衍射光栅的相位拼接
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摘要
大面积衍射光栅的研制一直是国际光栅领域的重大课题之一，同时大面
积光栅的获取也是光栅研制的一个技术难点。针对研制大光栅刻划机的诸多
技术困难，国外光栅专家们开始探索采用其他手段来获取大面积衍射光栅。
拼接大光栅的出现引起了国际光栅界的密切关注，美国、加拿大、俄罗斯以
及日本等国家的光栅专家对拼接技术进行了大量的研究工作，推动了大面积
衍射光栅研制技术的发展。本文在国外拼接光栅已取得成果的基础上，在国
内首次提出了利用相位拼接来制取大面积衍射光栅的方法，并对相位拼接进
行了较全面的研究：
1、回顾了大面积衍射光栅的特点、应用及发展现状，详细介绍了国外
拼接光栅所取得的成果，分析了国外两种典型的拼接光栅的方法，突出了用
拼接方法制取大光栅的优点。
2、明确以拼接光栅的相位精度为研究目标，对相位拼接及检测的原理
进行了详细说明。直接从分析光栅衍射波阵面间的相位差入手，利用光栅的
空间衍射方程和空间坐标变换的方法，首次推导了不同情况下拼接光栅衍射
波阵面间相位差的数学表达式，在理论上揭示了衍射波阵面间的相位差与光
栅间相互位置的内在关系，对衍射光栅实际上的拼接起了正确的指导作用。
3、从Fraunhofer光学远场衍射原理出发，建立了拼接光栅衍射光强的
数学模型，利用Mathcad7.0编制计算程序对相位拼接光栅的衍射光强进行
了模拟计算，从理论上证明了拼接光栅在提高衍射光强的同时也提高了光谱
分辨率。
4、用设计出的微动结构进行了相位拼接实验，介绍具体拼接过程的同
时给出了相应的实验结果照片，通过对拼接光栅进行的相位检验，结果证明
相位精度优于1/3条纹，证明了此方法的可行性。
The manufacturing of large diffraction gratings is always a great task for discussion in the field of grating. And that the technique how to get the large gratings is also a very difficult thing. The overseas grating experts have to search the other ways so as to get them, because it have to face some unovercomed technique problem for setting up the large ruling machine. The appearance of the large mosaic gratings attracts all people who devote themselves to the manufacture of diffaction gratings. Some experts who come from America,Canada,Russia and Japan have been doing a lot of research about the large mosaic gratings. The technique to manufacture the large diffraction gratings have been promoted highly. Based on the former fruits.a method that manufacture the large diffraction gratings by phase matching was brought forward in this disseration.The main works shown as below:
1. Retrospect the characteristic.application and development of large diffraction gratings and introduce the overseas fruits in details. Analyze two overseas typical methods of large mosaic gratings. At meantime,some advantages of the large gratings made by the mosaic method were shown out.
2. The theory of the phase matching and testing were discussed in details. Some formulas were deduced firstly in this paper by using of the grating space diffraction equation and the method of coordinate transformation. The internal relationship between the diffraction phase difference and the location of the gratings was opened out. At meantime,this relationship was used to direct the virtual mosaic grating course successfully.
3.The mathematical model of the mosaic grating's diffraction intensity was set up by using of the Fraunhofer Principle. The diffraction intensity was analog calculated by using of the MathcadT.O program. The calculation result show that the intensity and the spectrum resolution power increase highly.
4.The experiment equipment was designed and the phase matching experiment was done too. The course of experiment was discussed and the result photos were given. The result show that this method is feasible.
