光照度测量系统设计
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摘要
在摄影工程、医疗卫生、照明工程和交通安全工程等相关领域中,照度的测量及其应用是越来越普遍。对照度测量系统的要求不仅仅局限于精度,而且在功能方面也不断的要求多样化,智能化。本文设计了一种以单片机AT89C52为主控部件,具有自动量程转换、增益自动可调、测量精度高、成本低廉、不仅能够测量静态光源而且能够对动态光源的峰值照度进行测量的照度测量系统。
根据动态光源和静态光源的照度特性间的差异,提出了一种动态增益调节法,并采用该方法与量程区间控制法相结合,实现对静态光源的照度测量和对动态光源发光峰值时的照度测量。本文的主要内容包括以下儿部分：(1)光电转换前置放大电路的设计：本设计选用硅光电池作为探测器,在光电转换过程中硅光电池输出的光电流很微弱,需要对微弱的电流进行前置放大。而选用的模数转换器输入端是电压信号,所以前置放大器应设计为电流电压(Ⅰ-Ⅴ)变换器的形式。(2)自动量程转换电路的设计：光照度在0.000lx-2000lx范围产生的光电流范围太大,照度范围被划分为四个区间,微处理器控制模拟开关CD4051实现不同照度区间之间的切换。(3)动静态光源照度测量方法设计：采用动态增益调节法与量程区间控制法相结合,实现对静态光源照度的测量和对动态光源在峰值发光强度时照度的测量。(4)键盘和显示电路的设计：设计采用矩阵键盘和数码管静态显示电路。(5)照度测量系统的软件设计：系统软件设计包括量程自动转换的软件设计,单片机与CS5531串口通信的软件设计,动静态光源照度测量的软件设计,键盘识别和数显的软件设计以及单片机与PC机进行通信的软件设计。
通过对照度测量系统硬件电路的设计和软件的设计与调试,系统在测量范围为0.0001lx-2000lx,精度为满量程的1%这两方面基本上达到了设计要求,同时也实现了对静态光源照度的测量和动态光源发光强度峰值时照度的测量。
The illumination measurement and application are more and more widespread in these related fields of photography project, medical and health, lighting project and traffic safety project. The requirements for illuminance measurement system are not limited to the accuracy, but also in terms of functionality which had been required the diversity and intelligent. An illuminance measurement system was designed in this paper. The master of the system is SCM AT89C52. The character of system is automatic range switching, automatic adjustable gain, high accuracy, and low-cost. At the same time, the system not only can measure the static light source but also measure the peak illumination on the dynamic light source.
A new method on dynamic gain adjustment was proposed according to the difference illumination characteristics between the dynamic light and static light sources. By using this method on dynamic gain adjustment combined with the method of range interval control, the static light illumination measurement and the dynamic light sources illumination measurement when in the peak time were achieved. The main contents of the paper included following five sections:(1) The pre-amplifier circuit was designed on photoelectric conversion:the silicon photocell was used as a detector in the paper. The output photocurrent of the silicon-solar cell is very weak in the photoelectric conversion process. Therefore, the weak current must be pre-amplified, But the analog-to-digital converter need input voltage signal, the preamplifier should be designed to the form of the current-voltage converter. (2) The design of the automatic range converter circuit: Because of the generated photocurrent is too wide in the illumination range 0.0001lx-2000lx, so, the illumination range is divided into four intervals. The switch between different illumination intervals was achieved by the microprocessor controlling the analog switches CD4051. (3) The design of intensity measurement method on dynamic and static light sources:The static light illumination measurement and the dynamic light illumination measurement in the peak luminous intensity were completed by the method on dynamic gain adjustment combined with the range interval control. (4) The design of the keyboard and display circuit:The matrix keyboard and digital tube display circuit were designed in this paper. (5) The software design on illuminance measurement system:The software design on the system included the software design on automatic range switching, the software design on the serial communication between single chip computer and CS5531, the software design on static and dynamic light sources illumination measurement, the software design on keyboard identification, the software design on digital display and the communication between SCM and PC.
Through designing the hardware circuit and debugging the software program on the illumination measurement system, the system basically met the design requirements in these two areas for the measuring range is 0.0001 lx-2000 lx and the accuracy is 1% of full scale, at the same time, the static light illumination measurement and dynamic light source intensity peak illumination measurement were completed.
