摘要
随着化石性燃料的日益消耗,能源危机和环境污染已经成为当今世界所面临的严峻问题,开发和利用可再生能源成为必然的发展趋势。在诸多的可再生能源利用中,太阳能光伏发电已经成为世界各国竞相发展的可再生能源发电方式之一,而并网型光伏电站也越来越受到重视并得到较快的开发和利用。
本论文在综述国内外光伏发电发展概况、运行特性研究现状以及太阳能光伏发电系统工作原理的基础上,对大型并网光伏电站模型进行研究,并在Matlab/Simulink和电力系统分析软件DIgSILENT/PowerFactory中实现,为研究和解决大型光伏电站并网运行的工程问题奠定了基础。本论文包括以下主要内容:
(1)并网型光伏电站模型及其控制系统研究。重点对光伏电池模型、逆变器模型及其并网控制策略进行研究,建立仿真平台;对不同并网控制策略下光伏电站的并网特性及短路电流特性进行仿真分析。
(2)研究大型光伏电站对系统无功电压的影响。以实际工程为例,研究两种控制策略下光伏电站对电网无功电压的影响,提出利用逆变器自身调节能力以及在光伏电站进行集中补偿的改善措施。
(3)研究光伏电站对孤立电网暂态稳定性的影响,并提出提高系统稳定性的技术措施。经过算例验证,表明频率控制环节可以有效抑制负荷变动和电网发生短路故障造成的频率波动,逆变器保护装置可保证光伏电站在故障期间不脱网,维持系统频率稳定,光伏电站电压源并网有利于电动机起动时的电网电压恢复。
(4)研究光伏电站接入配电网对短路电流的影响,进而分析光伏电站接入后对配电网保护以及自动重合闸的影响及措施。
Energy crisis and environmental pollution have been extraordinary severe with the increasing consumption of fossil fuel. It is highly necessary to exploit and utilize renewable energy to decrease such crisis. In the utilization of various renewable energy, photovoltaic (PV) has been one of the widely used and increasingly developing meods to generate power all over the world. Moreover, for this power generation method, grid-integrated PV stations are highly focused and rapidly extended.
On the basis of summarizing the PV development worldwide, research works on operation characteristics, and the basic principle of PV generation system, the purpose of this dissertation is to model large grid-integrated PV stations in Matlab/Simulink and a integrated power system simulation software DIgSILENT/PowerFactory, providing a platform to study and analyze the problems after large PV stations are integrated in the existing power system. The main works of this dissertation are as follows:
(1) Study the modeling methods and the control methods for large grid-integrated PV stations. The focus for this study is the mathematic description of PV cells, inverter and the control of inverter in consideration of the existing power system. Simulation will be done based on the proposed model and control method. Characteristics and short current for the grid-integrated PV stations will be thus achieved.
(2) Study the effect on reactive power and voltage for integrated large PV stations. Taking a practical PV station as an example, the effect of the PV station on reactive power and voltage is thoroughly investigated. In order to improve the static voltage stability, two solutions are suggested, i.e., installing reactive power compensation devices and controlling the output power of the inverters in PV stations.
(3) Analyze PV station's effect on the transient stability of the small grid under different fault form, and put forward technique measures to improve the transient stability. By calculating a case, it is indicated that frequency controller can restrain frequency fluctuation after fault, and protection device of inverter can make PV stations connected to grid during fault, thereby, keep frequency stable, voltage source control mode can make voltage stable when motor starts.
(4) Study PV station's impact on protection of urban power network. Study the impact on short current of system and then analyze the impact on protection of system and automatic reclosure.
引文
[1]高虎,李俊峰,许洪华.太阳能光伏发电技术发展状况与趋势分析[J].中国能源科技专辑,2006:72-75.
[2]赵玉文,吴达成,王斯成等.中国光伏产业发展研究报告(2006-2007)上.太阳能,2008(6):11-18.
[3]国家发展改革委,《可再生能源中长期发展规划》.2007,8.
[4]王斯成.最新世界和中国光伏动态[C].中国可再生能源行业协会年会2008.2008.3.
[5]赵春江,杨金焕,陈中华等,太阳能光伏发电应用的现状及发展[J].节能技术,2007,Vol.25,No.5,p461-465.
[6]Large-scale photovoltaic power plants.http://www.pvresources.com/en/hybrid.php
[7]Alata M., Al-Nimr M. A., Qaroush Y. Developing a multipurpose sun tracking system using fuzzy control [J]. Energy Conversion and Management,2005,46(7-8):1229-1245.
[8]陈维,沈辉,舒碧芬.光伏系统跟踪效果分析[J].中国科学技术大学学报,2006,36(4):355-359.
