稀有气体和双原子分子（CO，NO）团簇的光电离实验和理论研究
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摘要
本论文主要介绍了稀有气体和双原子分子(CO,NO)团簇的同步辐射真空紫外光电离实验和理论研究,还介绍了原子分子物理实验站稀有气体滤波器的安装和调试工作,以及乙苯的光电离实验和理论研究。
第一章介绍了原子、分子和团簇的光谱学和动力学研究现状,比较详细地介绍了光电离和光离解研究中的基本概念,如绝热电离能、垂直电离能、光电离截面、超激发态、里德堡态,以及基本的离解机理。介绍了光与物质相互作用研究中常用的实验方法,如光电离质谱、荧光光谱、光吸收谱、光电子谱、阈值光电子谱和符合技术等。最后讨论了光电离研究中常用的量化计算方法。
第二章主要介绍了原子分子实验站光电离研究时使用的实验装置。首先概述了同步辐射光源的特点和应用,国家同步辐射实验室(NSRL)储存环的性能和相关参数。介绍了原子分子实验站光束线的装置和性能,光束线选用波荡器发射的同步辐射,可以提供能量范围7.5-124 eV的真空紫外光。介绍了原子分子物理实验站的仪器配备情况,讨论了分子束的形成机理、飞行时间质谱仪的设计原理及多级电离室的原理和结构。
第三章介绍了实验站的滤波器系统的安装测试工作。同步辐射高次谐波降低了实验数据的可靠性,需要加以抑制。介绍了几种用于抑制高次谐波的方法及气体滤波器的优点。介绍了滤波器的装置,特别是为了克服实验站光束线有限的安装空间的困难,采用的二级差分抽气系统,和用于抑制分子束形成的导气管的特殊设计。之后,对滤波器进行了真空和滤波效果的测试,结果表明滤波器真空系统可以维持在适当的水平,并且达到了较好的滤波效果。
第四章对团簇,特别是气体团簇的基本内容及研究作了介绍:1.团簇科学的发展;2.气相团簇合成的原理和主要的合成方法:3.分子间弱作用力分类;4.以质谱方法为重点,介绍了研究团簇的各类谱学方法。
在第五章和第六章里,用同步辐射光电离的办法,从实验和理论角度,研究了稀有气体原子Rg(Rg=Ne,Ar,Kr)和一个双原子分子(CO或NO)组成的异类团簇系列:Rg·CO和Rg·NO系列,前者属于闭壳层团簇分子,后者属于开壳层团簇分子。
第五章首先介绍了Rg·CO团簇研究现状及实验方法。然后用光电离质谱方法研究了Rg·CO团簇,由其光电离效率曲线得到Rg·CO团簇的电离能,和理论结果符合良好,结合CO的光吸收谱,对Rg·CO阈值附近的光谱结构进行指认。并用理论计算方法得到其结构、频率、电离能及离解能,加以讨论。对于Rg·CO团簇,因为Kr原子与CO分子的电离能几乎重合,Kr·CO阈值附近的光电离效率谱同时受到Kr原子与CO分子共振的影响。结合CO的光吸收谱以及Kr的光电离效率谱,对其结构进行指认。随着Rg质荷比的增大,Rg·CO+键角变大,而Rg·CO电离能的降低。
第六章首先介绍了Rg·NO团簇研究现状及实验方法。然后测量了团簇Rg·NO光电离质谱和光电离效率谱,并测量了NO分子的光吸收谱,对Rg·NO和NO的电离能加以比较,发现Ar·NO团簇的电离能相比NO产生了红移。并进一步在理论上从几何构型、振动频率、电离能和离解能讨论了Rg·NO团簇及其离子性质,以及Rg和NO相互作用的情况。通过Ar·NO团簇的光电离效率谱与NO光吸收谱、Ar原子共振跃迁的比较,发现在Ar电离能以下,NO对Ar·NO团簇光电离效率谱特征起主导作用。观测到Ar·NO团簇的光电离效率谱能量12.0eV附近存在明显的共振峰,这是因为NO和Ar之间存在的能量转移,使Ar原子激发能转移到NO分子上,NO分子电离。随着稀有气体(Rg)质荷比的增加,Rg极化率增加,Rg…NO距离增长,Rg-N-O键角加大,Rg和NO相互作用增强,电离能呈下降趋势。
在第七章,利用超声分子束技术、同步辐射和反射式飞行时间质谱仪得到了Kr和Kr2的光电离质谱和光电离效率谱,确定了Kr和Kr2的电离能。利用Gaussian-03程序中的MP2(Full)/6-31G*,QCISD/cc-pVTZ以及B3LYP/6-31G方法优化了Kr2的结构,计算了它们的振动频率和电离能,计算结果显示:当采用相同的理论水平和基组时,随着Kr同位素质荷比(m/z)的增大,它们结构和电离能保持不变,而振动频率逐渐变小。与此同时,用G2方法计算了Kr(84)和Kr2(168)的电离能,它们的电离能的理论值与实验结果符合得比较好。
在第八章,利用真空紫外同步辐射研究了乙苯的光吸收谱、光电离效率谱和乙苯光电离解离产生主要碎片离子C7H7+的光电离效率谱,从实验上得到了乙苯电离能,碎片离子C7H7+的出现势,并且利用经验公式得到了产生C7H7+的离解能。并利用GAUSSIAN软件采用MP2方法进行了理论计算,得到了乙苯的电离能,C7H7+-CH3的离解能,以及C7H7+的出现能,它们和实验结果相近。
The dissertation mainly introduces the experimental and theoretical studies on the van der Waals cluster of rare gas atom Rg(Rg=Ne,Ar,Kr)and diatomic molecules(CO, NO)with tunable synchrotron VUV photoionization.It also introduces the installation and debugging of the absorption gas cell of atomic and molecular physics beamline and endstation,and the experimental and theoretical studies on ethylbenzene.
In the first chapter,it firstly introduces the researches on atom,molecule and cluster of spectroscopy and dynamics.The basic conceptions on photoionization and photodissociation,including adiabatic ionization energy,vertical ionization energy, photoionization,superexcited states,Rydberg states and the fundamental photodissociation mechanism.The common experimental methods,such as photoionization mass spectrometry,fluorescence spectrum,photoabsorption spectrum, photoelectron spectrum,threshold photoelectron spectrum and coincidence technology are also introduced in the third section.Finally,the theoretical calculation methods involved in photoionization are described.