积光栅的获取也是光栅研制的一个技术难点。针对研制大光栅刻划机的诸多
技术困难，国外光栅专家们开始探索采用其他手段来获取大面积衍射光栅。
拼接大光栅的出现引起了国际光栅界的密切关注，美国、加拿大、俄罗斯以
及日本等国家的光栅专家对拼接技术进行了大量的研究工作，推动了大面积
衍射光栅研制技术的发展。本文在国外拼接光栅已取得成果的基础上，在国
内首次提出了利用相位拼接来制取大面积衍射光栅的方法，并对相位拼接进
行了较全面的研究：
1、回顾了大面积衍射光栅的特点、应用及发展现状，详细介绍了国外
拼接光栅所取得的成果，分析了国外两种典型的拼接光栅的方法，突出了用
拼接方法制取大光栅的优点。
2、明确以拼接光栅的相位精度为研究目标，对相位拼接及检测的原理
进行了详细说明。直接从分析光栅衍射波阵面间的相位差入手，利用光栅的
空间衍射方程和空间坐标变换的方法，首次推导了不同情况下拼接光栅衍射
波阵面间相位差的数学表达式，在理论上揭示了衍射波阵面间的相位差与光
栅间相互位置的内在关系，对衍射光栅实际上的拼接起了正确的指导作用。
3、从Fraunhofer光学远场衍射原理出发，建立了拼接光栅衍射光强的
数学模型，利用Mathcad7.0编制计算程序对相位拼接光栅的衍射光强进行
了模拟计算，从理论上证明了拼接光栅在提高衍射光强的同时也提高了光谱
分辨率。
4、用设计出的微动结构进行了相位拼接实验，介绍具体拼接过程的同
时给出了相应的实验结果照片，通过对拼接光栅进行的相位检验，结果证明
相位精度优于1/3条纹，证明了此方法的可行性。
The manufacturing of large diffraction gratings is always a great task for discussion in the field of grating. And that the technique how to get the large gratings is also a very difficult thing. The overseas grating experts have to search the other ways so as to get them, because it have to face some unovercomed technique problem for setting up the large ruling machine. The appearance of the large mosaic gratings attracts all people who devote themselves to the manufacture of diffaction gratings. Some experts who come from America,Canada,Russia and Japan have been doing a lot of research about the large mosaic gratings. The technique to manufacture the large diffraction gratings have been promoted highly. Based on the former fruits.a method that manufacture the large diffraction gratings by phase matching was brought forward in this disseration.The main works shown as below:
1. Retrospect the characteristic.application and development of large diffraction gratings and introduce the overseas fruits in details. Analyze two overseas typical methods of large mosaic gratings. At meantime,some advantages of the large gratings made by the mosaic method were shown out.
2. The theory of the phase matching and testing were discussed in details. Some formulas were deduced firstly in this paper by using of the grating space diffraction equation and the method of coordinate transformation. The internal relationship between the diffraction phase difference and the location of the gratings was opened out. At meantime,this relationship was used to direct the virtual mosaic grating course successfully.
3.The mathematical model of the mosaic grating's diffraction intensity was set up by using of the Fraunhofer Principle. The diffraction intensity was analog calculated by using of the MathcadT.O program. The calculation result show that the intensity and the spectrum resolution power increase highly.
4.The experiment equipment was designed and the phase matching experiment was done too. The course of experiment was discussed and the result photos were given. The result show that this method is feasible.
引文
1． Lerner J.M.International Conference on the Application,Theory and Fabrication of a Periodic Structures,Diffraction Gratings,and Moire Phenomena Ⅱ,Proc.SPIE., Vol.503． ,1984．
2． Harvey J.E.,Byrne D.M.,Diffraction Phenomena In Optical Engineering Applications,Proc.SPIE., Vol.560． , 1985．
3． Lerner J.M.,International Conference on the Application,Theory and Fabrication of a Periodic Structures,Diffraction Gratings,and Moire Phenomena Ⅲ,Proc.SPIE., Vol.815,1987．
4． Lerner J.M.,McKinney W.R..International conference on the application and theory periodic structures,Proc.SPIE., Vol. 1545,1991．
5． M.C. Hutley, Diffraction grating, Academic Press, 1982．
6． G.W.Stroke,Diffraction gratings,Encyclopedia of physics,Vol.29,1967．
7． Kita T.,Harada T.,Ruling engine using a piezoelectric device for large and high-groove density gratings,Appl.Opt.,1992,31(10) :1399-1406．
8． Rudolph D.,Schmahl G.,Optik,1970,30(5) :475-487．
9． Diffraction gratings ruled and holographic,Handbook,Jobin-Yvon.
10． Labeyrie A.,Flamand J.,Spectrographic performance of holographically made diffraction gratings,Opt.Commun., 1969,1 (1) :5-8．
11． Flamand J.,Bonnemason F.,Thevenon A.,The blazing of holographic gratings using ion-etching,Proc.SPIE.,Vol.1055:288-294,1989．
12． L.Mashev and S.Tonchev,Formation of blazing holographic diffraction gratings,Appl.Phys.,B28,349-353,1982．
13． Bernardo de A.Mello,Ivan F.da Costa,Carlos R.A.Lima and Lucila Cescato,Developed profile of holographically exposed photoresist gratings,Appl.Opt,Vol.34,No.4:597-603,1995．
14． Tatsuo Harada,Hideo Sakuma and Masaru Fuse,Fabrication of blazed gratings and grisms utilizing anisotropic etching of Silicon,Proc.SPIE.,Vol.3450:11-16,1998．
15． M.Koike and Y.Harada,New blazed holographic gratings fabricated by an aspherical recording with an ion-etching method,Proc.SPIE.,Vol.815:96-101,1987．
16． L.Mashev and S.Tonchev,Diffraction efficiency of blazed holographic gratings,Opt.Commun.,47(1) :5-7,1983．
17． Benoit deville,Francis Bonnemason and Bruno Touzet,Holographically
recorded,ion-etched varible line space gratings.Proc.SPIE.,Vol.3450:24-35,1998.
