BiVO_4纳米膜的制备、改性及可见光光电催化性能研究
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摘要
近年来,半导体光催化技术得到了快速的发展。在该领域的研究中,TiO_2因其光催化能力强,无毒,且简便易得,成本低廉,一直受到人们的高度关注。但由于其禁带宽度较宽,只能吸收波长较短的紫外光,太阳光的利用效率很低。因此,为了更好地利用太阳光,开发可见光响应的催化剂是非常必要的。单斜晶型BiVO_4是一种较好的可见光响应的催化剂。BiVO_4的价带是由Bi的6s和O的2p轨道杂化而形成的,价带位置较深,且这种杂化结构使得BiVO_4的价带比较分散,有利于光生空穴在价带上的迁移。这两点均对其参与光电催化氧化反应有利。
本研究采用改进的金属有机物分解法(MOD)制备了BiVO_4纳米膜,将其应用于可见光光电催化降解环境污染物的研究中,并通过对其改性提高了其光电催化降解污染物的能力。本研究的具体内容包括以下几部分:
(1)以导电玻璃(FTO)为基底,采用改进的MOD法制备了BiVO_4纳米膜。分别考察了锻烧温度以及镀膜次数对BiVO_4纳米膜的形貌、晶型、晶粒大小以及光电性能的影响,得出的最佳的制备条件为:锻烧温度为500℃和镀膜次数为四次(膜厚为0.66μm)。通过扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、紫外-可见漫反射(DRS)、拉曼光谱(Raman)和X射线衍射(XRD)对最佳条件下制备的BiVO_4纳米膜进行了系统的表征。分析表明,BiVO_4纳米膜是由粒径约为10 nm的单晶颗粒构成的,而这些单晶颗粒又聚集成为粒径为200～300 nm的团粒。BiVO_4纳米膜具有较好的可见光响应,其禁带宽度为2.43 eV。BiVO_4纳米膜的晶型为单斜晶型。光电特性测试显示,在外加偏压为1.2 V,入射光波波长为400nm的条件下,BiVO_4纳米膜的IPCE值为48.1%。其最高的光电转化效率为1.43%。在可见光下,BiVO_4纳米膜的光电催化降解苯酚的速率是其光催化降解苯酚的速率的27.1倍。外加偏压使光生电子迁移至外电路,进而提高了电子与空穴的分离效率,是导致其光电催化性能提高的主要原因。重复利用实验中,BiVO_4纳米膜显示出良好的光电催化稳定性。
(2)以硝酸银为Ag源,通过光还原方法成功地将Ag颗粒担载在BiVO_4膜表面。通过TEM、XRD对样品进行了表征。分析表明,担载在BiVO_4膜表面的金属Ag颗粒的粒径约为10～20 nm。在1.0 V偏压的条件下,担载Ag的BiVO_4膜电极的光电流密度比BiVO_4膜电极的提高了约25%。担载Ag后,BiVO_4膜的光催化及光电催化降解苯酚的速率分别提高了61%和40.5%。对担载Ag后,BiVO_4膜的光催化及光电催化性能提高的机理进行了探讨。
(3)通过改进的MOD工艺,在原料中加入Si源,在FTO基底上制备了掺Si的BiVO_4膜。通过SEM、XRD、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、电子探针(EPMA)、电子顺磁光谱(ESR)、傅立叶红外光谱(FT-IR)和DRS对样品进行了表征。分析表明,Si被掺入BiVO_4的晶格中,Si~(4+)取代了晶格中的V~(5+)。掺Si不改变BiVO_4膜的晶型以及其吸光性能。但掺Si改变BiVO_4膜的形貌,使BiVO_4膜中生成了更多的氧缺陷,掺Si后的BiVO_4膜的晶粒尺寸明显变小,表面亲水性明显提高。在0.6 V偏压的条件下,掺Si的BiVO_4膜的光电流密度比BiVO_4膜的提高了约78%。光电催化降解苯酚的实验中,掺Si的BiVO_4膜光电催化降解苯酚的速率是BiVO_4膜的1.84倍。晶粒尺寸变小,氧缺陷的增加以及催化剂表面的亲水性的增强是提高光电催化降解苯酚性能的原因。
In recent years,great advancement has been achieved in the research of photocatalytic technique.TiO_2 has been drawn much attention due to its good chemical stability, non-toxicity,low cost,easy fabrication and good photoelectrochemical performance.But TiO_2 can not utilize solar energy.Thus,the exploration of the catalysts with visible light response is necessary in order to use solar energy.BiVO_4 with monoclinic type has intense visible light response.The valence band(VB) of BiVO_4 is composed of hybridized Bi 6s and O 2p orbitals.This hybridization makes the VB largely dispersed,which favors the mobility of photogenerated holes in the VB and is beneficial to the oxidation reaction.In addition,the holes of the BiVO_4 have strong oxidation ability due to its more positive position of the VB.