[9]窦伟,许洪华,李晶.跟踪式光伏发电系统研究[J].太阳能学报,2007,28(2):169-173
[10]Mondol J. D., Yohanis Y. G., Norton B. Comparison of measured and predicted long term performance of grid a connected photovoltaic system [J]. Energy Conversion and Management,2007,48:1065-1080.
[11]Mondol J.D.,Yohanis Y.G., Norton B. Comparison of measured and predicted long term performance of grid a connected photovoltaic system [J]. Energy Conversion and Management,2007,48:1065-1080.
[12]Cucumo M., Rosa A. D., Ferraro V., et al. Performance analysis of a 3kW grid-connected photovoltaic plant [J]. Renewable Energy,2006,31(8):1129-1138.
[13]Gonz Lez R., L. Pez J., Sanchis P., et al. Transformerless Inverter for Single-Phase Photovoltaic Systems [J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,2007,22(2):693-697.
[14]姜子晴,徐晓斌,陈照章等,光伏并网逆变系统的MATLAB仿真研究,微计算机信息,2007,23(12-1):202-204.
[15]Wilamowski B.M, Xiangli Li, Fuzzy System Based Maximum Power Point Tracking for PV System, The 28th Annual Conference of IEEE on Industrial Electronics Society, 2002:3280-3284.
[16]Simoes M.G., Franceschetti N.N., Friedhofer M., A Fuzzy Logic Based Photovoltaic Peak Power Tracking Control, International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, 1998:300-305.
[17]Simoes M.G., Franceschetti N.N., Fuzzy Optimisation Based Control of A Solar Array System, IEE Transactions on Electronics Power Application,1999,146(5):552-558.
[18]Chung-Yuen Won, Duk-Heon Kim, Sei-Chan Kim, etal, A New Maximum Power Point Tracker of Photovoltaic Arrays Using Fuzzy Controller, The 25th IEEE Annual Conference on Power Electronics Specialists,1994:396-403.
[19]Xiaofeng Sun, Weiyang Wu, Xin Li etal, A Research on Photovoltaic Energy Controlling System with Maximum Power Point Tracking, Conference on Power Conversion, 2002:822-826.
[20]Mashaly H.M., Sharaf A.M., Mansour M.M., etal, Implemention of A Neural Network Based Controller for A Photovoltaic Energy Scheme, IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence,1994:2545-2549.
[21]Kurutach, N.K.P.S.W. A Novel ANFIS Controller for Maximum Power Point Tracking in Photovoltaic Systems, The Fifth International Conference of Power Electronics and Drive Systems,2003:833-836.
[22]Chichiang Hua, Chiming Shen, Study of Maximum Power Tracking Techniques and Control of DC/DC Converters for Photovoltaic Power System, The 29th IEEE Annual Conference on Power Electronics Specialists,1998:86-93.
[23]Chichiang Hua, Jongrong Lin, Chihming Shen, Implementation of a DSP-controlled Photovoltaic System with Peak Power Tracking, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,1998,45(1):99-107.
[24]Yu G.J., Jung Y.S., Choi J.Y., etal, A Novel Two-mode MPPT Control Algorithm Based on Comparative Study of Existing Algorithms, The 29th IEEE Conference on Photovoltaic Specialists,2002:1531-1534.
[25]Gilbert M. Masters. Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems[M]. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons,2004:460-478.
[26]周德佳,赵争鸣,吴理博等,基于仿真模型的太阳能光伏电池阵列特性的分析,清 华大学学报(自然科学版),2007,Vol.47,No.7,p1109-1112.
[27]闵江威,段善旭,徐鹏威等,基于推挽电路的光伏电池最大功率点追踪系统,通信电源技术,2006,Vol.23,No.2,p7-9.
[28]崔岩,蔡炳煌,李大勇等,太阳能光伏系统MPPT控制算法的对比研究,太阳能学报,2006,Vol.27,No.6,p535-539.
[29]罗昉,徐鹏威,康勇等,一种光伏系统变步长MPPT策略研究,通信电源技术,2007,Vol.24,No.2,p1-5.
[30]冯冬青,马军磊,沈大中,基于模糊神经网络的光伏系统MPPT控制方法,计算技术与自动化,2007,Vol.26,No.4,p25-27,40.
[31]许颇,张崇巍,张兴,三相光伏并网逆变器控制及其反孤岛效应,合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版),2006,Vol.29,No.9,p1139-1143.
[32]李晶,大容量并网光伏发电系统运行特性的研究,中国科学院博士后工作报告,2007.
[33]Nayar C.V, Ashari M, Keerthipala W. W.L, A grid-interactive Photovoltaic Uninterruptible Power Supply System Using Battery Storage and a Back up Diesel Generator, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,2000,15(3):348-353.
[34]Bohrer W, Carpita M, Ghiara T, Puglisi L, A Flexible Control Strategy to Interface Solar System with Privileged Load and Utility Line, The Electrotechnical Conference Proceeding.'Integrating Research, Industry and Education in Energy and Communication Engineering',1989,25-30.