18.Hettrick M.C.and Bowyer S..Varible line-space gratings:new designs for used in grazing incidence spectrometers.Appl.Opt.,22(24):3921-3924,1983.
19.Nomioka T.,J.Opt.Soc.Am.,51 (1):4-12,1961.
20.Nomioka T.,J.Opt.Soc.Am.,51 (1):13-17,1961.
21.Gale B.,The theory of varible spacing gratings,Opt.Acta., 13 (1):41-54,1966.
22.Harada T.,Moriyama S.and Kita T.,Development of numerical control ruling engine for stigmatic concave grating,J.Jpn.Soc.Precision Eng.,41:888-894,1976.
23.John Hoose,Erwin Loewen.et al,Grand Gratings:Bigger is better,thanks to mosaic technology. a new generation of larger telescopes presents an unprecedented challenge to optics manufacturers,Photonics Spectra,December:118-120.1995.
24.Astronomy,Tiny wavelength shifts reveal giant planets,Laser Focus World,No.1:32-35, 1999.
25.Ira S.Bowen,An international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics,Astrophysical Journal,Vol.116,No.1:1-7,1952.
26．殷浩，徐向东，吴红，一种用于大天区面积多目标天文望远镜的高分辨率光纤光谱仪设计方案，光子学报，1999年第28卷第4期，326-330。
27.Underwood J.H. Gullikson E.M.,et al.,Beamline for metrology of x-ray/EUV optics at the Advanced Light Source,Proc.SPIE.,Vol.3113:214-221,1997.
28.Itou M.,Harada T.and Kita T.,Soft x-ray monochromator with a varied-space plane grating for synchrotron radiation:design and evaluation,Appl.Opt.,28 (1):146-153,1989.
29．余小江，陆尔东，徐发强等，变刻槽间距光栅在电子能谱光束线的应用，全国第二次同步辐射光束线工程：束线光学和新技术研讨会论文集，湖南：中国物理学会同步辐射专业委员会，1997年，24-31。
30.B.W.Shore,M.D.Perry and Lifeng Li., et al.,Design of high-efficiency dielectric reflection gratings,J.Opt.Soc.Am.,Vol.14,No.5:1124-1136,1997.
31．梁浩明，500mm 衍射光栅刻划机的关键机械结构，磨床与磨削，1991年第2期，42-44。
32.Erwin G.Loewen and Robert S.Wiley,Large diffraction grating ruling engine with nanometer digital control system,Proc.SPIE.,Vol.815:88-95,1987.
33.Certified precision diffraction gratings,Bausch & lomb,1981.
34．陶庆陞，衍射光栅的拼接，天文仪器与技术，1985年第1期，38-52。
35.G.A.Brealey,J.M.Fletcher and E.H.Richardson,Adjustable mosaic gratings mounts,Proc.SPIE.,Vol.240:225-228,1980.
36.E.H.Richardson,The spectrographs of the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory,R.A.S.C.,Jour.,Vol.62,No.6:313-331.1968.
37.http://www.gratinglab.com/
38．日本日立公司96年产品目录。
39．李全臣，蒋月娟，光谱仪器原理，北京理工大学出版社，北京，1999。
40.Boris G.Turukhano,Vladimir P.Gorelik and Nikulina Tumkhano,Phase synthesis of elongated holographic diffraction gratings,Proc.SPIE.,Vol.1500:290-292,1991.
41.B.G.Turukhano,et al.,Investgation of interference field phase distribution with moving holographic diffraction grating,Opt.Commun.,Vol.43,No.2:85-88,1982.
42.V.P.Gorelik,B.G.Turukhano,et al.,Phase measurements in an interference fringe pattern by two-frequency sinusoidal phase modulation,Opt.Commun.,Vol.69,No.3;98-100,1988.
43.S.V.Gordeev and B.G.Turukhano,Investgation of the interference field of two spherical waves for holographic recording of precision radial diffraction gratings,Opt.Laser Technol.,Vol28:255-261,1996.
44.A.B.Shafer,L.R.Megill and L.Droppleman,J.Opt.Soc.Am.,VoI.54:879-882,1964.