BiVO_4 nano-film was fabricated by modified metalorganic decomposition(MOD) technique and the photocatalytic(PC) activity of these photocatalysts was evaluated.To enhance the PC performance of the BiVO_4 film,the modification of BiVO_4 film was done.In this dissertation,the following several parts of work have been done:
(1) BiVO_4 film coated on F-doped SnO_2(FTO) glass was successfully fabricated by modified MOD technique.The effects of the calcination temperature and coating time on the morphology,crystalline type and photoelectrochemical(PEC) performance of the BiVO_4 film were investigated.The obtained optimum fabrication technical conditions were 500℃of calcination temperature and four of coating time.Scanning electron microscope(SEM) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM) images of the prepared BiVO_4 film under the optimum conditions showed that the film was composed of grains with 200-300 nm in size and the grains were composed of particles,which were about 10 nm in size.Diffused reflectance spectroscopy(DRS) revealed that the absorption performance of the BiVO_4 film was intense in visible light region and the band gap was 2.43 eV.The analysis of X-ray diffractometry(XRD) and Raman spectra identified to the monoclinic type BiVO_4.The PEC measurement showed that the IPCE was 48.1%with 1.2 V of applied potential and 400 nm of the light weavelength and the highest photoconversion efficiency was 1.43%.The removal rate of phenol in PEC process by the BiVO_4 film electrode under visible light(＞400 nm) was 27.1 times that in PC process.The prominent enhancement was induced by the promoted separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs.Furthermore,the BiVO_4 film electrode showed good stability in the PEC process.
(2) Ag particles were deposited on BiVO_4 film by photoreduction technique.XRD analysis indicated that the chemical state of the Ag particles was metallic Ag.TEM observation confirmed that the sizes of the Ag particles were 10-20 nm.The investigation of the phenol degradation demonstrated that the PC degradation rate of the phenol on the Ag doped BiVO_4 film was enhanced by 1.61 times in PC process and by 42.7 times in PEC process compared with that of the BiVO_4 film.The transportation of the electrons from the BiVO_4 to Ag driven by the schottky barrier formed between Ag and BiVO_4 could increase the charge carrier separation,and consequently enhance the PC performance.The enhancement of the PC ability in PEC process could be attributed to the simultaneous movement of the photogenerated electrons to external circuit and the photogenerated holes to the Ag particles deposited on the BiVO_4 film.
(3) The silicon-doped BiVO_4 film was fabricated by modified MOD method.The effects of Si doped on the chemical structure,surface hydrophilicity,morphology,crystalline size and photoabsorbance property were investigated.Doping Si into the BiVO_4 film did not change its crystalline type and the photoabsorbance property.However,the crystalline size of the BiVO_4 decreased and greater amount of oxygen vacancies in the BiVO_4 formed by the substitution V by Si in the crystalline lattice.In addition,the BiVO_4 film became more hydrophilic by doping Si.The phenol elimination rate on the Si-doped BiVO_4 film electrode in the PEC process was 1.84 times as great as that on the BiVO_4 film electrode.The enhanced PEC performance was attributed to the decease of the crystalline size,the increased amount of the oxygen vacancy and the enhancement of the hydrophilic performance.
本研究采用改进的金属有机物分解法(MOD)制备了BiVO_4纳米膜,将其应用于可见光光电催化降解环境污染物的研究中,并通过对其改性提高了其光电催化降解污染物的能力。本研究的具体内容包括以下几部分:
(1)以导电玻璃(FTO)为基底,采用改进的MOD法制备了BiVO_4纳米膜。分别考察了锻烧温度以及镀膜次数对BiVO_4纳米膜的形貌、晶型、晶粒大小以及光电性能的影响,得出的最佳的制备条件为:锻烧温度为500℃和镀膜次数为四次(膜厚为0.66μm)。通过扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、紫外-可见漫反射(DRS)、拉曼光谱(Raman)和X射线衍射(XRD)对最佳条件下制备的BiVO_4纳米膜进行了系统的表征。分析表明,BiVO_4纳米膜是由粒径约为10 nm的单晶颗粒构成的,而这些单晶颗粒又聚集成为粒径为200～300 nm的团粒。BiVO_4纳米膜具有较好的可见光响应,其禁带宽度为2.43 eV。BiVO_4纳米膜的晶型为单斜晶型。光电特性测试显示,在外加偏压为1.2 V,入射光波波长为400nm的条件下,BiVO_4纳米膜的IPCE值为48.1%。其最高的光电转化效率为1.43%。在可见光下,BiVO_4纳米膜的光电催化降解苯酚的速率是其光催化降解苯酚的速率的27.1倍。外加偏压使光生电子迁移至外电路,进而提高了电子与空穴的分离效率,是导致其光电催化性能提高的主要原因。重复利用实验中,BiVO_4纳米膜显示出良好的光电催化稳定性。
(2)以硝酸银为Ag源,通过光还原方法成功地将Ag颗粒担载在BiVO_4膜表面。通过TEM、XRD对样品进行了表征。分析表明,担载在BiVO_4膜表面的金属Ag颗粒的粒径约为10～20 nm。在1.0 V偏压的条件下,担载Ag的BiVO_4膜电极的光电流密度比BiVO_4膜电极的提高了约25%。担载Ag后,BiVO_4膜的光催化及光电催化降解苯酚的速率分别提高了61%和40.5%。对担载Ag后,BiVO_4膜的光催化及光电催化性能提高的机理进行了探讨。
