U型玻璃真空管太阳能集热器热性能研究与优化设计
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摘要
太阳能是世界上最丰富的永久性能源。太阳能集热器是太阳能系统的基本组成部分,其成本和技术决定了太阳能系统利用效果的优劣。U型玻璃真空管太阳能集热器是在全玻璃真空管集热器的基础上发展起来的一种新型集热装置。与全玻璃真空管型太阳能集热器相比较,其具有承压能力大、启动速度快、耐冻损性强等特性,为其推广与使用开辟了广阔的天地。目前,对U型玻璃真空管的研究相对较少,本文从传热机理和物理模型两方面对U型玻璃真空管的热性能进行研究,并提出优化方案。本文对U型玻璃真空管的研究取得如下几个方面的成果:
(1)建立太阳辐射模型:太阳辐射量是太阳能系统中重要的参数。通常使用太阳辐射仪测量出的是水平面上总辐射,本文通过Matlab编程实现计算将实测总辐射分解为直射辐射和散射辐射,并且利用公式计算不同集热器放置倾角下能够获得的太阳辐射量,为下文对U型玻璃真空管的热性能研究提供可靠的基础数据。
(2)区别于传统一维非稳态数学模型,在本文中,通过分析U型玻璃真空管的传热过程,在柱坐标系中建立三维非稳态数学模型,考虑各部分材料热容的影响,列出瞬态能量平衡方程,在不同气象参数条件下对所建非稳态模型进行数值求解,得到非稳态下流体的出口平均温度。由于U型铜管内容水量少,管内水热容对其热性能的影响小,为能更加真实的描述U型玻璃真空管的传热过程,建立稳态数学模型。传统稳态数学模型的建立一般近似认为真空管内部的温度均匀一致,采用集总参数的分析方法。本文中以能量平衡为基础,建立在太阳辐射下流体从U型管入口到出口的水温变化的数学模型,并采用控制容积法对每个微分方程在求解域上进行积分,实现对微分方程的节点离散,最后通过迭代求解得到离散方程的数值解。同时,本文建立了U型玻璃真空管集热器效率的计算模型,并且推导出总热损失系数、热转移因子和热效率因子的计算模型。
(3)在深入研究U型玻璃真空管热特性的基础上,从理论上分析U型玻璃真空管管长、入口流速、U型铜管内径、太阳辐射量、流体入口温度和铝翼形式等因素对其热性能的影响,提出合理的优化方案。为U型玻璃真空管的优化设计,参数匹配等方面提供技术储备和理论支持。
(4)鉴于通过实验获取真空管内部温度分布及流场状态的难度较大,为了验证U型玻璃真空管的数学模型,在FLUENT中建立U型玻璃真空管整体传热模型,通过模拟进行验证,得到U型铜管内流体沿管长方向及径向的温度变化情况。在其它参数设置相同的条件下,模拟不同入口流速、U型管内径以及太阳辐射量改变时流体的温度及流场变化,并与数值计算结果进行对比,验证数学模型的可靠性和正确性。
(5)基于对U型玻璃真空管传热机理的研究,提出结构优化方案——在其内部内置波浪式铝翼,并申请了专利。将优化后的模型在FLUENT中进行模拟,对比传统U型玻璃真空管,发现内置波浪式铝翼的U型真空管热效率可以提高约6%。
本文对U型玻璃真空管的传热机理和物理模型进行了详细具体的分析,所得结论为完善我国U型玻璃真空管的设计标准和整体优化提供理论根据,具有一定参考价值。
Nowadays, the usage of solar energy has become the worldwide trend. The solar collector is the key component in the solar thermal utilization whose effective utility has been the main concern, its quality standard express the overall utilization of solar system. The U-tube solar collector provide the combined effects of a highly selective surface coating and vacuum insulation of the absorber element so that they can have high heat extraction efficiency compared with the flat plate collectors. Currently, a few theoretical study focus on the U-tube solar collector. In this essay, most of attention concentrates on the theoretical study. From the basic thermal theory and simulation point, the optimizing way for the U-tube solar collector was developed. The completed works on the essay was displayed in the following:
1) Set the solar radiation model. From the experiment equipment, the solar radiation set on the horizontal plate was got, by apply the matlab programming the beam radiation and the diffuse radiation was attained and the solar radiation on the tilted plate was finally achieved, which provide reliable data for the following computation.
2) Through analysis of U-tube solar collector, the unsteady state mathematical model was developed and the mean outlet temperature was got. For the small heat capacity of U-tube solar collector, this paper focuses on the heat transfer under the steady-state. Respectively from the overall analysis and simplification of the aluminum fin angle, thermal parameters: efficiency, heat loss coefficient and transferring coefficient were derived. Moreover, by computing in the Matlab program, the temperature of each part within the internal structure and thermal efficiency were finally got.
3) From the theoretical analysis, consider the impact of various parameters on the mean outlet temperature of the U-tube solar collector. By changing the length of the collector, the fluid inlet velocity, the copper tube diameter, the solar radiation, the inlet temperature and the different structure of aluminum fin the internal heat transfer and efficiency of the U-tube solar collector were found. Working on the analyzing results, the optimal design scheme was proposed, which is useful for the betterment design and the matching parameters.
4) Since the actual test is quite difficult to test the internal temperature distribution and flow field of the U-tube solar collector, the use of FLUENT simulation can be great assistant. Differencing the fluid inlet velocity, the U-tube diameter and the solar radiation, the temperature of the fluid along the tube length direction were finally achieved. Compared with the conclusions summarized in the above chapter, the trend agrees well, which demonstrated the reliability and validity of the model developed above.
