光伏太阳能热泵的动态分布参数模拟与实验研究
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摘要
随着常规能源的日益枯竭和环境问题的日益严峻,太阳能因其清洁、无污染、可再生等显著优点,受到人们的日益重视和青睐。光伏发电技术和太阳能热泵技术作为太阳能利用的两种不同方式,近几十年来得到了迅速发展。
商用光伏电池组件的光电转换效率约为6～15%,照射到光伏电池表面的太阳能,超过85%的份额被反射或者转换成热能,其中一部分转化成电池内能,导致其工作温度升高、光电转换效率的下降。为了解决这一缺陷,在光伏电池背面铺设流道,利用流体对光伏电池进行降温,改善其光电转换效率,并将流体所吸收的热量加以利用,即光伏光热综合利用(PV/T)技术。现有的相关研究主要是针对以水和空气为冷却介质的PV/T系统进行的,相关研究结果显示,以水为冷却介质能够获得比空气更好的冷却效果,但是水一般要上升到较高温度(40℃以上)才能有效利用,这不可避免会降低对电池的冷却效果。热泵系统的制冷工质在蒸发器中温度较低而且波动较小,如果采用制冷工质对光伏电池进行冷却,既可以使光伏电池维持较低而且稳定的工作温度,提高其光电转换效率,而且可以利用热泵系统优越的热输运性能,得到远高于系统功耗的有效的热能。
基于上述思想,我们提出了一种新型的光伏太阳能热泵系统(PhotovoltaicSolar Assisted Heat Pump,PV-SAHP)。该系统将光伏发电技术与直膨式太阳能热泵有机结合,在直膨式蒸发器的吸热表面层压光伏电池制成光伏蒸发器,使系统能够同时输出电能和热能,提高了对太阳能的综合利用效率。
本文采用分布参数法建立光伏蒸发器的动态模型,在模型中考虑由于摩擦所导致的工质的沿程压降及其对气、液两相工质的密度、饱和温度、比焓等物性参数的影响。以此基础,对光伏蒸发器在给定进口参数和外界环境参数下全天的动态性能进行了数值模拟,并通过相应的实验进行验证。研究发现,蒸发器的光电、光热性能和工质的压力、温度等相关参数的变化主要取决于太阳辐照强度:环境温度对蒸发器得热量和光热效率会产生一定的影响,随着环境温度的升高,有效减小了蒸发器的热损,提高了蒸发器的得热量和热效率。数值模拟所给出的蒸发器的光电、光热性能和光伏电池、集热板的温度分布与实验测试结果基本吻合,但是计算得到的制冷工质压降比实测的压降偏小。
以蒸发器模型为基础,建立PV-SAHP系统的动态分布参数模型,为了提高压力的模拟计算精度,在蒸发器模型中引入制冷工质摩擦压降校正系数。对PV-SAHP系统在恒定冷凝水温和变冷凝水温工况下的动态性能进行理论和实验研究。研究结果显示,PV-SAHP系统具备优越的光电、光热性能:在恒定冷凝水温工况下,系统的平均光电转换效率、光电功率和COP分别为13.11%、371.82W和4.3;变冷凝水温工况下,系统的平均光电转换效率、光电功率和COP分别为13.02%、455W和3.41。两种工况下,系统的光电功率分别占压缩机输入功率的88.1%和85.5%,这意味着系统所输出的电能能够满足自身大部分的电能需求。对比数值模拟与实验测试结果发现,系统的动态模型具备较高的数值计算精度,能够对系统性能参数和工质的动态迁移情况进行准确的预测。
以系统动态模型为基础,根据热力学第一定律和第二定律,采用能量效率和(火用)效率为性能评价指标,对PV-SAHP系统与独立商用PV组件和DX-SAHP系统以及两者的简单叠加系统“PV+SAHP”系统的综合性能进行对比分析和研究。研究结果显示,无论是从能量数量的角度,还是从能量品质的角度来考虑,PV-SAHP系统的性能均高于独立的商用PV组件、DX-SAHP系统和“PV+SAHP”系统,这说明以制冷工质为冷却介质,将光伏发电系统与太阳能热泵系统有机结合的方式,能够有效提高系统对太阳能的综合利用效率。本文还从理论上研究了光伏电池覆盖率和蒸发器玻璃盖板对系统性能的影响情况。研究结果表明,电池覆盖率的增大使得系统的综合性能得到了改善;而玻璃盖板的存在,能够提高系统的能量效率,但是却会导致系统(火用)效率的降低。
为了研究热泵系统在湿工况中以空气为热源的性能,建立了风冷蒸发器和沉浸式水冷冷凝器的动态分布参数模型,以空气源热泵(ASHP)系统为基础,对蒸发器和冷凝器在动态温度和湿度工况下,制冷工质的迁移规律进行理论和实验研究。研究结果显示,根据系统动态模型所得出的数值模拟结果与实验测试结果基本吻合;该研究结果为深入研究PV-SAHP系统在太阳能不足的情况下,采用空气热源制取生活热水和进行室内采暖的性能奠定了一定的理论和实验基础。
Well known as a non-polluting, inexhaustible, and clean energy source, solar energy has received considerable attention due to the shortage of the normal fossil energy and the pollution of the environment. As two different means of utilization of solar energy, the photovoltaic technology and solar-assisted heat pump technology have received great development in recent decades.
