黄登仙隧道支护参数现场试验与数值模拟研究
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摘要
本文结合武广铁路客运专线黄登仙隧道开挖支护施工实例,通过施工现场调研、收集和整理相关技术资料以及对现场大量实测数据研究分析的基础上,采用现代力学理论和先进的数值模拟技术,研究隧道开挖后的变形与破坏机理,用以确定影响隧道变形的主要因素。对开挖后采用的锚杆、锚索支护加固机理进行分析,进一步优化隧道的支护型式与支护参数,大大的提高了锚杆、锚索支护技术水平,对现场施工中的实际应用有重大意义。
隧道开挖后的锚杆支护主要作用在于控制锚固区围岩的离层、滑动、节理张开及新裂隙产生等现象的发生,通过锚杆的作用来阻止隧道围岩的进一步变形与破坏,抑制隧道围岩弯曲变形、拉伸与剪切破坏的产生,保持锚杆锚固范围的围压整体性,在锚固区内形成刚度较大的承载结构,进而提高隧道锚固区内围岩的整体强度和稳定性。因此,对锚杆支护系统的刚度要求较高,特别是锚杆预紧力起着决定性作用。锚索的作用主要是将锚杆支护形成的次生承载结构与深部围岩相联系,提高次生承载结构的稳定性,同时充分调动深部围岩的承载能力,使更大范围内的岩体共同承载变形载荷。并可通过施加较大的预紧力,挤压岩层中层理、节理等不连续面,增加了不连续面之间的抗剪力,从而使隧道围岩的整体性进一步增强。
本文参考引用了一个锚杆在张拉荷载下的剪应力分布模型,根据该模型对锚杆进行的力学分析和计算曲线与现场实测应力分布情况相对照,两者基本一致,由于采用的全长粘结锚杆的设计理论与锚杆的实际工作状态存在较大差别,工程实际中的锚杆设计长度应以潜在不稳定体的分布深度为依据。提高孔壁接触面的抗剪强度是提高全长粘结锚杆锚固力的重要环节。
在对现场大量实测数据深入分析研究的基础上,本文运用通用有限元程序Flac3D对隧道所采取的不同断面形状、不同支护形式进行模拟分析,为了进一步验证研究效果,本文又采用了离散元程序UDEC对隧道的底臌变形机理进行了数值模拟进行验证,得出了在隧道开挖施工中不同隧道支护形式下隧道围岩的位移规律。
最后在综合各研究成果的基础上,同时结合现场实际情况,对隧道的不同支护方案设计对比分析,进行了断面规格优化、支护参数优化、支护工艺优化、施工方法优化等分析研究,并进行了各方案的经济分析,最终确定隧道断面采用马蹄形断面,反底拱掘进,高强螺纹钢锚杆全长锚固,配合锚网索喷进行永久支护。该支护方案为解决软弱围岩段变形破坏问题的最优可行方案。
This paper gives research on the construction procedures of the great-section soft wall rock railway tunnel’s excavation and timbering, utilizing the construction of the railway tunnel from Wuhan to Guangzhou as an example and adopting series of researching methods. Based on the field investigation, collection of related datum at home and abroad, study and analysis of lots of field measurement datum, this dissertation studies on the deformation and damage mechanics of deep tunnels, defines the main factors of affecting the tunnel deformation, analyzes the acting mechanics and common acting effect of rock bolts and rock cables, defines the support formation and parameters which fit the deep tunnels. The support technological level of rock bolts and cables is prominently improved. The support difficulty of deep tunnel in particular conditions is solved.
The main role of rock bolts support in deep tunnel is to control the separating and sliding between rock layer beddings, opening of joints and generating of new fractures in the range of anchoring of rock bolts in surrounding rock mass, to stop the dilating and damage of surrounding, to restrict the generating of bend deformation, tension and shearing damage, to keep the whole stability of rock mass in the depth of anchoring of rock bolt. The second support structure with high stiffness appears in this range. The whole strength and stability in the anchoring range of rock bolts is enhanced greatly. So the stiffness of rock bolts support system is very important especially the pre-tension of rock bolts has the key role. At the same time, the more pre-tension is required, the more strength of rock blots is required. In order to distribute the pre-tension of rock blots into deep rock mass, the surface parts, which are plates, steel belts and steel nets, also play an important role in the support system. The first main role of rock cables is to link the secondary support structure formed by rock bolts with the deep surrounding, to enhance the stability of secondary support structure, and to use the support ability of deep rock mass to enlarge the range of surrounding rock mass of bearing deformation load. The second is to press discontinuities of the rock layer beddings and joints through applying the large pre-tension. The shearing resistance between these discontinuities increases so that the whole stability of tunnel surrounding is enhanced further.
A shear stress distribution model of fully capsulated rock bolt is established under tension load. According to the mechanic analysis to rock bolt using the model, the computing curve is identical with the measurement stress distribution. That shows the model fits to the engineering practice very well. Because the design theory of fully encapsulated rock bolt of material mechanic is greatly different from the practical working state of rock bolt, the design of rock bolt in practical engineer ought to depend on the real depth of latent un-stability rock mass. Enhancing the shear strength of interface between rock bolt and wall of hole is an importance step of increasing the anchoring ability of fully encapsulated rock bolt.
Based on analyzing the great deal of field measurement datum, Flac3D and UDEC which are international general programs are used to simulate different cross section shape, different support formation and the up-lift mechanics of tunnel floor. The displace regulars of surrounding under different support formations in deep tunnels are successfully studied.
