基于自准直光束干涉的二维光子晶体器件研究
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摘要
光子晶体具有色散关系多样性,能够在与工作波长可比拟的尺度范围内实现对光传输的多样控制,因而对于光学器件的小型化和集成化有着重要作用。目前光子晶体正处于理论试验研究向应用转化的关键时期,各种新型的光子晶体器件相继问世。
本论文基于MIT开发的免费FDTD软件包MEEP进行数值计算,围绕光子晶体色散性质,提出和设计了四种利用自准直干涉效应的新型二维光子晶体器件,深入分析了它们的光学特性并探讨了其在光通讯和光集成中的潜在应用。本文的设计和模拟结果为基于自准直效应的光子集成芯片器件提供了新的设计思路和依据。
本论文的研究工作和主要成果如下:
1.运用自准直原理,设计了非对称Mach-Zehnder干涉仪,数值分析了其透射谱的特性。两个输出端口的透射谱呈正弦形且几乎互补,并随着两干涉臂的臂长差增加而向低频移动,这就为波分解复用器或interleaver提供了潜在的应用。
2.设计了基于自准直效应的Michelson干涉仪并数值分析了其透射谱的特性。透射谱随两干涉臂的臂长差增加而向低频移动,峰值间距非线性减小,说明该干涉仪可用于interleaver或衰减器。
3.设计了基于自准直效应的Fabry-Perot干涉仪并数值分析了其透射谱的特性。从透射谱的变化可以很明显地看出,影响其透射谱的因素有两个:共振腔的腔长和反射镜的反射率。分析可知该干涉仪能够用于滤波器。
4.运用自准直原理,设计了Michelson传感器。对于宽频的光脉冲,由其透射谱可以得到随着传感区域的折射率的增大,透射峰向低频移动,由此得到的该传感器的灵敏度最高达到120nm/RIU。传感器的传感模拟通过单频光入射实现。
本文的新意是:首次提出并设计了基于自准直效应的二维光子晶体非对称Mach-Zehnder干涉仪、Michelson干涉仪、Fabry-Perot干涉仪以及Michelson传感器,并数值分析了它们的透射谱及其影响因素并由此分析了器件的潜在应用。
The properties of multifarious dispersion and strong anisotropy in photonic crystals (PhCs) provide novel mechanisms to control the flow of light on a very small dimension scale compatible with the operating wavelength, which leads to many abnormal phenomena of physics and plays important rolls in miniature integrated optical devices. During the period of theoretical research coming into practice, various photonic crystal devices have been developed one after another.
In this thesis, four novel two dimensional photonic crystal devices have been proposed and designed based on the dispersion properties by using MEEP, a free FDTD simulation software package developed by MIT. And their potential applications in optics communication and photonic integrated circuits (PICs) have been investigated. Our design and simulated results provide some indications for developing high-density PICs devices based on self-collimation effect.
The main research works and conclusions are as following:
1. An asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on self-collimation effect is designed, and the transmission spectra is analyzed using numerical method. The transmission spectra from two output ports are in the shape of sinusoidal curves in the self-collimated frequency range and they are approximately complementary. The transmission spectrum shifts to lower frequencies with the increase of the length difference between the two interferometer branches. This may provide potential applications in wavelength division demultiplexers or interleavers.
2. A self-collimation Michelson interferometer is designed and the transmission spectra are analyzed numerically. When the length difference between the two interferometer branches is increased, the transmission spectrum shifts to lower frequencies and the peak frequency spacing decreases nonlinearly. This proves the transmission can be designed to meet various application demands in PICs and thus such interferometer may work as an interleaver or an attenuator.
3. A Fabry-Perot interferometer based on self-collimation effect is designed and the transmission spectrum is numerically analyzed. From the change of transmission spectra, a conclusion is drawn that two factors influence the transmission spectra: the length of the resonant cavity and the reflectivity of the reflectors. The analyses of transmission spectra prove the interferometer can work as a filer.
