基于光声光谱法的SO_2气体浓度光纤传感器研究
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摘要
随着工业现代化和人民生活水平的提高，现代社会对石油和煤炭燃料的需求量不断提高，但由于设备工艺和燃烧方式的落后，有愈来愈多的有害气体排放到大气当中，给人民生活和工农业生产带来日益严重的危害。因此，研制一种能够实时监测、高灵敏度、高分辨率的气体浓度传感器用于监测有害气体浓度不仅具有理论意义，更有服务国民经济，改善人民生活的现实意义。
本文在分析各种气体浓度检测方法的主要优缺点的基础上，选择二氧化硫(SO2)作为研究对象，研究一种应用光声光谱原理和光纤光相位调制机理相结合的气体浓度监测仪。
本文从分子结构和分子光谱理论出发讨论了SO2的红外光谱结构，介绍了气体光声光谱检测理论及光纤光相位调制解调的技术和方法。文中详细讨论了光纤光声SO2气体浓度监测仪的硬件设计。谐振式光声腔的设计是该系统的关键，包括光声腔结构设计、第一谐振频率及品质因子的确定、光学反射装置、光纤和光声腔的耦合等。选用一氧化碳(CO)激光器作为激励光源，讨论了CO激光器的结构和机械斩波技术。光纤相位传感器使用激光二极管作为光源，讨论了光源、光纤和光接收器件的连接方法以及激光二极管的光源驱动电路的设计。
本文在讨论了光电二极管的噪声和等效电路之后，介绍了信号处理的技术和方法，包括前置放大器、差分放大器和有源带通滤波器的设计及用于微弱信号检测的锁相放大技术。通过软件设计使数据处理智能化。
本文最后以实验样机为对象进行试验研究，包括光路损耗实验、气体浓度和输出信号的关系实验以及系统的重复性和稳定性等实验。从而验证了气体光声光谱检测原理和光纤相位传感器相结合进行气体浓度检测的可行性。
With the modernization of industry and the improvement of people’s life, the consumption of fossil fuel, such as petroleum and coal, is being increased. Because of the equipment and combustion methods, more and more baneful gases are released into the air, which are harmful to people’s health and life. Based on this fact, researching and manufacture a kind of new gas sensor with high sensitivity and real-time detection has an important theoretic and realistic significance.
After comparing main advantage and disadvantage of all theories of gas concentration measurement, this thesis chooses SO2 as object to research a kind of SO2 concentration measurement apparatus on the base of theory of photoacoustic effect and the optical fiber phase modulated mechanism.
Firstly, this paper introduces the molecule’s structure, the molecule’s spectrum and infrared spectrum structure of SO2, and then the theory of gas detection using photoacoustic effect is discussed. The design of resonant P.A. cell is one of the most important parts, including P.A. cell structure, first resonance frequency, optical reflection sets, and couple between optical fiber and P.A. cell, etc. Using CO laser as incentive source has many advantages, and optical modulating is discussed.
After pin’s noise and equivalent circuit are discussed, this thesis introduces technology and methods of signal management, including pre-amplifier and differential-amplifier, BPF, LIA, etc.
At the end of paper, the system of photoacoustic spectrometer is proved by experiment.
本文在分析各种气体浓度检测方法的主要优缺点的基础上，选择二氧化硫(SO2)作为研究对象，研究一种应用光声光谱原理和光纤光相位调制机理相结合的气体浓度监测仪。
本文从分子结构和分子光谱理论出发讨论了SO2的红外光谱结构，介绍了气体光声光谱检测理论及光纤光相位调制解调的技术和方法。文中详细讨论了光纤光声SO2气体浓度监测仪的硬件设计。谐振式光声腔的设计是该系统的关键，包括光声腔结构设计、第一谐振频率及品质因子的确定、光学反射装置、光纤和光声腔的耦合等。选用一氧化碳(CO)激光器作为激励光源，讨论了CO激光器的结构和机械斩波技术。光纤相位传感器使用激光二极管作为光源，讨论了光源、光纤和光接收器件的连接方法以及激光二极管的光源驱动电路的设计。
本文在讨论了光电二极管的噪声和等效电路之后，介绍了信号处理的技术和方法，包括前置放大器、差分放大器和有源带通滤波器的设计及用于微弱信号检测的锁相放大技术。通过软件设计使数据处理智能化。
本文最后以实验样机为对象进行试验研究，包括光路损耗实验、气体浓度和输出信号的关系实验以及系统的重复性和稳定性等实验。从而验证了气体光声光谱检测原理和光纤相位传感器相结合进行气体浓度检测的可行性。
With the modernization of industry and the improvement of people’s life, the consumption of fossil fuel, such as petroleum and coal, is being increased. Because of the equipment and combustion methods, more and more baneful gases are released into the air, which are harmful to people’s health and life. Based on this fact, researching and manufacture a kind of new gas sensor with high sensitivity and real-time detection has an important theoretic and realistic significance.