The electrical efficiency of a commercial PV module is about 6-15%. More than 85% of the incident solar energy is either reflected or absorbed as heat energy. Therefore, the electrical efficiency will drop due to the considerable increase of the working temperature of the PV cells. A photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system, which applies a coolant onto the solar cells, can override such a limitation by bringing down its working temperature and re-utilizing the captured heat energy. The researches mainly focus on PV/T systems with water or air as the coolant. The previous researches showed that the cooling effect of water is much better than air due to its thermo-physical properties. Nevertheless, for resident use, the hot water temperature has to reach at least 40℃, which unavoidably lowers down the cooling effect of the PV system. The working temperature of the refrigerant in a direct expansion evaporator is much lower and steadier. Therefore, if the refrigerant works as the coolant of the PV cells, better cooling effect can be achieved. Based on the principle, a novel photovoltaic solar assisted heat pump (PV-SAHP) has been presented. A specially designed direct expansion PV/T solar collector with PV cells laminated on the front surface is employed in the system to act as the evaporator (PV evaporator) for dual production of electricity and heat energy. This improves the electrical yield and the overall efficiency of the system.
A mathematical model based on the distributed parameter technique has been introduced for predicting the dynamic behavior of the evaporator. The pressure drop due to the friction is considered in the model. The influence of the pressure drop on the physical properties of the liquid and vapor refrigerant, such as temperature, density and enthalpy, has also been taken into account. Numerical simulation was performed with instantaneous solar irradiance, ambient temperature and inlet parameters of the evaporator. Corresponding experiments were conducted to verify the model. The results show that the photovoltaic and thermal performance, pressure and temperature are mainly decided by the solar irradiance. The ambient temperature also has some influence on the thermal performance of the evaporator. Simulation results, such as output electricity, heat gain and temperature distribution of the PV cells and evaporator show satisfactory agreement with the experimental data. Notwithstanding these, the model underestimates the refrigerant pressure drop at the PV evaporator.
A distributed dynamic model for the PV-SAHP system is then established based on the theoretical study of the PV evaporator. To improve the predicting accuracy of frictional pressure loss, a simple modification factor is introduced in the model. Theoretical and experimental studies were then conducted under two different working conditions of constant and rising condensing water temperature. The results show that high photovoltaic and thermal performance can be obtained by the system. The average electrical efficiency, output electricity and coefficient of performance are around 13.11%, 371.82W and 4.3 respectively under the working condition of constant condensing water temperature. While their values are about 13.02%, 455W and 3.41 under the working condition of rising condensing water temperature. The output electricity is about 88.1% and 85.5% of the power consumption under the two different working conditions, which means that the system can offer most of the power consumed by itself. Comparisons between the simulation results and the experimental measurements show that the model is able to give satisfactory predictions.
Furthermore, the numerical simulations are conducted on the PV-SAHP system, commercial PV module, DX-SAHP system and "PV+SAHP" system which is a simple combination of commercial PV module and DX-SAHP system. The energy efficiency and exergy efficiency, which are based on the 1 st and 2nd thermodynamic law respectively, are presented to evaluate the overall performance of the above four systems. The results show that both the energy efficiency and exergy efficiency of the PV-SAHP system are higher than the other three systems, which means that the overall efficiency of the system can be improved with the refrigerant as the coolant.
The influence of the PV cell coverage ratio and the glass cover of the evaporator on the overall performance of the PV-SAHP system was also studied theoretically. The results show that the increase of the PV cell coverage ratio can improve both the energy efficiency and exergy efficiency. While the adoption of the glass cover can improve the energy efficiency, but will bring down the exergy efficiency of the PV-SAHP system.
To describe the dynamic performance of the air-source evaporator and immersed condenser, the models for the two components based on the distributed parameter technique have been introduced. An air-source heat pump system (ASHP), which employs an air-source evaporator and immersed condenser, was built. Numerical simulation and experimental study were carried out under dynamic temperature and humidity of the environment. Comparisons between the simulation results and the experimental measurements show that the model is able to give satisfactory predictions of instantaneous variables of the system, including the condensing water temperature, temperature and pressure of the refrigerant, condenser power, power consumption and COP. The predicted spatial temperature distributions of evaporator and condenser also show good agreement with the experimental data. The research provides a solid theoretical and experimental foundation for the PV-SAHP system working with the air-source evaporator.
