ed.)Advances in Spoken Discourse Analysis.London&New York:Routledge
Tsui.A.B.M.(2000).English Conversation.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Vershueren,Jef.(2000).Understanding Pragmatics.Beijing:Foreign Language and Research Press&London:Edward Arnold(Publishers)Limited.
常敬宇.(1995,).《汉语词汇与文化》北京:北京大学出版社
陈新仁.(2004,).《会话信息过量现象的语用研究》陕西:陕西师范大学出版社
何兆熊.(1989,).《语用学概要》上海:上海外语教育出版社
胡海娟.(2002,).《庭审提问的顺应性动态研究》.中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库。
蒋非.(2006,).《中国英语学习者回答英语附加疑问句时的语用失误》.中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库.
李霞.(2004,).《语言选择中的权利顺应性》.中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库.
李欣芳(2006,).《电视人物访谈中疑问句的语用功能探析》.中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库
李悦娥、范宏雅.(2002,).《话语分析》.上海:上海外语教育出版社.
牛保义.(2003,1.信疑假设.《外语学刊》(4):41-49.
王晋军.(2006,).《会话中问句的批评性分析》.厦门大学出版社
徐盛恒.(1999,).疑问句探询功能的迁移.《中国语文》(1):3-11.
许小纯、徐盛恒.(1999,).强发问和弱发问.《外国语》(3):14-21
叶建军.(2002,).《<金瓶梅词话>反问句研究》.中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库.
于善治.(2003,).一般疑问句疑问功能的语用消解.《外语与外语教学》(10):46-49.
张放.(2004,).《附加疑问句与礼貌策略》.中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库.
Biber, D., S. Johansson, G. Leech, S. Conrad, and E. Finegan. (1999/2000). Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Beijing: Pearson Education Ltd& Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Brown & Levinson. (1987). Politeness: some universals in languguage use. Cambridge University Press.
Burton, D. (1980). Dialogue and Discourse: A social linguistic approach to modern drama dialogue and naturally occurring conversation. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul
Corder, S.P. (1983). "Strategies in communication". In C. Faerch and G. Kasper (eds.), Strategies in Interlanguage Communication. 15-19. London: Longman.
Fraser, B. (1974). 'An analysis of vernacular performative verbs', in Shuy and Bailey (eds.) 1974.
Fraser, B. (1975) a. 'Warning and Threatening'. Contrum 3/2, Fall 1972:169-80
Fraser, B. (1975) b. 'Hedged performatives', in Cole and Morgan (eds.) 1975.
Freed, Alice F. (1994). The form and function of questions in informal dyadic conversation. Journal of Pragmatics 21 (6): 621-644.
Fraser, Bruce. (1990). Perspectives on Politeness. Journal of Pragmatics 14(2):219-236
Frank, J. (1990). You call that a rhetorical questions? Forms and Functions of Rhetorical questions in Conversation. Journal of Pragmatics 14(5): 723-728
Gruber, Helmut. (2001). Questions and strategic orientation in verbal conflict sequences. Journal of Pragmatics,33(12):1815-1857:
Gu,Yueguo.(1990).Politeness phenomenon in modern Chinese.Journal ofpragmatics 1492):237-257
Halliday.M.A.K.(1994).An Introduction to Functional Grammar.London:Edward Arnold
Hartmann,R.R.K&G James.1998/2000.Dictionary of Lexicography.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press and Taylor& Francis Ltd.
Hartmann,RRK,StorkFC,语言与语言学词典[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,1981.)
Heritage,John.(2002).The limits of questioning:negative interrogatives and hostile question content.Journal of Pragmatics 34 910-11):1427-1446
Hymes,D.(1972).On communicative competence.In J.B.Pride and J.Holmes(eds.),Sociolinguistics,pp.269-93.Harmondsworth:Penguin.
Labov,W.and D.Fanshel.(1977).Therapeutic Discourse.New York:Academic Press.
Ilie,Cornelia.(1999).Question-response argumentation in talk shows.Journal of Pragmatics 33(12):1859-1880
Lyons,J.(1977).Semantics.Vol.2.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press
Jacob L.Mey.(2001).Pragmatics:An Introduction(second edition).Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press & Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
McHoul,A.W.(1987).Why there are no guarantees for interrogators.Journal of Pragmatics 11(4):455-471
Perkins.M.R.(1983).Modal Expressions in English:London:Francis Pinter.
P.H.Matthews.(2000)Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Quirk,R.,S.Greenbaum,G.Leech,and J.Svartvik.(1972).A Grammar of Contemporary English.London:Longman.
Quirk,R.,S.Greenbaum,G.Leech,and J.svartvik.(1972).A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language.London:Longman.
Rakic,Stanimit.(1984).Serbo-Croatian yes/no-questions and speech acts.Journal of Pragmatics,8(5-6):693-713.
Sacks,H.(1995).Lectures on Conversation.Vok.I.Ⅱ(G.Jefferson,ed.)Oxford:Blackwell
Sinclair,J.M& R.M.Coulthard.(1992)."Towardsan analysis of discourse." In M.Coulthard(ed.)Advances in Spoken Discourse Analysis.London&New York:Routledge
Tsui.A.B.M.(2000).English Conversation.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Vershueren,Jef.(2000).Understanding Pragmatics.Beijing:Foreign Language and Research Press&London:Edward Arnold(Publishers)Limited.
常敬宇.(1995,).《汉语词汇与文化》北京:北京大学出版社
陈新仁.(2004,).《会话信息过量现象的语用研究》陕西:陕西师范大学出版社
何兆熊.(1989,).《语用学概要》上海:上海外语教育出版社
胡海娟.(2002,).《庭审提问的顺应性动态研究》.中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库。
蒋非.(2006,).《中国英语学习者回答英语附加疑问句时的语用失误》.中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库.
李霞.(2004,).《语言选择中的权利顺应性》.中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库.
李欣芳(2006,).《电视人物访谈中疑问句的语用功能探析》.中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库
李悦娥、范宏雅.(2002,).《话语分析》.上海:上海外语教育出版社.
牛保义.(2003,1.信疑假设.《外语学刊》(4):41-49.
王晋军.(2006,).《会话中问句的批评性分析》.厦门大学出版社
徐盛恒.(1999,).疑问句探询功能的迁移.《中国语文》(1):3-11.
许小纯、徐盛恒.(1999,).强发问和弱发问.《外国语》(3):14-21
叶建军.(2002,).《<金瓶梅词话>反问句研究》.中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库.
于善治.(2003,).一般疑问句疑问功能的语用消解.《外语与外语教学》(10):46-49.
张放.(2004,).《附加疑问句与礼貌策略》.中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库.