In the second chapter,a summary is given on the characteristics and applications of synchrotron radiation,the parameters of storage ring of National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory(NSRL).It introduces the structure of the atomic and molecular physics beamline and endstation.The undulator beamline can provide the tunable VUV light in the energy range of 7.5-124 eV.Finally,the formation principle of molecular beam,the operating principle of mass spectrometer and pohotoabsorption chamber are described.
In the third chapter,an introduction is given about the installation and testing of the gas filter.Higher harmonics present in the undulator spectrum can decrease the data reliability.It introduces several methods of suppressing higher harmonics and the advantages of gas filter.It introduces the structure of gas filter.The two differential pumping regions in addition to the gas cell are its vacuum components to adapt the limited room of beamline.The aperture tubes are special designed to suppress molecular beam.We tested the vacuum and the performance of the harmonic suppressor of gas filter, and the results indicate that this gas filter has the good performances.
In the forth chapter,an introduction is given on the content and research of gas cluster:1.The development of cluster science,2.the principium and experimental techniques to compose cluster,3.classification of intermolecular weak interaction,4. several spectroscopys of research cluster,especially mass spectroscopy.
In the fifth and sixth chapters,the heterogeneous clusters(Rg·CO,Rg·NO)of rare gas(Rg=Ne,Ar,Kr)and diatomic molecule(CO,NO)is experimentally and theoretically studied with tunable synchrotron VUV Photoionization.They are one of the important prototypes for the study of molecular clusters.
In the fifth chapter,the introduction of the present status and experimental methods of Rg·CO clusters research is given.The ionization energies are determined by measuring their photoionization efficiency curves,and are in agree with the ones of the theoretical results.The structures of photoionization efficiency curves are discerned by the results of photoabsorption spectroscopy of CO.The clusters are,calculated and discussed with theoretical methods,and the geometric structures,vibrational frequencies,ionization energies and dissociation energies are calculated.Since the ionization energy of Kr atom is almost agree with CO Molecule,the photoionization efficiency curve of Kr·CO is affected by both Kr atom and CO Molecule,and discerned by the results of photoabsorption spectroscopy of CO and photoionization efficiency spectroscopy of Kr. It is found with the increasing mass of Rg atom,the Rg-C-O bond angle increases,and the ionization energies of Rg·CO decrease.