5) Simulated U-tube solar collector within the wavy aluminum fin in the FLUENT program. Compared with the traditional U-tube solar collector, the built-in wavy aluminum fin can achieved 6% higher efficiency. As a result, varying the structure of aluminum fin can effectively improve the thermal performance and have a better future.
In this essay, focusing on the thermal theory, the optimization suggestions were put forward, which will provide theory support and make contributions to the continually development of solar heating system.
(1)建立太阳辐射模型:太阳辐射量是太阳能系统中重要的参数。通常使用太阳辐射仪测量出的是水平面上总辐射,本文通过Matlab编程实现计算将实测总辐射分解为直射辐射和散射辐射,并且利用公式计算不同集热器放置倾角下能够获得的太阳辐射量,为下文对U型玻璃真空管的热性能研究提供可靠的基础数据。
(2)区别于传统一维非稳态数学模型,在本文中,通过分析U型玻璃真空管的传热过程,在柱坐标系中建立三维非稳态数学模型,考虑各部分材料热容的影响,列出瞬态能量平衡方程,在不同气象参数条件下对所建非稳态模型进行数值求解,得到非稳态下流体的出口平均温度。由于U型铜管内容水量少,管内水热容对其热性能的影响小,为能更加真实的描述U型玻璃真空管的传热过程,建立稳态数学模型。传统稳态数学模型的建立一般近似认为真空管内部的温度均匀一致,采用集总参数的分析方法。本文中以能量平衡为基础,建立在太阳辐射下流体从U型管入口到出口的水温变化的数学模型,并采用控制容积法对每个微分方程在求解域上进行积分,实现对微分方程的节点离散,最后通过迭代求解得到离散方程的数值解。同时,本文建立了U型玻璃真空管集热器效率的计算模型,并且推导出总热损失系数、热转移因子和热效率因子的计算模型。
(3)在深入研究U型玻璃真空管热特性的基础上,从理论上分析U型玻璃真空管管长、入口流速、U型铜管内径、太阳辐射量、流体入口温度和铝翼形式等因素对其热性能的影响,提出合理的优化方案。为U型玻璃真空管的优化设计,参数匹配等方面提供技术储备和理论支持。
(4)鉴于通过实验获取真空管内部温度分布及流场状态的难度较大,为了验证U型玻璃真空管的数学模型,在FLUENT中建立U型玻璃真空管整体传热模型,通过模拟进行验证,得到U型铜管内流体沿管长方向及径向的温度变化情况。在其它参数设置相同的条件下,模拟不同入口流速、U型管内径以及太阳辐射量改变时流体的温度及流场变化,并与数值计算结果进行对比,验证数学模型的可靠性和正确性。
(5)基于对U型玻璃真空管传热机理的研究,提出结构优化方案——在其内部内置波浪式铝翼,并申请了专利。将优化后的模型在FLUENT中进行模拟,对比传统U型玻璃真空管,发现内置波浪式铝翼的U型真空管热效率可以提高约6%。
本文对U型玻璃真空管的传热机理和物理模型进行了详细具体的分析,所得结论为完善我国U型玻璃真空管的设计标准和整体优化提供理论根据,具有一定参考价值。
Nowadays, the usage of solar energy has become the worldwide trend. The solar collector is the key component in the solar thermal utilization whose effective utility has been the main concern, its quality standard express the overall utilization of solar system. The U-tube solar collector provide the combined effects of a highly selective surface coating and vacuum insulation of the absorber element so that they can have high heat extraction efficiency compared with the flat plate collectors. Currently, a few theoretical study focus on the U-tube solar collector. In this essay, most of attention concentrates on the theoretical study. From the basic thermal theory and simulation point, the optimizing way for the U-tube solar collector was developed. The completed works on the essay was displayed in the following:
1) Set the solar radiation model. From the experiment equipment, the solar radiation set on the horizontal plate was got, by apply the matlab programming the beam radiation and the diffuse radiation was attained and the solar radiation on the tilted plate was finally achieved, which provide reliable data for the following computation.
2) Through analysis of U-tube solar collector, the unsteady state mathematical model was developed and the mean outlet temperature was got. For the small heat capacity of U-tube solar collector, this paper focuses on the heat transfer under the steady-state. Respectively from the overall analysis and simplification of the aluminum fin angle, thermal parameters: efficiency, heat loss coefficient and transferring coefficient were derived. Moreover, by computing in the Matlab program, the temperature of each part within the internal structure and thermal efficiency were finally got.
3) From the theoretical analysis, consider the impact of various parameters on the mean outlet temperature of the U-tube solar collector. By changing the length of the collector, the fluid inlet velocity, the copper tube diameter, the solar radiation, the inlet temperature and the different structure of aluminum fin the internal heat transfer and efficiency of the U-tube solar collector were found. Working on the analyzing results, the optimal design scheme was proposed, which is useful for the betterment design and the matching parameters.
4) Since the actual test is quite difficult to test the internal temperature distribution and flow field of the U-tube solar collector, the use of FLUENT simulation can be great assistant. Differencing the fluid inlet velocity, the U-tube diameter and the solar radiation, the temperature of the fluid along the tube length direction were finally achieved. Compared with the conclusions summarized in the above chapter, the trend agrees well, which demonstrated the reliability and validity of the model developed above.
5) Simulated U-tube solar collector within the wavy aluminum fin in the FLUENT program. Compared with the traditional U-tube solar collector, the built-in wavy aluminum fin can achieved 6% higher efficiency. As a result, varying the structure of aluminum fin can effectively improve the thermal performance and have a better future.
In this essay, focusing on the thermal theory, the optimization suggestions were put forward, which will provide theory support and make contributions to the continually development of solar heating system.
引文
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