45.P.Benassi,V.Mazzacurati and G.Ruocco,J.Phys.,E21:798-801,1988.
46.V.Mazzacurati,G.Ruocco and G.Signorelli,Optics Commun.,Vol.67:399-403,1988.
47.S.Engman and P.Lindblom,Appl.Optics,Vol.23:3341-3347,1984.
48.B.G.Turukhano,V.P.Gorelik,S.N.Kovalenko and N.Turukhano,Phase synthesis of a holographic metrological diffraction grating of unlimited length,Optics & Technology,Vol.28,No.4:263-268,1995.
49.V.Mazzacurati and G.Ruocco,The super-gratings:how to improve the limiting resolution of grating spectrometers,Opt.Commun.,Vol.76,No.34:185-190,1990.
50.M.Born and E.Wolf,Principles of optics,Pergamon Press,Oxford,1965.
51．于美文，光全息学及其应用，北京理工大学出版社，北京，1996。
52．吴国安，光谱仪器设计，科学出版社，北京，1978。
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55．郝德阜，衍射光栅干涉仪理论，中国科学院博士学位论文，1986。
56．蔡履中，马宝民，细光束斜入射时一维及正交光栅的衍射图样，物理实验，1993年第13卷第3期：100-102。
57.Laxman G.Phdake and Jim Allen,Diffraction patterns for the oblique incidence gratings,Am.J.Phys.,55(6):562-565,1987.
58．朱拓，倪晓武，光栅小角度变化的衍射光定位的变化及实验，激光技术，1992年第16卷第1期：29-31。
59．梁治明，丘侃，陆耀洪，材料力学，高等教育出版社，北京，1984。
60．徐芝纶，弹性力学 (上册)，高等教育出版社，北京，1990。
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62．刘伟，单轴柔性铰链转角刚度的计算机辅助设计，光学精密工程，第8卷，2000年第2期：178-180。
63．薛实福，精密仪器设计，清华大学出版社，北京，1991。
64．陶龙芳，BASIC程序设计例题，轻工业出版社，北京，1988。
65．屈元根，纳米级位移促动器的结构设计与精度分析，天文仪器与技术，1998年增刊：96-101。
66．苏定强，屈元根，王兰娟等，拼接镜面主动光学实验系统的总结，天文仪器与技术，1998年增刊：1-9。
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2． Harvey J.E.,Byrne D.M.,Diffraction Phenomena In Optical Engineering Applications,Proc.SPIE., Vol.560． , 1985．
3． Lerner J.M.,International Conference on the Application,Theory and Fabrication of a Periodic Structures,Diffraction Gratings,and Moire Phenomena Ⅲ,Proc.SPIE., Vol.815,1987．
4． Lerner J.M.,McKinney W.R..International conference on the application and theory periodic structures,Proc.SPIE., Vol. 1545,1991．
5． M.C. Hutley, Diffraction grating, Academic Press, 1982．
6． G.W.Stroke,Diffraction gratings,Encyclopedia of physics,Vol.29,1967．
7． Kita T.,Harada T.,Ruling engine using a piezoelectric device for large and high-groove density gratings,Appl.Opt.,1992,31(10) :1399-1406．
8． Rudolph D.,Schmahl G.,Optik,1970,30(5) :475-487．
9． Diffraction gratings ruled and holographic,Handbook,Jobin-Yvon.
10． Labeyrie A.,Flamand J.,Spectrographic performance of holographically made diffraction gratings,Opt.Commun., 1969,1 (1) :5-8．
11． Flamand J.,Bonnemason F.,Thevenon A.,The blazing of holographic gratings using ion-etching,Proc.SPIE.,Vol.1055:288-294,1989．
12． L.Mashev and S.Tonchev,Formation of blazing holographic diffraction gratings,Appl.Phys.,B28,349-353,1982．
13． Bernardo de A.Mello,Ivan F.da Costa,Carlos R.A.Lima and Lucila Cescato,Developed profile of holographically exposed photoresist gratings,Appl.Opt,Vol.34,No.4:597-603,1995．
14． Tatsuo Harada,Hideo Sakuma and Masaru Fuse,Fabrication of blazed gratings and grisms utilizing anisotropic etching of Silicon,Proc.SPIE.,Vol.3450:11-16,1998．
15． M.Koike and Y.Harada,New blazed holographic gratings fabricated by an aspherical recording with an ion-etching method,Proc.SPIE.,Vol.815:96-101,1987．
16． L.Mashev and S.Tonchev,Diffraction efficiency of blazed holographic gratings,Opt.Commun.,47(1) :5-7,1983．
17． Benoit deville,Francis Bonnemason and Bruno Touzet,Holographically
recorded,ion-etched varible line space gratings.Proc.SPIE.,Vol.3450:24-35,1998.