根据动态光源和静态光源的照度特性间的差异,提出了一种动态增益调节法,并采用该方法与量程区间控制法相结合,实现对静态光源的照度测量和对动态光源发光峰值时的照度测量。本文的主要内容包括以下儿部分：(1)光电转换前置放大电路的设计：本设计选用硅光电池作为探测器,在光电转换过程中硅光电池输出的光电流很微弱,需要对微弱的电流进行前置放大。而选用的模数转换器输入端是电压信号,所以前置放大器应设计为电流电压(Ⅰ-Ⅴ)变换器的形式。(2)自动量程转换电路的设计：光照度在0.000lx-2000lx范围产生的光电流范围太大,照度范围被划分为四个区间,微处理器控制模拟开关CD4051实现不同照度区间之间的切换。(3)动静态光源照度测量方法设计：采用动态增益调节法与量程区间控制法相结合,实现对静态光源照度的测量和对动态光源在峰值发光强度时照度的测量。(4)键盘和显示电路的设计：设计采用矩阵键盘和数码管静态显示电路。(5)照度测量系统的软件设计：系统软件设计包括量程自动转换的软件设计,单片机与CS5531串口通信的软件设计,动静态光源照度测量的软件设计,键盘识别和数显的软件设计以及单片机与PC机进行通信的软件设计。
通过对照度测量系统硬件电路的设计和软件的设计与调试,系统在测量范围为0.0001lx-2000lx,精度为满量程的1%这两方面基本上达到了设计要求,同时也实现了对静态光源照度的测量和动态光源发光强度峰值时照度的测量。
The illumination measurement and application are more and more widespread in these related fields of photography project, medical and health, lighting project and traffic safety project. The requirements for illuminance measurement system are not limited to the accuracy, but also in terms of functionality which had been required the diversity and intelligent. An illuminance measurement system was designed in this paper. The master of the system is SCM AT89C52. The character of system is automatic range switching, automatic adjustable gain, high accuracy, and low-cost. At the same time, the system not only can measure the static light source but also measure the peak illumination on the dynamic light source.
A new method on dynamic gain adjustment was proposed according to the difference illumination characteristics between the dynamic light and static light sources. By using this method on dynamic gain adjustment combined with the method of range interval control, the static light illumination measurement and the dynamic light sources illumination measurement when in the peak time were achieved. The main contents of the paper included following five sections:(1) The pre-amplifier circuit was designed on photoelectric conversion:the silicon photocell was used as a detector in the paper. The output photocurrent of the silicon-solar cell is very weak in the photoelectric conversion process. Therefore, the weak current must be pre-amplified, But the analog-to-digital converter need input voltage signal, the preamplifier should be designed to the form of the current-voltage converter. (2) The design of the automatic range converter circuit: Because of the generated photocurrent is too wide in the illumination range 0.0001lx-2000lx, so, the illumination range is divided into four intervals. The switch between different illumination intervals was achieved by the microprocessor controlling the analog switches CD4051. (3) The design of intensity measurement method on dynamic and static light sources:The static light illumination measurement and the dynamic light illumination measurement in the peak luminous intensity were completed by the method on dynamic gain adjustment combined with the range interval control. (4) The design of the keyboard and display circuit:The matrix keyboard and digital tube display circuit were designed in this paper. (5) The software design on illuminance measurement system:The software design on the system included the software design on automatic range switching, the software design on the serial communication between single chip computer and CS5531, the software design on static and dynamic light sources illumination measurement, the software design on keyboard identification, the software design on digital display and the communication between SCM and PC.
Through designing the hardware circuit and debugging the software program on the illumination measurement system, the system basically met the design requirements in these two areas for the measuring range is 0.0001 lx-2000 lx and the accuracy is 1% of full scale, at the same time, the static light illumination measurement and dynamic light source intensity peak illumination measurement were completed.
引文
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[6]JIANG Hongkai, WANG Zhongsheng, HE Zhengjia. Early identification of Weak signal fault features under very unfavorable environment using adaptive lifting Schemepacket [J]. JNorthWestern Technical University.2008,26 (1):99-103.
[7]李倩,潘建根.LED总光通量高精度检测最新进展[R].浙江：远方光电公司,2009.
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[9]王士峰,赵馨,崔宇.国产2CR型光电池工作特性及应用[J].长春理工大学报.2006,29(2)：14-18.
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[15]Sutu Y, Whalen J. Statistics for Demodulation RFT in Operational Amplifiers [J].IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility. August 2004.