Finally, based on the integration of all study results, combined with different support schemes of deep tunnel are designed, the size of cross section, the support parameters, the support arts and operation method and so on are optimized. And the economical analysis of all schemes is conducted. The best scheme of support that cross section is horseshoe, back inverted arch digging, high strength thread steel rock bolts fully encapsulated, rock cables, steel nets and spraying concrete is chosen. It is the best scheme to solve the deformation and damage problem of tunnel.
隧道开挖后的锚杆支护主要作用在于控制锚固区围岩的离层、滑动、节理张开及新裂隙产生等现象的发生,通过锚杆的作用来阻止隧道围岩的进一步变形与破坏,抑制隧道围岩弯曲变形、拉伸与剪切破坏的产生,保持锚杆锚固范围的围压整体性,在锚固区内形成刚度较大的承载结构,进而提高隧道锚固区内围岩的整体强度和稳定性。因此,对锚杆支护系统的刚度要求较高,特别是锚杆预紧力起着决定性作用。锚索的作用主要是将锚杆支护形成的次生承载结构与深部围岩相联系,提高次生承载结构的稳定性,同时充分调动深部围岩的承载能力,使更大范围内的岩体共同承载变形载荷。并可通过施加较大的预紧力,挤压岩层中层理、节理等不连续面,增加了不连续面之间的抗剪力,从而使隧道围岩的整体性进一步增强。
本文参考引用了一个锚杆在张拉荷载下的剪应力分布模型,根据该模型对锚杆进行的力学分析和计算曲线与现场实测应力分布情况相对照,两者基本一致,由于采用的全长粘结锚杆的设计理论与锚杆的实际工作状态存在较大差别,工程实际中的锚杆设计长度应以潜在不稳定体的分布深度为依据。提高孔壁接触面的抗剪强度是提高全长粘结锚杆锚固力的重要环节。
在对现场大量实测数据深入分析研究的基础上,本文运用通用有限元程序Flac3D对隧道所采取的不同断面形状、不同支护形式进行模拟分析,为了进一步验证研究效果,本文又采用了离散元程序UDEC对隧道的底臌变形机理进行了数值模拟进行验证,得出了在隧道开挖施工中不同隧道支护形式下隧道围岩的位移规律。
最后在综合各研究成果的基础上,同时结合现场实际情况,对隧道的不同支护方案设计对比分析,进行了断面规格优化、支护参数优化、支护工艺优化、施工方法优化等分析研究,并进行了各方案的经济分析,最终确定隧道断面采用马蹄形断面,反底拱掘进,高强螺纹钢锚杆全长锚固,配合锚网索喷进行永久支护。该支护方案为解决软弱围岩段变形破坏问题的最优可行方案。
This paper gives research on the construction procedures of the great-section soft wall rock railway tunnel’s excavation and timbering, utilizing the construction of the railway tunnel from Wuhan to Guangzhou as an example and adopting series of researching methods. Based on the field investigation, collection of related datum at home and abroad, study and analysis of lots of field measurement datum, this dissertation studies on the deformation and damage mechanics of deep tunnels, defines the main factors of affecting the tunnel deformation, analyzes the acting mechanics and common acting effect of rock bolts and rock cables, defines the support formation and parameters which fit the deep tunnels. The support technological level of rock bolts and cables is prominently improved. The support difficulty of deep tunnel in particular conditions is solved.
The main role of rock bolts support in deep tunnel is to control the separating and sliding between rock layer beddings, opening of joints and generating of new fractures in the range of anchoring of rock bolts in surrounding rock mass, to stop the dilating and damage of surrounding, to restrict the generating of bend deformation, tension and shearing damage, to keep the whole stability of rock mass in the depth of anchoring of rock bolt. The second support structure with high stiffness appears in this range. The whole strength and stability in the anchoring range of rock bolts is enhanced greatly. So the stiffness of rock bolts support system is very important especially the pre-tension of rock bolts has the key role. At the same time, the more pre-tension is required, the more strength of rock blots is required. In order to distribute the pre-tension of rock blots into deep rock mass, the surface parts, which are plates, steel belts and steel nets, also play an important role in the support system. The first main role of rock cables is to link the secondary support structure formed by rock bolts with the deep surrounding, to enhance the stability of secondary support structure, and to use the support ability of deep rock mass to enlarge the range of surrounding rock mass of bearing deformation load. The second is to press discontinuities of the rock layer beddings and joints through applying the large pre-tension. The shearing resistance between these discontinuities increases so that the whole stability of tunnel surrounding is enhanced further.
A shear stress distribution model of fully capsulated rock bolt is established under tension load. According to the mechanic analysis to rock bolt using the model, the computing curve is identical with the measurement stress distribution. That shows the model fits to the engineering practice very well. Because the design theory of fully encapsulated rock bolt of material mechanic is greatly different from the practical working state of rock bolt, the design of rock bolt in practical engineer ought to depend on the real depth of latent un-stability rock mass. Enhancing the shear strength of interface between rock bolt and wall of hole is an importance step of increasing the anchoring ability of fully encapsulated rock bolt.
Based on analyzing the great deal of field measurement datum, Flac3D and UDEC which are international general programs are used to simulate different cross section shape, different support formation and the up-lift mechanics of tunnel floor. The displace regulars of surrounding under different support formations in deep tunnels are successfully studied.
Finally, based on the integration of all study results, combined with different support schemes of deep tunnel are designed, the size of cross section, the support parameters, the support arts and operation method and so on are optimized. And the economical analysis of all schemes is conducted. The best scheme of support that cross section is horseshoe, back inverted arch digging, high strength thread steel rock bolts fully encapsulated, rock cables, steel nets and spraying concrete is chosen. It is the best scheme to solve the deformation and damage problem of tunnel.
引文
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