After comparing main advantage and disadvantage of all theories of gas concentration measurement, this thesis chooses SO2 as object to research a kind of SO2 concentration measurement apparatus on the base of theory of photoacoustic effect and the optical fiber phase modulated mechanism.
Firstly, this paper introduces the molecule’s structure, the molecule’s spectrum and infrared spectrum structure of SO2, and then the theory of gas detection using photoacoustic effect is discussed. The design of resonant P.A. cell is one of the most important parts, including P.A. cell structure, first resonance frequency, optical reflection sets, and couple between optical fiber and P.A. cell, etc. Using CO laser as incentive source has many advantages, and optical modulating is discussed.
After pin’s noise and equivalent circuit are discussed, this thesis introduces technology and methods of signal management, including pre-amplifier and differential-amplifier, BPF, LIA, etc.
At the end of paper, the system of photoacoustic spectrometer is proved by experiment.
引文
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王莉田,王玉田,孙卫新.差动吸收式SO2光纤传感器的研究.自动化与仪表,2000,2:19
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M. Zavrsnik, G. Stewart. Coherence Addressing of Quasi-Distributed Absorption Sensors by the FMCW Method. JLT, 2000, 18 (1): 57-65
王惠文.光纤传感技术与应用.北京:国防工业出版社,2001:102
W. Jin. Performance Analysis of a Time-Division-Multiplexed Fiber-Optic Gas-Sensor Array by Wavelength Modulation of a Distributed-Feedback Laser. Applied Optics, 1999, 38 (25): 5290-5297
林如俭.光纤电视传输技术北京:电子工业出版社.2001:34
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刘景良.大气污染控制工程.北京:中国轻工业出版社,2002,1:9-17
国家环境保护局污管司大气处.大气污染防治法规汇编.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1989:1-118
刘艳芳,郭学农.大气污染与人体疾病.山东:山东环境,1994,3:14-16
方栋,王晓东,陈文颖.城市大气污染治理规划方法.北京:城市环境与城市生态出版社,1994,3:24-25
化学传感器编辑委员会中国仪器仪表学会.化学传感器.北京:化学传感器编辑部,2000:9-11
李全臣,蒋月娟.光谱仪器原理.北京:北京理工大学出版社,1997,7:25-30
孙汉文.原子光谱分析.北京:高等教育出版社,2002:112-114
陆明刚,吕小虎.分子光谱分析新法引论.合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,1993,1:19-22
Kreuzer I. B, Pate I. C .K. N. Science. 1971, 45: 171
D. E. Sands, J. Chem. Educ. 1974,51:473
U. Persson, B. Msrthinsson, J. Johansson. Appl. Opt, 1980,19:1711
A. Thony, M. W. Sigrist. New Developments in CO2-laser Photoacoustic spectroscopy of Water-vapor continuum and line absorption in the 8 to 14 atmospheric windows. Infrared phvs, 1987, Vol. 27. No. 2:63-120
E. W. Wolff and D. A. Peel. Nature, 1985, 313:535
B. Stauffer, G. Fischer, A. Neftel, H. Oeschger. Science, 1985, 229:1386
H. Friedli, H. Lotscher, H. Oeschger. Nature, 1986,324:237
Zhsrov V. P., Letokhov V. S. Laser optoacustic spectroscopy Springer Series in Optical Sciences, 1986,Vol 37:31
Christian Brand, Andreas Wikler. Appl. Opt, 1995, 34: 3257
M. A. Gondal. Appl. Opt, 1997, 36: 3197
M. W. Sigrist. Air Monitoring by Spectroscopic techniques. New York, 1994:52
R. A. Rooth, A. J. L. Verhage, L. W. Wouters. Photoacoustic Measurement of
