光声成像技术的重建算法与实验研究
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摘要
近年来,基于光声效应的光声成像技术在生物医学成像领域得到了快速的发展。它是以脉冲光作为激励源、超声信号作为载体,通过对采集到的一组声信号进行图像重建处理而得到组织内部结构信息的一种成像方法。该方法有机地结合了光学成像和声学成像的优点,可以提供深层组织的高分辨率和高对比度的图像,成为目前医学成像领域的研究热点。
本论文重点在于研究光声成像的相关理论和在生物医学成像领域的应用。以组织光学和声学为基础,从光声信号的产生机理出发,对光声成像技术的信号处理、信号的时频域特性和对重建算法的修正等理论进行了深入的探讨,采取电脑仿真和实验模拟相结合的研究方法,提出了对这些问题的解决方案;改进了现有实验系统,进行了模拟样品的光声三维成像;对多种生物组织进行了光声成像实验,为光声成像的实用性研究打下了理论和实验基础。主要工作内容包括:
1)分析了系统中反卷积问题出现病态的原因,提出依靠正则化方法可以有效地加以解决。通过电脑仿真计算,表明通过对输出信号的正则化处理,可有效的解决方程的病态问题,抑制高频噪声部分,较好地还原输入信号。
2)通过电脑仿真对不同直径圆吸收体的多频段的信号特性进行研究。对光声信号在50KHz~300KHz、300KHz~2MHz和2MHz~6MHz这三个频段内的能量按照其对应的直径做归一化处理,得到了不同频段的光声信号的能量比例随其直径的变化曲线,以及能量比例达到最大时对应的直径值。通过模拟实验获得了与仿真相吻合的折线图。
3)依托代数重建算法的思想,进行了有限角度测量的重建算法的研究。设计了可应用于光声成像有限角度测量的重建算法。通过模拟实验得到了有限角度测量下的光声信号,重建光声图像,对图像的分辨率进行了分析。将光声成像技术在眼成像中的应用和有限角度测量重建算法相结合,得到了理想的重建图像。
4)首次提出利用吸声材料从硬件结构上实现非聚焦超声传感器的三维光声成像。该吸声模型不仅能够在一定程度上限制目标样本的超声辐射方向,更可有效地将非聚焦超声传感器的声接收角度限制到一很小角度的范围内。通过理论计算分析了吸声模型的层析性能,由模拟实验进行了对目标样本的层析扫描,实现了三维光声成像。
5)采用离散化方法进行了对声特性存在差异介质的重建算法的声速修正。当介质内部的声特性存在变化时,通过对重建算法中的声速进行修正,可得到实际的飞行时间,获得真实的重建图像。通过模拟实验直观地证明了该方法,并给出了系统成像的分辨率。
6)利用二维光声成像系统,对多种生物组织包括鸡胚胎、离体猪眼球和白鼠脑部结构成功地进行了光声成像。
7)将光透明试剂应用于光声成像技术中。通过对猪肌肉组织的模拟实验验证了试剂的实用性。利用二维光声成像系统对使用光透明试剂的活体白鼠脑部结构进行了图像重建,并取得了满意的效果。
Based on photoacoustic effect, photoacoustic imaging (PAI) technology has been progressed fast in the field of bio-medical imaging in recent years. PAI is capable of mapping distribution of optical absorption within tissues, when irradiated by a pulsed laser. The technique uses the ultrasound signals as the carrier, which is excited by the transit absorption of light energy, to reconstruct the three dimensional PAI image, representative of the optical absorption distribution within the irradiated tissue. As such, PAI imaging technique combines the advantages of both optical and ultrasound imaging, providing images with high resolution and high contrast within deep tissue.
This dissertation has a focus on the development of correlation theories for PAI imaging and the investigation of potential applications of PAI for bio-medical imaging. Based on the tissue optical properties, acoustic properties and the generation mechanism of photoacoustic signals, this thesis provides a theoretical analysis of the signal processing within both time and frequency domains, from which a modified reconstruction algorithm suitable for PAI has been proposed. By combining the numerical simulations on computer with the phantom experiments, the proposed modified reconstruction algorithm is tested and validated with considerations of some practical problems. In addition, this dissertation also deals with the improvement of PAI systems for 3D imaging of biological tissue, and the experimental approach that involves three kinds of biological tissues. All of the above make necessary basis of theories and experiments for further application study of PAI. The main tasks are summarized as below:
1) It is found that the ill-condition of deconvolution problem in the system can be solved effectively by regularization method. Depending on numerical simulations, the regularization processing to the output signal is able to suppress the high frequency noise components and recover the input signal.