18.Hettrick M.C.and Bowyer S..Varible line-space gratings:new designs for used in grazing incidence spectrometers.Appl.Opt.,22(24):3921-3924,1983.
19.Nomioka T.,J.Opt.Soc.Am.,51 (1):4-12,1961.
20.Nomioka T.,J.Opt.Soc.Am.,51 (1):13-17,1961.
21.Gale B.,The theory of varible spacing gratings,Opt.Acta., 13 (1):41-54,1966.
22.Harada T.,Moriyama S.and Kita T.,Development of numerical control ruling engine for stigmatic concave grating,J.Jpn.Soc.Precision Eng.,41:888-894,1976.
23.John Hoose,Erwin Loewen.et al,Grand Gratings:Bigger is better,thanks to mosaic technology. a new generation of larger telescopes presents an unprecedented challenge to optics manufacturers,Photonics Spectra,December:118-120.1995.
24.Astronomy,Tiny wavelength shifts reveal giant planets,Laser Focus World,No.1:32-35, 1999.
25.Ira S.Bowen,An international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics,Astrophysical Journal,Vol.116,No.1:1-7,1952.
26．殷浩，徐向东，吴红，一种用于大天区面积多目标天文望远镜的高分辨率光纤光谱仪设计方案，光子学报，1999年第28卷第4期，326-330。
27.Underwood J.H. Gullikson E.M.,et al.,Beamline for metrology of x-ray/EUV optics at the Advanced Light Source,Proc.SPIE.,Vol.3113:214-221,1997.
28.Itou M.,Harada T.and Kita T.,Soft x-ray monochromator with a varied-space plane grating for synchrotron radiation:design and evaluation,Appl.Opt.,28 (1):146-153,1989.
29．余小江，陆尔东，徐发强等，变刻槽间距光栅在电子能谱光束线的应用，全国第二次同步辐射光束线工程：束线光学和新技术研讨会论文集，湖南：中国物理学会同步辐射专业委员会，1997年，24-31。
30.B.W.Shore,M.D.Perry and Lifeng Li., et al.,Design of high-efficiency dielectric reflection gratings,J.Opt.Soc.Am.,Vol.14,No.5:1124-1136,1997.
31．梁浩明，500mm 衍射光栅刻划机的关键机械结构，磨床与磨削，1991年第2期，42-44。
32.Erwin G.Loewen and Robert S.Wiley,Large diffraction grating ruling engine with nanometer digital control system,Proc.SPIE.,Vol.815:88-95,1987.
33.Certified precision diffraction gratings,Bausch & lomb,1981.
34．陶庆陞，衍射光栅的拼接，天文仪器与技术，1985年第1期，38-52。
35.G.A.Brealey,J.M.Fletcher and E.H.Richardson,Adjustable mosaic gratings mounts,Proc.SPIE.,Vol.240:225-228,1980.
36.E.H.Richardson,The spectrographs of the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory,R.A.S.C.,Jour.,Vol.62,No.6:313-331.1968.
37.http://www.gratinglab.com/
38．日本日立公司96年产品目录。
39．李全臣，蒋月娟，光谱仪器原理，北京理工大学出版社，北京，1999。
40.Boris G.Turukhano,Vladimir P.Gorelik and Nikulina Tumkhano,Phase synthesis of elongated holographic diffraction gratings,Proc.SPIE.,Vol.1500:290-292,1991.
41.B.G.Turukhano,et al.,Investgation of interference field phase distribution with moving holographic diffraction grating,Opt.Commun.,Vol.43,No.2:85-88,1982.
42.V.P.Gorelik,B.G.Turukhano,et al.,Phase measurements in an interference fringe pattern by two-frequency sinusoidal phase modulation,Opt.Commun.,Vol.69,No.3;98-100,1988.
43.S.V.Gordeev and B.G.Turukhano,Investgation of the interference field of two spherical waves for holographic recording of precision radial diffraction gratings,Opt.Laser Technol.,Vol28:255-261,1996.
44.A.B.Shafer,L.R.Megill and L.Droppleman,J.Opt.Soc.Am.,VoI.54:879-882,1964.
45.P.Benassi,V.Mazzacurati and G.Ruocco,J.Phys.,E21:798-801,1988.
46.V.Mazzacurati,G.Ruocco and G.Signorelli,Optics Commun.,Vol.67:399-403,1988.
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