Ammonia in the Atmosphere. Influence of Water Vapor and Carbon Dioxide, Appl. Opt, 1990,29:3643-3653
于清旭,李少成,梁秀萍等.用于植物气体交换研究的高灵敏度光声光谱检测系统. 激光技术,2001,6:45
殷庆瑞,王通,钱梦路.光声光热技术及其应用.北京:科学出版社,1999:46-59
<<光谱学与光谱分析>>编委会.光谱学与光谱分析.北京:北京大学出版社,1998:56-58
殷庆瑞,刘建成.光学与光谱技术.天津:天津市光学仪器工业公司等单位出版,1985,No.4:76
Birnbaum G., White G. S.Laser Techniques in NDE., in Research Techniques in Nondestructive Testing, (Vol.7),R. S. Sharpe, Ed., New York:1999,259-365
Hutchins. D. A. Ultrasonic Generation by Pulsed Laser. Physical Acoustics. New York: 1998,Vol.18: 187-192
王玉田,郑龙江,王莉田.光纤传输光推动传感技术的研究开发与进展.燕山大学学报,1998,1:23
Kitamori. T., Suzuki. K. Yokose. K. The 5th. Int. Top. Meet on Photothermal Phenomena, pap, 1999:37
Bern egger. S. T., Meyer. P. L., Sigrist. M. W. The 5th. Int. Top. Meet on Photothermal Phenomena, pap, 1996:34
Patel. C. K. N., Burkhart. E. G., Lambert. C. A. Science, 1987,1111:188
Rosencwaig. A. Photoacoustic and Photoacoustic Sectroscopy. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1990:300
王莉田,郑龙江,王玉田.一种亮度式光纤温度测量仪.激光与红外,1998,2:37
A. Sharma, S. G. Schulman. Introduction to Fluorescence Spectroscopy. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc, 1999:22-23
L. O. Chua, L. Yang. Cellular Neural Networks: Applications. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, 1988,35(10): 1273-1290
王玉田,郭廷荣,王莉田.吸收式光纤甲烷气体传感器的研究.传感技术学报,2001,1:46
H. K. Hongsuk. New Algae Mapping Technique by the Use of an Airborne Laser Fluorescence. Appl. Optics, 1973,12(7): 1454-1459
王玉田.光电子学与光纤传感器技术.北京:国防工业出版社,2004,1:10
R. Aguirre-Gomez, S. R. Boxall, A, R, Weeks. Detecting photosynthetic Algal Pigments in natural Populations Using a high-spectral-resolution Spectroradiometer. International Journal of Remote Sensing,2001,22(15):2867-2884
王莉田,王玉田,孙卫新.差动吸收式SO2光纤传感器的研究.自动化与仪表,2000,2:19
H. K. Lichtenthaler, U. Rinderle. The Role of Chlorophyll Fluorescence in the Detection of Stress Condition in Plants. CRC Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 1988:S29-S85
孙圣和,王廷云.光纤测量与传感技术.哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社2000,1:69-70
廖延彪.光纤光学.北京:清华大学出版社,2000.3:98
K. C. Peter, W. Jin, J. M. Gong et al. Multiplexing of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor Using an FMCW Technique. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 1999, 11 (11): 1470-1472
涂亚庆,刘兴长.光纤智能结构.重庆:重庆出版社,2000:97
Gerd Keiser(美).光纤通信.北京:电子工业出版社,2002:99
M. Zavrsnik, G. Stewart. Coherence Addressing of Quasi-Distributed Absorption Sensors by the FMCW Method. JLT, 2000, 18 (1): 57-65
王惠文.光纤传感技术与应用.北京:国防工业出版社,2001:102
W. Jin. Performance Analysis of a Time-Division-Multiplexed Fiber-Optic Gas-Sensor Array by Wavelength Modulation of a Distributed-Feedback Laser. Applied Optics, 1999, 38 (25): 5290-5297
林如俭.光纤电视传输技术北京:电子工业出版社.2001:34
W. Jin, M. S. Demokan, G. Stewart. Performance Limit of Fiber-Optic Gas Sensors from Coherent Backscatter. IEE Proc. Optoelectron, 1998, 145 (3)
赫光生.激光器设计基础.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1979,6:14
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