2) The signal properties of multiple-bandwidth of round absorber with different diameters are investigated by numerical simulations and experimental approaches by use of appropriate phantoms. According to the corresponding diameter, the energy within three different frequency bands 50KHz~300KHz、300KHz~2MHz and 2MHz~6MHz, is normalized. This normalization results in a curve that describes the relationship between the energy ratio of photoacoustic signals in different frequency band and their corresponding diameters, from which the value of diameter that corresponds to the max energy ratio can be obtained. It is reported that the proposed normalization procedure is agreed well with the experimental results by use of appropriate phantoms.
3) By the concept of algebraic reconstruction techniques (ART), the reconstruction algorithm with measurement in limited-views is investigated. The algorithm is designed to be applicable in PAI. The photoacoustic signals measured in limited-view are used to obtain the reconstructed image. The resolution of the image is analyzed to be 0.1mm. The reconstruction algorithm with measurement in limited-view has been applied to image eye, the result of which is satisfactory.
4) By use of sound absorption material, the three-dimensional PAI with unfocused ultrasound transducer is proposed for the first time. This model of sound absorption not only confines the radiation direction of ultrasound wave of target subject, but also restricts the receipt angle of unfocused transducer to a small range. The tomographic performance of the model of sound absorption is analyzed by theoretical computation, followed by the 3D PAI experiments.
5) The correction for acoustic speed in reconstruction algorithm for the medium with heterogeneous acoustic properties is implemented by a discretization method. By the correction for acoustic speed, the actual time-of-flight is obtained and the image refecting the real structure is reconstructed. This modification is validated by phantom experiments, while the imaging resolution is not compromised.
6) PAI experiments for three kinds of biological tissues including chick embryo, porcine eye in-vitro and rat brain in-vivo are conducted with satisfactory results obtained.
7) The optical clearing agent to be applied in PAI is proposed for the first time. The agent is proved to be effective by PAI experiment with porcine muscle. Based on this agent and PAI system, the imaging of rat brain function in-vivo is performed. And the reconstruction image reflects the cerebral blood vessels of rat well.
本论文重点在于研究光声成像的相关理论和在生物医学成像领域的应用。以组织光学和声学为基础,从光声信号的产生机理出发,对光声成像技术的信号处理、信号的时频域特性和对重建算法的修正等理论进行了深入的探讨,采取电脑仿真和实验模拟相结合的研究方法,提出了对这些问题的解决方案;改进了现有实验系统,进行了模拟样品的光声三维成像;对多种生物组织进行了光声成像实验,为光声成像的实用性研究打下了理论和实验基础。主要工作内容包括:
1)分析了系统中反卷积问题出现病态的原因,提出依靠正则化方法可以有效地加以解决。通过电脑仿真计算,表明通过对输出信号的正则化处理,可有效的解决方程的病态问题,抑制高频噪声部分,较好地还原输入信号。
2)通过电脑仿真对不同直径圆吸收体的多频段的信号特性进行研究。对光声信号在50KHz~300KHz、300KHz~2MHz和2MHz~6MHz这三个频段内的能量按照其对应的直径做归一化处理,得到了不同频段的光声信号的能量比例随其直径的变化曲线,以及能量比例达到最大时对应的直径值。通过模拟实验获得了与仿真相吻合的折线图。
3)依托代数重建算法的思想,进行了有限角度测量的重建算法的研究。设计了可应用于光声成像有限角度测量的重建算法。通过模拟实验得到了有限角度测量下的光声信号,重建光声图像,对图像的分辨率进行了分析。将光声成像技术在眼成像中的应用和有限角度测量重建算法相结合,得到了理想的重建图像。
4)首次提出利用吸声材料从硬件结构上实现非聚焦超声传感器的三维光声成像。该吸声模型不仅能够在一定程度上限制目标样本的超声辐射方向,更可有效地将非聚焦超声传感器的声接收角度限制到一很小角度的范围内。通过理论计算分析了吸声模型的层析性能,由模拟实验进行了对目标样本的层析扫描,实现了三维光声成像。
5)采用离散化方法进行了对声特性存在差异介质的重建算法的声速修正。当介质内部的声特性存在变化时,通过对重建算法中的声速进行修正,可得到实际的飞行时间,获得真实的重建图像。通过模拟实验直观地证明了该方法,并给出了系统成像的分辨率。
6)利用二维光声成像系统,对多种生物组织包括鸡胚胎、离体猪眼球和白鼠脑部结构成功地进行了光声成像。
7)将光透明试剂应用于光声成像技术中。通过对猪肌肉组织的模拟实验验证了试剂的实用性。利用二维光声成像系统对使用光透明试剂的活体白鼠脑部结构进行了图像重建,并取得了满意的效果。
Based on photoacoustic effect, photoacoustic imaging (PAI) technology has been progressed fast in the field of bio-medical imaging in recent years. PAI is capable of mapping distribution of optical absorption within tissues, when irradiated by a pulsed laser. The technique uses the ultrasound signals as the carrier, which is excited by the transit absorption of light energy, to reconstruct the three dimensional PAI image, representative of the optical absorption distribution within the irradiated tissue. As such, PAI imaging technique combines the advantages of both optical and ultrasound imaging, providing images with high resolution and high contrast within deep tissue.