商用光伏电池组件的光电转换效率约为6～15%,照射到光伏电池表面的太阳能,超过85%的份额被反射或者转换成热能,其中一部分转化成电池内能,导致其工作温度升高、光电转换效率的下降。为了解决这一缺陷,在光伏电池背面铺设流道,利用流体对光伏电池进行降温,改善其光电转换效率,并将流体所吸收的热量加以利用,即光伏光热综合利用(PV/T)技术。现有的相关研究主要是针对以水和空气为冷却介质的PV/T系统进行的,相关研究结果显示,以水为冷却介质能够获得比空气更好的冷却效果,但是水一般要上升到较高温度(40℃以上)才能有效利用,这不可避免会降低对电池的冷却效果。热泵系统的制冷工质在蒸发器中温度较低而且波动较小,如果采用制冷工质对光伏电池进行冷却,既可以使光伏电池维持较低而且稳定的工作温度,提高其光电转换效率,而且可以利用热泵系统优越的热输运性能,得到远高于系统功耗的有效的热能。
基于上述思想,我们提出了一种新型的光伏太阳能热泵系统(PhotovoltaicSolar Assisted Heat Pump,PV-SAHP)。该系统将光伏发电技术与直膨式太阳能热泵有机结合,在直膨式蒸发器的吸热表面层压光伏电池制成光伏蒸发器,使系统能够同时输出电能和热能,提高了对太阳能的综合利用效率。
本文采用分布参数法建立光伏蒸发器的动态模型,在模型中考虑由于摩擦所导致的工质的沿程压降及其对气、液两相工质的密度、饱和温度、比焓等物性参数的影响。以此基础,对光伏蒸发器在给定进口参数和外界环境参数下全天的动态性能进行了数值模拟,并通过相应的实验进行验证。研究发现,蒸发器的光电、光热性能和工质的压力、温度等相关参数的变化主要取决于太阳辐照强度:环境温度对蒸发器得热量和光热效率会产生一定的影响,随着环境温度的升高,有效减小了蒸发器的热损,提高了蒸发器的得热量和热效率。数值模拟所给出的蒸发器的光电、光热性能和光伏电池、集热板的温度分布与实验测试结果基本吻合,但是计算得到的制冷工质压降比实测的压降偏小。
以蒸发器模型为基础,建立PV-SAHP系统的动态分布参数模型,为了提高压力的模拟计算精度,在蒸发器模型中引入制冷工质摩擦压降校正系数。对PV-SAHP系统在恒定冷凝水温和变冷凝水温工况下的动态性能进行理论和实验研究。研究结果显示,PV-SAHP系统具备优越的光电、光热性能:在恒定冷凝水温工况下,系统的平均光电转换效率、光电功率和COP分别为13.11%、371.82W和4.3;变冷凝水温工况下,系统的平均光电转换效率、光电功率和COP分别为13.02%、455W和3.41。两种工况下,系统的光电功率分别占压缩机输入功率的88.1%和85.5%,这意味着系统所输出的电能能够满足自身大部分的电能需求。对比数值模拟与实验测试结果发现,系统的动态模型具备较高的数值计算精度,能够对系统性能参数和工质的动态迁移情况进行准确的预测。
以系统动态模型为基础,根据热力学第一定律和第二定律,采用能量效率和(火用)效率为性能评价指标,对PV-SAHP系统与独立商用PV组件和DX-SAHP系统以及两者的简单叠加系统“PV+SAHP”系统的综合性能进行对比分析和研究。研究结果显示,无论是从能量数量的角度,还是从能量品质的角度来考虑,PV-SAHP系统的性能均高于独立的商用PV组件、DX-SAHP系统和“PV+SAHP”系统,这说明以制冷工质为冷却介质,将光伏发电系统与太阳能热泵系统有机结合的方式,能够有效提高系统对太阳能的综合利用效率。本文还从理论上研究了光伏电池覆盖率和蒸发器玻璃盖板对系统性能的影响情况。研究结果表明,电池覆盖率的增大使得系统的综合性能得到了改善;而玻璃盖板的存在,能够提高系统的能量效率,但是却会导致系统(火用)效率的降低。
为了研究热泵系统在湿工况中以空气为热源的性能,建立了风冷蒸发器和沉浸式水冷冷凝器的动态分布参数模型,以空气源热泵(ASHP)系统为基础,对蒸发器和冷凝器在动态温度和湿度工况下,制冷工质的迁移规律进行理论和实验研究。研究结果显示,根据系统动态模型所得出的数值模拟结果与实验测试结果基本吻合;该研究结果为深入研究PV-SAHP系统在太阳能不足的情况下,采用空气热源制取生活热水和进行室内采暖的性能奠定了一定的理论和实验基础。
Well known as a non-polluting, inexhaustible, and clean energy source, solar energy has received considerable attention due to the shortage of the normal fossil energy and the pollution of the environment. As two different means of utilization of solar energy, the photovoltaic technology and solar-assisted heat pump technology have received great development in recent decades.