In the sixth chapter,the introduction of the present status and experimental methods of Rg·NO clusters research is given.The photoionization mass spectroscopy and photoionization efficiency spectroscopy of Rg·NO are measured,together with the photoabsorption spectroscopy of NO.Rg·NO clusters and its ions are discussed on the geometric structure,vibrational frequencies,ionization energies,dissociation energies and interaction of Rg·NO with theoretical methods.Photoionization efficiency curve of Ar·NO is mainly determined by NO below the ionization energy of Ar.There's a strong resonance peak at the positions of 12.0 eV is observed in PIES of Ar·NO,and it is shown that the excitation energy of the rare gas atom is transferred to the attached NO molecule within a heterogeneous cluster,leading to ionization of the molecule NO.It is found with the increasing mass of Rg atom,the polarizability,Rg-C-O bond angle,the distance and the interaction of Rg and CO increases,as the ionization energies of Rg·CO decrease.
In the seventh chapter,the photoionization mass spectroscopy and photoionization efficiency spectroscopy of Kr and Kr_2 have been obtained using supersonic molecule beam,synchrotron radiation and reflection time of flight mass spectroscopy,and the ionization energies of Kr and Kr_2 were determined from their PIES.The geometries, harmonic vibrational frequencies,and ionization energies of Kr_2 have also been calculated using MP2(Full)/6-31G*,QCISD/cc-pVTZ and B3LYP/6-31G.When the same level of theory is used,the structure and ionization energy are nearly unchanged,and the vibrational frequency is decreased gradually with increasing of m/z of Kr isotope.At the same time,the ionization energies of Kr(84)and Kr_2(168)were calculated using G2 method.The theoretical values of the ionization energy are in agreement with those experimental ones.
In the eighth chapter,ethylbenzene has been messured with photoabsorption spectroscopy and the photoionization efficiency spectroscopy,and its main fragmented ion- C_7H_7~+ with PIES.The ionization energy of ehylbenzene and the appearance potential of C_7H_7~+ are measured,and the dissociation energy of C_7H_7~+ iS calculated with empirical correlation.These energies are calculated by Gaussian program with the MP2 method, The theoretical results are reasonable according to the experimental results.
第一章介绍了原子、分子和团簇的光谱学和动力学研究现状,比较详细地介绍了光电离和光离解研究中的基本概念,如绝热电离能、垂直电离能、光电离截面、超激发态、里德堡态,以及基本的离解机理。介绍了光与物质相互作用研究中常用的实验方法,如光电离质谱、荧光光谱、光吸收谱、光电子谱、阈值光电子谱和符合技术等。最后讨论了光电离研究中常用的量化计算方法。
第二章主要介绍了原子分子实验站光电离研究时使用的实验装置。首先概述了同步辐射光源的特点和应用,国家同步辐射实验室(NSRL)储存环的性能和相关参数。介绍了原子分子实验站光束线的装置和性能,光束线选用波荡器发射的同步辐射,可以提供能量范围7.5-124 eV的真空紫外光。介绍了原子分子物理实验站的仪器配备情况,讨论了分子束的形成机理、飞行时间质谱仪的设计原理及多级电离室的原理和结构。