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[19]Yuqin Zong and Yoshi Ohno,New Practical Method for Measurement of High-Power LEDs, Proc. of 2008 CIE Expert Symposium on Advances in Photometry and Colorimetry.
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[21]杜梅芳.光电池性参数的探讨[J].哈尔滨师范大学自然科学学报.2004,15(2)：18-21.
[22]严福兴.极微弱光电流测量电路的设计[J].武汉理工大学学报.2006,28(11)：14-17.
[23]张新坤.照度计特性及表示方法[J].唐山师专学报.2000,22(5)：38-41.
[24]张小林,罗来成.单片机在光度测试中的应用[J].江西科学.004,22(2)：118-121.
[25]王旭柱,邱永绥.一种测量海洋辐照度的自动量程切换的电流电压变换电路[J].自动化仪器与仪表.2009,10(5)：27-28.
[26]李卷宗.吕宗瑜,汤丽萍.实用变量成模拟信号单片机检测电路[J].电测与仪表.2002,39(3)：33-35.
[27]孙虹.弱光照度计国家计量检定规程[R].国测试技术研究院,2000.
[28]杨永才,何国兴,马军山.光电信息技术[M].上海：东华大学出版社.2002：124-214.
[29]曹远生.宽量程弱光照度计的研制[J].实用测试技术.1996,1(1)：19-22.
[30]盛楠.光电分选机分选系统的设计与实现[D].大连理工大学,2006.
[31]路靖.光学系统可见光透过率测试技术研究[D].长春理工大学,2008.
[32]何希才,伊兵,杜煜.新型实用电子电路[M]北京：电子工业出版社.004：17-35.
[33]楼钢,李伟,邓学博.小信号放大电路设计[J].浙江理工大学学报.2007,24(6)：61-65.
[34]Photodiode Monitoring with Op Amps, BB Application Bulletin in USA. January,2005.
[35]周明昱,严惠民.分光光度计光强采样电路设计[J].光学仪器2003,25(4)：67-72.
[36]张季熊.光电子学教程[M].广州：华南理工大学出版社,2005：168-265.
[37]刘彬,张秋婵.光电检测前置放大电路的设计[J].燕山大学学报2003,273)：192-196.
[38]NORDHLD E H, JONF E D.The design of extremely low-noise preamplifiers[J]. IEEE, 2003,5 (6):25-29.
[39]JOHNSON J B. Thermal agitation of electricity in conductors[J]. Phys.Rev,July 2002.5 (32):97-109.
[40]李昌厚.紫外可见分光光度计及应用[M].北京：化学工业出版社.2010：3852.
[41]16-Bit and 24-Bit ADC with Ultra Low Noise PGIA. Cirrus Logic. Inc. Crystal Semiconductor Products Division, January 2000.
[42]高明.24位模/数转换器CS5532及其应用.仪表技术与传感器.2007,7(1)：40-46.
[43]杨银堂,贺斌,朱樟明CMOS斩波稳定放大器分析与研究[J].电子器件.2005.28(1)：167-171.
[44]龚江涛.基于FPGA的高精度地震勘探数据采集系统[D].成都理工大学,2007.
[45]王志爱.无测速传感电子皮带秤的研究与实现[D].太原理工大学,2009.
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[49]王哗.闪光型照明装置光度特性的检测技术探讨[J].中国照明电器.2010,7(4)：31-36.
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[2]中国仪器仪表学会,现代仪器仪表的发展和未来五年我国对仪器仪表市场需求的分析报告[R].北京：中国科学技术出版社,2005.
[3]摩托车光信号装置配光性能[S].GB17510-2008.北京：中国标准出版社出版发行,2009.
[4]中国科学技术协会,仪器科学与技术学科发展报告[R].北京：中国科学技术出版社,2007.
[5]侯文辉.高精度照度计的设计[D].大连理工大学,2007.
[6]JIANG Hongkai, WANG Zhongsheng, HE Zhengjia. Early identification of Weak signal fault features under very unfavorable environment using adaptive lifting Schemepacket [J]. JNorthWestern Technical University.2008,26 (1):99-103.
[7]李倩,潘建根.LED总光通量高精度检测最新进展[R].浙江：远方光电公司,2009.
[8]谭东才,胥光申,罗生.用于面曝光快速成型系统的光照度测量系统的研究[J].西安工程大学学报.2010,25(3)：53-58.