(3)通过改进的MOD工艺,在原料中加入Si源,在FTO基底上制备了掺Si的BiVO_4膜。通过SEM、XRD、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、电子探针(EPMA)、电子顺磁光谱(ESR)、傅立叶红外光谱(FT-IR)和DRS对样品进行了表征。分析表明,Si被掺入BiVO_4的晶格中,Si~(4+)取代了晶格中的V~(5+)。掺Si不改变BiVO_4膜的晶型以及其吸光性能。但掺Si改变BiVO_4膜的形貌,使BiVO_4膜中生成了更多的氧缺陷,掺Si后的BiVO_4膜的晶粒尺寸明显变小,表面亲水性明显提高。在0.6 V偏压的条件下,掺Si的BiVO_4膜的光电流密度比BiVO_4膜的提高了约78%。光电催化降解苯酚的实验中,掺Si的BiVO_4膜光电催化降解苯酚的速率是BiVO_4膜的1.84倍。晶粒尺寸变小,氧缺陷的增加以及催化剂表面的亲水性的增强是提高光电催化降解苯酚性能的原因。
In recent years,great advancement has been achieved in the research of photocatalytic technique.TiO_2 has been drawn much attention due to its good chemical stability, non-toxicity,low cost,easy fabrication and good photoelectrochemical performance.But TiO_2 can not utilize solar energy.Thus,the exploration of the catalysts with visible light response is necessary in order to use solar energy.BiVO_4 with monoclinic type has intense visible light response.The valence band(VB) of BiVO_4 is composed of hybridized Bi 6s and O 2p orbitals.This hybridization makes the VB largely dispersed,which favors the mobility of photogenerated holes in the VB and is beneficial to the oxidation reaction.In addition,the holes of the BiVO_4 have strong oxidation ability due to its more positive position of the VB.
BiVO_4 nano-film was fabricated by modified metalorganic decomposition(MOD) technique and the photocatalytic(PC) activity of these photocatalysts was evaluated.To enhance the PC performance of the BiVO_4 film,the modification of BiVO_4 film was done.In this dissertation,the following several parts of work have been done:
(1) BiVO_4 film coated on F-doped SnO_2(FTO) glass was successfully fabricated by modified MOD technique.The effects of the calcination temperature and coating time on the morphology,crystalline type and photoelectrochemical(PEC) performance of the BiVO_4 film were investigated.The obtained optimum fabrication technical conditions were 500℃of calcination temperature and four of coating time.Scanning electron microscope(SEM) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM) images of the prepared BiVO_4 film under the optimum conditions showed that the film was composed of grains with 200-300 nm in size and the grains were composed of particles,which were about 10 nm in size.Diffused reflectance spectroscopy(DRS) revealed that the absorption performance of the BiVO_4 film was intense in visible light region and the band gap was 2.43 eV.The analysis of X-ray diffractometry(XRD) and Raman spectra identified to the monoclinic type BiVO_4.The PEC measurement showed that the IPCE was 48.1%with 1.2 V of applied potential and 400 nm of the light weavelength and the highest photoconversion efficiency was 1.43%.The removal rate of phenol in PEC process by the BiVO_4 film electrode under visible light(＞400 nm) was 27.1 times that in PC process.The prominent enhancement was induced by the promoted separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs.Furthermore,the BiVO_4 film electrode showed good stability in the PEC process.
(2) Ag particles were deposited on BiVO_4 film by photoreduction technique.XRD analysis indicated that the chemical state of the Ag particles was metallic Ag.TEM observation confirmed that the sizes of the Ag particles were 10-20 nm.The investigation of the phenol degradation demonstrated that the PC degradation rate of the phenol on the Ag doped BiVO_4 film was enhanced by 1.61 times in PC process and by 42.7 times in PEC process compared with that of the BiVO_4 film.The transportation of the electrons from the BiVO_4 to Ag driven by the schottky barrier formed between Ag and BiVO_4 could increase the charge carrier separation,and consequently enhance the PC performance.The enhancement of the PC ability in PEC process could be attributed to the simultaneous movement of the photogenerated electrons to external circuit and the photogenerated holes to the Ag particles deposited on the BiVO_4 film.
(3) The silicon-doped BiVO_4 film was fabricated by modified MOD method.The effects of Si doped on the chemical structure,surface hydrophilicity,morphology,crystalline size and photoabsorbance property were investigated.Doping Si into the BiVO_4 film did not change its crystalline type and the photoabsorbance property.However,the crystalline size of the BiVO_4 decreased and greater amount of oxygen vacancies in the BiVO_4 formed by the substitution V by Si in the crystalline lattice.In addition,the BiVO_4 film became more hydrophilic by doping Si.The phenol elimination rate on the Si-doped BiVO_4 film electrode in the PEC process was 1.84 times as great as that on the BiVO_4 film electrode.The enhanced PEC performance was attributed to the decease of the crystalline size,the increased amount of the oxygen vacancy and the enhancement of the hydrophilic performance.
引文
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