[35]Nak-gueon Sung, Jae-deuk Lee, Bong-tae Kim, etal, Novel Concept of a PV Power Generation System Adding the Function of Shunt Active Filter, The Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exhibition of IEEE/PES,2002:1658-1663.
[36]Grandi G, Casadei D, Rossi C, Direct Coupling of Power Active Filters with Photovoltaic Generation Systems with Improved MPPT Capability, The Power Tech Conference of IEEE,2003:2400-2403.
[37]Byung-Bog Kang, Jeong-Phil Yoon, Kyeng-Jai Cho, Power Compensation Apparatus of Photovoltaic System, The 3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 2003:6pp.
[38]Wasynczuk O. Modeling and dynamic performance of a line-commutated photovoltaic inverter system [J]. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,1989,4(3):337-343.
[39]茆美琴,余士杰,苏建徽.带有MPPT功能的光伏阵列Matlab通用仿真模型[J].系统仿真学报,2005,17(005):1248-1251.
[40]Rodriguez C., Amaratunga G. A. J. Dynamic stability of grid-connected photovoltaic systems. Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting. 2004:2193-2199[C].
[41]Yun Tiam Tan, Kirschen D.S, Jenkins N, A Model of PV Generation Suitable for Stability Analysis, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,2004,19(4):748-755.
[42]Minwon Park, Bong-Tae Kim, In-Kuen Yu, A Study on The Simulation Scheme for Utility Interactive PV Generation Systems, The Industrial Electronics Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium,2001:13-18.
[43]Abouzahr I, Ramakumar R, An Approach to Assess The Performance of Utility-interactive Photovoltaic Systems, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,1993, 8(2):145-153.
[44]Seung-Tea Cha, Dong-Hoon Jeon, In-Su Bae, etal, Reliability Evaluation of Distribution System Connected Photovoltaic Generation Considering Weather Effects, The Interational Conference on Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power Systems,2004:451-456.
[45]赵争鸣,刘建政,孙晓瑛,袁立强.太阳能光伏发电及其应用.科学出版社.2006.
[46]Stefan Krauter著,王宾,董新洲译.太阳能发电—光伏能源系统。机械出版社.2008.
[47]车孝轩.太阳能光伏系统概论.武汉大学出版社,2006.
[48]王长贵,王斯成主编.太阳能光伏发电实用技术.化学工业出版社.2008.
[49]崔荣强,赵春江,吴达成.并网型太阳能光伏发电系统.化学工业出版社.2007.
[50]苏建徽,余世杰,赵为等.硅太阳电池工程用数学模型[J].太阳能学报,2001,22(4):409-412
[51]罗昉,徐鹏威,康勇等.一种光伏系统变步长MPPT策略研究[J].通信电源技术,2007,24(2):1-5
[52]Nobuyoshi Mutog, Takatoshi Matuo, Kazuhito Okada, Masahiro Sakai. Prediction-Data-Based Maximum-Power-Point-Tracking Method for Photovotaic Power Generation systems[C]. Power Electronics Specialists Conference, pesc 02.2002 IEEE 33 rd Annual,2002,3:1489-1494.
[53]崔岩,蔡炳煌,李大勇,等.太阳能光伏系统MPPT控制算法的对比研究.太阳能学报,2006,27(6).
[54]陈国呈.PWM逆变技术及应用.北京:中国电力出版社,2007.
[55]黄俊,王兆安.电力电子变流技术.北京:机械工业出版社,2003.
[56]陈国呈.PWM变频调速及软开关电力变换技术.北京:机械工业出版社,2002.
[57]何仰赞,温增银.电力系统分析(上册).武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2002年.
[58]何国庆.基于电压源换流器的高压直流输电技术在风电场并网中的应用研究[D].中国电力科学研究院硕士论文,2008年.
[59]夏道止.电力系统分析.北京:中国电力出版社,2004.
[60][美] Carson W. Taylor著.王伟胜译.电力系统电压稳定.中国电力出版社.2002.
[61]何仰赞,温增银.电力系统分析(下册).华中科技大学出版社,2002.
[62]陈珩.电力系统稳态分析(第二版).北京:水利电力出版社,1995.
[63]李光琦.电力系统暂态分析.北京:水利电力出版社,1995.
[64]李景禄.实用配电网技术.北京:中国水利水电出版社,2006
[65]张超,计建仁.分布式发电对配电网馈线保护的影响[J].继电器,2006,33(6):9-12.
[66]Girgis A, Brahma S. Effect of Distributed Generation on Protective Device Coordination in Distribution System [A]. In 2001 Large Engineering Systems Conference on Power Engineering. Canada:2001:115-119.
[67]王希周,陈鑫.分布式发电与配电网保护协调性研究[J].继电器,2006,33(2):15-19.