[9]王士峰,赵馨,崔宇.国产2CR型光电池工作特性及应用[J].长春理工大学报.2006,29(2)：14-18.
[10]Coaton J R, Marsden A M. Lamps and Lighting [M]. London, UK:Arnold,2007:210-220.
[11]李卷宗.吕宗瑜,汤丽萍.实用变量程模拟信号单片机检测电路[J].电测与仪表.2002,39(3)：33-35.
[12]Jiangen Pan, Haiping Shen, Yuqin Zong and Yoshi Ohno.Considerations on the Improvements and Evaluation for Proc. of 2008 CIE Expert Symposiumon Advances in Photometry and Colorimetry.
[13]Zong, and Y. Ohno, LED Photometric Calibrations at the National Institute of Standards, Technology and Future Measurement Needs of LEDs. Proc.SPIE Fourth International Conference on Solid State Lighting, Denver, CO 2004,69-79.
[14]王惠民.光学仪器信号转换术[M].北京：北京理工大学出版社,2003：108-165.
[15]Sutu Y, Whalen J. Statistics for Demodulation RFT in Operational Amplifiers [J].IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility. August 2004.
[16]雷玉堂.光电检测技术[M].北京:中国计量出版社,2009：205-225.
[17]胡继胜.一种量程自动换技术[J].安徽职业技术学院学报.2003,2(3)：13-16.
[18]林玉池.测量控制与仪器仪表前沿技术及发展趋势[M].天津：天津大学出版社,2008：163-170.
[19]Yuqin Zong and Yoshi Ohno,New Practical Method for Measurement of High-Power LEDs, Proc. of 2008 CIE Expert Symposium on Advances in Photometry and Colorimetry.
[20]LIANG Junli, YANG Shuyuan, TANG Zhifeng. Weak signal detection based on Stochastic resonance [J].J Election & Inform Technology.2006,28(6):106-107.
[21]杜梅芳.光电池性参数的探讨[J].哈尔滨师范大学自然科学学报.2004,15(2)：18-21.
[22]严福兴.极微弱光电流测量电路的设计[J].武汉理工大学学报.2006,28(11)：14-17.
[23]张新坤.照度计特性及表示方法[J].唐山师专学报.2000,22(5)：38-41.
[24]张小林,罗来成.单片机在光度测试中的应用[J].江西科学.004,22(2)：118-121.
[25]王旭柱,邱永绥.一种测量海洋辐照度的自动量程切换的电流电压变换电路[J].自动化仪器与仪表.2009,10(5)：27-28.
[26]李卷宗.吕宗瑜,汤丽萍.实用变量成模拟信号单片机检测电路[J].电测与仪表.2002,39(3)：33-35.
[27]孙虹.弱光照度计国家计量检定规程[R].国测试技术研究院,2000.
[28]杨永才,何国兴,马军山.光电信息技术[M].上海：东华大学出版社.2002：124-214.
[29]曹远生.宽量程弱光照度计的研制[J].实用测试技术.1996,1(1)：19-22.
[30]盛楠.光电分选机分选系统的设计与实现[D].大连理工大学,2006.
[31]路靖.光学系统可见光透过率测试技术研究[D].长春理工大学,2008.
[32]何希才,伊兵,杜煜.新型实用电子电路[M]北京：电子工业出版社.004：17-35.
[33]楼钢,李伟,邓学博.小信号放大电路设计[J].浙江理工大学学报.2007,24(6)：61-65.
[34]Photodiode Monitoring with Op Amps, BB Application Bulletin in USA. January,2005.
[35]周明昱,严惠民.分光光度计光强采样电路设计[J].光学仪器2003,25(4)：67-72.
[36]张季熊.光电子学教程[M].广州：华南理工大学出版社,2005：168-265.
[37]刘彬,张秋婵.光电检测前置放大电路的设计[J].燕山大学学报2003,273)：192-196.
[38]NORDHLD E H, JONF E D.The design of extremely low-noise preamplifiers[J]. IEEE, 2003,5 (6):25-29.
[39]JOHNSON J B. Thermal agitation of electricity in conductors[J]. Phys.Rev,July 2002.5 (32):97-109.
[40]李昌厚.紫外可见分光光度计及应用[M].北京：化学工业出版社.2010：3852.
[41]16-Bit and 24-Bit ADC with Ultra Low Noise PGIA. Cirrus Logic. Inc. Crystal Semiconductor Products Division, January 2000.
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