4. A RI sensor based on a Michelson interferometer is designed by self-collimation effect. For broad frequency light beam, its transmission spectrum demonstrates that when the refractive index in the sense region is increased, the transmission spectrum shifts to lower frequencies. As a result, the maximum sensitivity of the sensor reaches 120nm/RIU. The simulated performance of the sensor can be realized by the incidence of single frequency light.
Highlights of the thesis are as following: Based on self-collimation effect, two dimensional photonic crystal asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer, Michelson interferometer, Fabry-Perot interferometer and Michelson sensor are proposed and designed for the first time, to our knowledge. And their transmission spectra and influencing factors are investigated, which result in the analyses of potential applications of these devices in PICs.
本论文基于MIT开发的免费FDTD软件包MEEP进行数值计算,围绕光子晶体色散性质,提出和设计了四种利用自准直干涉效应的新型二维光子晶体器件,深入分析了它们的光学特性并探讨了其在光通讯和光集成中的潜在应用。本文的设计和模拟结果为基于自准直效应的光子集成芯片器件提供了新的设计思路和依据。
本论文的研究工作和主要成果如下:
1.运用自准直原理,设计了非对称Mach-Zehnder干涉仪,数值分析了其透射谱的特性。两个输出端口的透射谱呈正弦形且几乎互补,并随着两干涉臂的臂长差增加而向低频移动,这就为波分解复用器或interleaver提供了潜在的应用。
2.设计了基于自准直效应的Michelson干涉仪并数值分析了其透射谱的特性。透射谱随两干涉臂的臂长差增加而向低频移动,峰值间距非线性减小,说明该干涉仪可用于interleaver或衰减器。
3.设计了基于自准直效应的Fabry-Perot干涉仪并数值分析了其透射谱的特性。从透射谱的变化可以很明显地看出,影响其透射谱的因素有两个:共振腔的腔长和反射镜的反射率。分析可知该干涉仪能够用于滤波器。
4.运用自准直原理,设计了Michelson传感器。对于宽频的光脉冲,由其透射谱可以得到随着传感区域的折射率的增大,透射峰向低频移动,由此得到的该传感器的灵敏度最高达到120nm/RIU。传感器的传感模拟通过单频光入射实现。
本文的新意是:首次提出并设计了基于自准直效应的二维光子晶体非对称Mach-Zehnder干涉仪、Michelson干涉仪、Fabry-Perot干涉仪以及Michelson传感器,并数值分析了它们的透射谱及其影响因素并由此分析了器件的潜在应用。
The properties of multifarious dispersion and strong anisotropy in photonic crystals (PhCs) provide novel mechanisms to control the flow of light on a very small dimension scale compatible with the operating wavelength, which leads to many abnormal phenomena of physics and plays important rolls in miniature integrated optical devices. During the period of theoretical research coming into practice, various photonic crystal devices have been developed one after another.
In this thesis, four novel two dimensional photonic crystal devices have been proposed and designed based on the dispersion properties by using MEEP, a free FDTD simulation software package developed by MIT. And their potential applications in optics communication and photonic integrated circuits (PICs) have been investigated. Our design and simulated results provide some indications for developing high-density PICs devices based on self-collimation effect.
The main research works and conclusions are as following:
1. An asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on self-collimation effect is designed, and the transmission spectra is analyzed using numerical method. The transmission spectra from two output ports are in the shape of sinusoidal curves in the self-collimated frequency range and they are approximately complementary. The transmission spectrum shifts to lower frequencies with the increase of the length difference between the two interferometer branches. This may provide potential applications in wavelength division demultiplexers or interleavers.
2. A self-collimation Michelson interferometer is designed and the transmission spectra are analyzed numerically. When the length difference between the two interferometer branches is increased, the transmission spectrum shifts to lower frequencies and the peak frequency spacing decreases nonlinearly. This proves the transmission can be designed to meet various application demands in PICs and thus such interferometer may work as an interleaver or an attenuator.