This dissertation has a focus on the development of correlation theories for PAI imaging and the investigation of potential applications of PAI for bio-medical imaging. Based on the tissue optical properties, acoustic properties and the generation mechanism of photoacoustic signals, this thesis provides a theoretical analysis of the signal processing within both time and frequency domains, from which a modified reconstruction algorithm suitable for PAI has been proposed. By combining the numerical simulations on computer with the phantom experiments, the proposed modified reconstruction algorithm is tested and validated with considerations of some practical problems. In addition, this dissertation also deals with the improvement of PAI systems for 3D imaging of biological tissue, and the experimental approach that involves three kinds of biological tissues. All of the above make necessary basis of theories and experiments for further application study of PAI. The main tasks are summarized as below:
1) It is found that the ill-condition of deconvolution problem in the system can be solved effectively by regularization method. Depending on numerical simulations, the regularization processing to the output signal is able to suppress the high frequency noise components and recover the input signal.
2) The signal properties of multiple-bandwidth of round absorber with different diameters are investigated by numerical simulations and experimental approaches by use of appropriate phantoms. According to the corresponding diameter, the energy within three different frequency bands 50KHz~300KHz、300KHz~2MHz and 2MHz~6MHz, is normalized. This normalization results in a curve that describes the relationship between the energy ratio of photoacoustic signals in different frequency band and their corresponding diameters, from which the value of diameter that corresponds to the max energy ratio can be obtained. It is reported that the proposed normalization procedure is agreed well with the experimental results by use of appropriate phantoms.
3) By the concept of algebraic reconstruction techniques (ART), the reconstruction algorithm with measurement in limited-views is investigated. The algorithm is designed to be applicable in PAI. The photoacoustic signals measured in limited-view are used to obtain the reconstructed image. The resolution of the image is analyzed to be 0.1mm. The reconstruction algorithm with measurement in limited-view has been applied to image eye, the result of which is satisfactory.
4) By use of sound absorption material, the three-dimensional PAI with unfocused ultrasound transducer is proposed for the first time. This model of sound absorption not only confines the radiation direction of ultrasound wave of target subject, but also restricts the receipt angle of unfocused transducer to a small range. The tomographic performance of the model of sound absorption is analyzed by theoretical computation, followed by the 3D PAI experiments.
5) The correction for acoustic speed in reconstruction algorithm for the medium with heterogeneous acoustic properties is implemented by a discretization method. By the correction for acoustic speed, the actual time-of-flight is obtained and the image refecting the real structure is reconstructed. This modification is validated by phantom experiments, while the imaging resolution is not compromised.
6) PAI experiments for three kinds of biological tissues including chick embryo, porcine eye in-vitro and rat brain in-vivo are conducted with satisfactory results obtained.
7) The optical clearing agent to be applied in PAI is proposed for the first time. The agent is proved to be effective by PAI experiment with porcine muscle. Based on this agent and PAI system, the imaging of rat brain function in-vivo is performed. And the reconstruction image reflects the cerebral blood vessels of rat well.
引文
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