第三章介绍了实验站的滤波器系统的安装测试工作。同步辐射高次谐波降低了实验数据的可靠性,需要加以抑制。介绍了几种用于抑制高次谐波的方法及气体滤波器的优点。介绍了滤波器的装置,特别是为了克服实验站光束线有限的安装空间的困难,采用的二级差分抽气系统,和用于抑制分子束形成的导气管的特殊设计。之后,对滤波器进行了真空和滤波效果的测试,结果表明滤波器真空系统可以维持在适当的水平,并且达到了较好的滤波效果。
第四章对团簇,特别是气体团簇的基本内容及研究作了介绍:1.团簇科学的发展;2.气相团簇合成的原理和主要的合成方法:3.分子间弱作用力分类;4.以质谱方法为重点,介绍了研究团簇的各类谱学方法。
在第五章和第六章里,用同步辐射光电离的办法,从实验和理论角度,研究了稀有气体原子Rg(Rg=Ne,Ar,Kr)和一个双原子分子(CO或NO)组成的异类团簇系列:Rg·CO和Rg·NO系列,前者属于闭壳层团簇分子,后者属于开壳层团簇分子。
第五章首先介绍了Rg·CO团簇研究现状及实验方法。然后用光电离质谱方法研究了Rg·CO团簇,由其光电离效率曲线得到Rg·CO团簇的电离能,和理论结果符合良好,结合CO的光吸收谱,对Rg·CO阈值附近的光谱结构进行指认。并用理论计算方法得到其结构、频率、电离能及离解能,加以讨论。对于Rg·CO团簇,因为Kr原子与CO分子的电离能几乎重合,Kr·CO阈值附近的光电离效率谱同时受到Kr原子与CO分子共振的影响。结合CO的光吸收谱以及Kr的光电离效率谱,对其结构进行指认。随着Rg质荷比的增大,Rg·CO+键角变大,而Rg·CO电离能的降低。
第六章首先介绍了Rg·NO团簇研究现状及实验方法。然后测量了团簇Rg·NO光电离质谱和光电离效率谱,并测量了NO分子的光吸收谱,对Rg·NO和NO的电离能加以比较,发现Ar·NO团簇的电离能相比NO产生了红移。并进一步在理论上从几何构型、振动频率、电离能和离解能讨论了Rg·NO团簇及其离子性质,以及Rg和NO相互作用的情况。通过Ar·NO团簇的光电离效率谱与NO光吸收谱、Ar原子共振跃迁的比较,发现在Ar电离能以下,NO对Ar·NO团簇光电离效率谱特征起主导作用。观测到Ar·NO团簇的光电离效率谱能量12.0eV附近存在明显的共振峰,这是因为NO和Ar之间存在的能量转移,使Ar原子激发能转移到NO分子上,NO分子电离。随着稀有气体(Rg)质荷比的增加,Rg极化率增加,Rg…NO距离增长,Rg-N-O键角加大,Rg和NO相互作用增强,电离能呈下降趋势。
在第七章,利用超声分子束技术、同步辐射和反射式飞行时间质谱仪得到了Kr和Kr2的光电离质谱和光电离效率谱,确定了Kr和Kr2的电离能。利用Gaussian-03程序中的MP2(Full)/6-31G*,QCISD/cc-pVTZ以及B3LYP/6-31G方法优化了Kr2的结构,计算了它们的振动频率和电离能,计算结果显示:当采用相同的理论水平和基组时,随着Kr同位素质荷比(m/z)的增大,它们结构和电离能保持不变,而振动频率逐渐变小。与此同时,用G2方法计算了Kr(84)和Kr2(168)的电离能,它们的电离能的理论值与实验结果符合得比较好。
在第八章,利用真空紫外同步辐射研究了乙苯的光吸收谱、光电离效率谱和乙苯光电离解离产生主要碎片离子C7H7+的光电离效率谱,从实验上得到了乙苯电离能,碎片离子C7H7+的出现势,并且利用经验公式得到了产生C7H7+的离解能。并利用GAUSSIAN软件采用MP2方法进行了理论计算,得到了乙苯的电离能,C7H7+-CH3的离解能,以及C7H7+的出现能,它们和实验结果相近。
The dissertation mainly introduces the experimental and theoretical studies on the van der Waals cluster of rare gas atom Rg(Rg=Ne,Ar,Kr)and diatomic molecules(CO, NO)with tunable synchrotron VUV photoionization.It also introduces the installation and debugging of the absorption gas cell of atomic and molecular physics beamline and endstation,and the experimental and theoretical studies on ethylbenzene.
In the first chapter,it firstly introduces the researches on atom,molecule and cluster of spectroscopy and dynamics.The basic conceptions on photoionization and photodissociation,including adiabatic ionization energy,vertical ionization energy, photoionization,superexcited states,Rydberg states and the fundamental photodissociation mechanism.The common experimental methods,such as photoionization mass spectrometry,fluorescence spectrum,photoabsorption spectrum, photoelectron spectrum,threshold photoelectron spectrum and coincidence technology are also introduced in the third section.Finally,the theoretical calculation methods involved in photoionization are described.