3. A Fabry-Perot interferometer based on self-collimation effect is designed and the transmission spectrum is numerically analyzed. From the change of transmission spectra, a conclusion is drawn that two factors influence the transmission spectra: the length of the resonant cavity and the reflectivity of the reflectors. The analyses of transmission spectra prove the interferometer can work as a filer.
4. A RI sensor based on a Michelson interferometer is designed by self-collimation effect. For broad frequency light beam, its transmission spectrum demonstrates that when the refractive index in the sense region is increased, the transmission spectrum shifts to lower frequencies. As a result, the maximum sensitivity of the sensor reaches 120nm/RIU. The simulated performance of the sensor can be realized by the incidence of single frequency light.
Highlights of the thesis are as following: Based on self-collimation effect, two dimensional photonic crystal asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer, Michelson interferometer, Fabry-Perot interferometer and Michelson sensor are proposed and designed for the first time, to our knowledge. And their transmission spectra and influencing factors are investigated, which result in the analyses of potential applications of these devices in PICs.
引文
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[4]Photonic Band Gap Materials,NATO,ASI,edited by C.M.Soukoulis(Kluwer,Dordrecht,1996).
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[6]黄昆,韩汝琦,固体物理,北京:高等教育出版社,1988.
[7]K.S.Noda and et al.,Science,2002,289,605.
[8]U.Gruning,V.Lehmann,C.M.Engelhardt,Two-dimensional infrared photonic band gap structure based on porous silicon,Appl.Phys.Lett,1995,66(24),3254-3256.
[9]M.S.Hideki Masuda,Haruki Yamada and et al.,Phys.Rev.B,1997,71,2770.
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[22]盛新庆,计算电磁场学要论,北京:科学出版社,2004.
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[31]L.Wu,M.Mazilu,and T.F.Krauss,J.Lightwave Technol.,2003,21,561-566.
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[35]R.Zengerle,Journal of Modern Optics,1987,34,1589.
[36]X.Yu and S.Fan,Appl.Phys.Lett.,2003,83,3251-3253.
[37]S.Shi,A.Sharkawy,C.Chert,D.M.Pustai,and D.W.Prather,Opt.Lett.,2004,29,617-619.
[38]D.M.Pustai,S.Shi,C.Chen,A.Sharkawy,and D.W.Prather,Opt.Exp.,2004,12,1823-1831.
[39]R.Ramaswami and K.N.Sivajaran,Optical networks:a practical perspective (Academic Press,San Diego,CA,1998)
[40]A.Martinez,P.Sanchis,and J.Marti,Mach-Zehnder interferometers in photonic crystals,Optical and Quantum Electron.,2005,37,77-93.
[41]C.Liu and L.Chert,Tunable photonic-crystal waveguide Mach-Zehnder interferometer achieved by nematic liquid-crystal phase modulation,Opt.Exp.,2004,12,2616-2624.
[42]D.Zhao,J.Zhang,P.Yao,X.Jiang,and X.Chen,Photonic crystal Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on self-collimation, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2007, 90, 2311141-3.
[43] http://ab-initio.mit.edu/wiki/index. php/Meep
[44] P. Pottier, S. Mastroiacovo, and R. M. De La Rue, Opt. Exp., 2006, 14, 5617-5633.
[45] M. Mulot, M. Swillo, M. Qiu, M. Strassner, M. Hede, and S. Anand, Fabry-Perot cavities based on two-dimensional photonic crystals fabricated in InP membranes, J. Appl. Phys., 2004, 95, 5928-5930.
[46] Matthew M. Beaky, John B. Burk, Henry O. Everitt, Mansoor A. Haider, and Stephanos Venakides, Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystal Fabry-Perot Resonantors with Lossy Dielectrics, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 1999, 47, 2085-2091.
[47] S. Xiao and N. A. Mortensen, J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt., 2007, 9, 463-467.
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