The electrical efficiency of a commercial PV module is about 6-15%. More than 85% of the incident solar energy is either reflected or absorbed as heat energy. Therefore, the electrical efficiency will drop due to the considerable increase of the working temperature of the PV cells. A photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system, which applies a coolant onto the solar cells, can override such a limitation by bringing down its working temperature and re-utilizing the captured heat energy. The researches mainly focus on PV/T systems with water or air as the coolant. The previous researches showed that the cooling effect of water is much better than air due to its thermo-physical properties. Nevertheless, for resident use, the hot water temperature has to reach at least 40℃, which unavoidably lowers down the cooling effect of the PV system. The working temperature of the refrigerant in a direct expansion evaporator is much lower and steadier. Therefore, if the refrigerant works as the coolant of the PV cells, better cooling effect can be achieved. Based on the principle, a novel photovoltaic solar assisted heat pump (PV-SAHP) has been presented. A specially designed direct expansion PV/T solar collector with PV cells laminated on the front surface is employed in the system to act as the evaporator (PV evaporator) for dual production of electricity and heat energy. This improves the electrical yield and the overall efficiency of the system.
A mathematical model based on the distributed parameter technique has been introduced for predicting the dynamic behavior of the evaporator. The pressure drop due to the friction is considered in the model. The influence of the pressure drop on the physical properties of the liquid and vapor refrigerant, such as temperature, density and enthalpy, has also been taken into account. Numerical simulation was performed with instantaneous solar irradiance, ambient temperature and inlet parameters of the evaporator. Corresponding experiments were conducted to verify the model. The results show that the photovoltaic and thermal performance, pressure and temperature are mainly decided by the solar irradiance. The ambient temperature also has some influence on the thermal performance of the evaporator. Simulation results, such as output electricity, heat gain and temperature distribution of the PV cells and evaporator show satisfactory agreement with the experimental data. Notwithstanding these, the model underestimates the refrigerant pressure drop at the PV evaporator.
A distributed dynamic model for the PV-SAHP system is then established based on the theoretical study of the PV evaporator. To improve the predicting accuracy of frictional pressure loss, a simple modification factor is introduced in the model. Theoretical and experimental studies were then conducted under two different working conditions of constant and rising condensing water temperature. The results show that high photovoltaic and thermal performance can be obtained by the system. The average electrical efficiency, output electricity and coefficient of performance are around 13.11%, 371.82W and 4.3 respectively under the working condition of constant condensing water temperature. While their values are about 13.02%, 455W and 3.41 under the working condition of rising condensing water temperature. The output electricity is about 88.1% and 85.5% of the power consumption under the two different working conditions, which means that the system can offer most of the power consumed by itself. Comparisons between the simulation results and the experimental measurements show that the model is able to give satisfactory predictions.
Furthermore, the numerical simulations are conducted on the PV-SAHP system, commercial PV module, DX-SAHP system and "PV+SAHP" system which is a simple combination of commercial PV module and DX-SAHP system. The energy efficiency and exergy efficiency, which are based on the 1 st and 2nd thermodynamic law respectively, are presented to evaluate the overall performance of the above four systems. The results show that both the energy efficiency and exergy efficiency of the PV-SAHP system are higher than the other three systems, which means that the overall efficiency of the system can be improved with the refrigerant as the coolant.
The influence of the PV cell coverage ratio and the glass cover of the evaporator on the overall performance of the PV-SAHP system was also studied theoretically. The results show that the increase of the PV cell coverage ratio can improve both the energy efficiency and exergy efficiency. While the adoption of the glass cover can improve the energy efficiency, but will bring down the exergy efficiency of the PV-SAHP system.
To describe the dynamic performance of the air-source evaporator and immersed condenser, the models for the two components based on the distributed parameter technique have been introduced. An air-source heat pump system (ASHP), which employs an air-source evaporator and immersed condenser, was built. Numerical simulation and experimental study were carried out under dynamic temperature and humidity of the environment. Comparisons between the simulation results and the experimental measurements show that the model is able to give satisfactory predictions of instantaneous variables of the system, including the condensing water temperature, temperature and pressure of the refrigerant, condenser power, power consumption and COP. The predicted spatial temperature distributions of evaporator and condenser also show good agreement with the experimental data. The research provides a solid theoretical and experimental foundation for the PV-SAHP system working with the air-source evaporator.
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