In the second chapter,a summary is given on the characteristics and applications of synchrotron radiation,the parameters of storage ring of National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory(NSRL).It introduces the structure of the atomic and molecular physics beamline and endstation.The undulator beamline can provide the tunable VUV light in the energy range of 7.5-124 eV.Finally,the formation principle of molecular beam,the operating principle of mass spectrometer and pohotoabsorption chamber are described.
In the third chapter,an introduction is given about the installation and testing of the gas filter.Higher harmonics present in the undulator spectrum can decrease the data reliability.It introduces several methods of suppressing higher harmonics and the advantages of gas filter.It introduces the structure of gas filter.The two differential pumping regions in addition to the gas cell are its vacuum components to adapt the limited room of beamline.The aperture tubes are special designed to suppress molecular beam.We tested the vacuum and the performance of the harmonic suppressor of gas filter, and the results indicate that this gas filter has the good performances.
In the forth chapter,an introduction is given on the content and research of gas cluster:1.The development of cluster science,2.the principium and experimental techniques to compose cluster,3.classification of intermolecular weak interaction,4. several spectroscopys of research cluster,especially mass spectroscopy.
In the fifth and sixth chapters,the heterogeneous clusters(Rg·CO,Rg·NO)of rare gas(Rg=Ne,Ar,Kr)and diatomic molecule(CO,NO)is experimentally and theoretically studied with tunable synchrotron VUV Photoionization.They are one of the important prototypes for the study of molecular clusters.
In the fifth chapter,the introduction of the present status and experimental methods of Rg·CO clusters research is given.The ionization energies are determined by measuring their photoionization efficiency curves,and are in agree with the ones of the theoretical results.The structures of photoionization efficiency curves are discerned by the results of photoabsorption spectroscopy of CO.The clusters are,calculated and discussed with theoretical methods,and the geometric structures,vibrational frequencies,ionization energies and dissociation energies are calculated.Since the ionization energy of Kr atom is almost agree with CO Molecule,the photoionization efficiency curve of Kr·CO is affected by both Kr atom and CO Molecule,and discerned by the results of photoabsorption spectroscopy of CO and photoionization efficiency spectroscopy of Kr. It is found with the increasing mass of Rg atom,the Rg-C-O bond angle increases,and the ionization energies of Rg·CO decrease.
In the sixth chapter,the introduction of the present status and experimental methods of Rg·NO clusters research is given.The photoionization mass spectroscopy and photoionization efficiency spectroscopy of Rg·NO are measured,together with the photoabsorption spectroscopy of NO.Rg·NO clusters and its ions are discussed on the geometric structure,vibrational frequencies,ionization energies,dissociation energies and interaction of Rg·NO with theoretical methods.Photoionization efficiency curve of Ar·NO is mainly determined by NO below the ionization energy of Ar.There's a strong resonance peak at the positions of 12.0 eV is observed in PIES of Ar·NO,and it is shown that the excitation energy of the rare gas atom is transferred to the attached NO molecule within a heterogeneous cluster,leading to ionization of the molecule NO.It is found with the increasing mass of Rg atom,the polarizability,Rg-C-O bond angle,the distance and the interaction of Rg and CO increases,as the ionization energies of Rg·CO decrease.
In the seventh chapter,the photoionization mass spectroscopy and photoionization efficiency spectroscopy of Kr and Kr_2 have been obtained using supersonic molecule beam,synchrotron radiation and reflection time of flight mass spectroscopy,and the ionization energies of Kr and Kr_2 were determined from their PIES.The geometries, harmonic vibrational frequencies,and ionization energies of Kr_2 have also been calculated using MP2(Full)/6-31G*,QCISD/cc-pVTZ and B3LYP/6-31G.When the same level of theory is used,the structure and ionization energy are nearly unchanged,and the vibrational frequency is decreased gradually with increasing of m/z of Kr isotope.At the same time,the ionization energies of Kr(84)and Kr_2(168)were calculated using G2 method.The theoretical values of the ionization energy are in agreement with those experimental ones.
In the eighth chapter,ethylbenzene has been messured with photoabsorption spectroscopy and the photoionization efficiency spectroscopy,and its main fragmented ion- C_7H_7~+ with PIES.The ionization energy of ehylbenzene and the appearance potential of C_7H_7~+ are measured,and the dissociation energy of C_7H_7~+ iS calculated with empirical correlation.These energies are calculated by Gaussian program with the MP2 method, The theoretical results are reasonable according to the experimental results.
引文
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